Compare Allies of Skin Peptides Antioxidants Firming Daily ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient Name & Cosmetic Function	Notes
-	-	Teprenone (Skin Conditioning)
1	-	Marrubium Vulgare Extract (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Soothing)
1	-	Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5 (Skin Conditioning)
1	-	Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8 (Skin Conditioning)
1	-	Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging Brightening
1	-	Glutathione (Fragrance, Reducing)	Brightening
1	-	Astaxanthin (Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Colorant)
-	-	Thiotaine
1	A	Phospholipids (Skin Conditioning)
1	-	Ceramides	Anti Aging
1	-	Lactobacillus Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
-	-	Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower (Skin Protecting, Antioxidant)	Moisturizing
1	A	Hyaluronic Acid (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising)	Promotes Wound Healing Moisturizing
1	-	Caffeine (Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)
-	-	Raspberry Seed Oil
-	-	Acai Oil
-	-	Moringa Extract
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
-	-	Medical Grade Manuka Honey

EWG	CIR	Ingredient Name & Cosmetic Function	Notes
1	-	Aqua (Solvent)
4	-	Alcohol Denat (Solvent, Masking, Antifoaming Agent, Viscosity Controlling, Antimicrobial, Astringent)	Bad for sensitive skin Bad for dry skin Alcohol
1 3	-	Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
1	A	Succinic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
5 8	A	Talc (Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier)	Moisturizing
2 9	-	Zinc Oxide (Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent)	UV Protection Good for oily skin Moisturizing
-	-	Ci 77288

Teprenone

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Teprenone:

Teprenone, also known as geranylgeranylacetone, is a synthetic derivative of geranylgeranylacetone that has been used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties. It is a lipid-soluble compound that is believed to help protect the skin from environmental stressors and improve skin barrier function.

2. Use:

Teprenone is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin texture and tone, and enhance the skin's overall health. It is often included in anti-aging creams, serums, and treatments to help combat the signs of aging and promote a more youthful complexion.

3. Usage Teprenone:

When using skincare products containing Teprenone, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin, either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product. Teprenone is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, but it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Shin, M. K., Cheong, K. A., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., & Ju, S. M. (2017). The effects of teprenone on the skin barrier function and hydration of atopic skin. Annals of Dermatology, 29(6), 728-733.

- Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., & Li, Y. (2019). Teprenone promotes the proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 18(1), 269-275.

- Li, Y., Li, C., & Li, L. (2018). Teprenone protects human keratinocytes from ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis by blocking the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16(6), 5223-5228.

Marrubium Vulgare Extract

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Soothing

1. Definition Marrubium Vulgare Extract:

Marrubium Vulgare Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Marrubium Vulgare plant, also known as white horehound. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Marrubium Vulgare Extract is used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and protect the skin. It is often included in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, its antioxidant properties can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

3. Usage Marrubium Vulgare Extract:

Marrubium Vulgare Extract can be found in various skincare products such as creams, serums, and masks. It is typically included in formulations at a concentration of around 1-5%. To use products containing Marrubium Vulgare Extract, simply apply them to clean skin as directed by the product instructions. It is important to patch test any new skincare product containing this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Saeidnia, S., & Gohari, A. R. (2013). Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Marrubium vulgare. Pharmacognosy reviews, 7(14), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120522

- Elansary, H. O., Szopa, A., & Kubica, P. (2019). Elicitation, an Effective Strategy for the Biotechnological Production of Bioactive High-Added Value Compounds in Plant Cell Factories: The Case of Scrophularia striata L. and Marrubium vulgare L. Frontiers in pharmacology, 10, 746. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00746

- Lichius, J. J., Muth, C., & Weidner, C. (2019). Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae): A European Ethnomedicinal Plant with Substantial Pharmacological Studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 245, 112177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112177

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5 is a synthetic peptide composed of three amino acids linked to a palmitic acid molecule. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5 is known to stimulate collagen production in the skin, leading to improved skin firmness and elasticity. It also helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging creams and serums.

3. Usage Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5 is typically found in concentrations ranging from 1% to 5% in skincare products. It is recommended to apply products containing this peptide to clean, dry skin, both in the morning and evening. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer to achieve optimal results.

Precautions: While Palmitoyl Tripeptide 5 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

- Schagen, S. K. (2017). Topical peptide treatments with effective anti-aging results. Cosmetics, 4(2), 16.

- Kim, S., Lee, H., Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. (2018). Anti-wrinkle and skin-moisturizing effects of a cosmetic containing palmitoyl tripeptide-5, palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, and palmitoyl dipeptide-5 diaminobutyroyl hydroxythreonine. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(6), 1127-1131.

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8 is a synthetic peptide consisting of three amino acids (arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid) attached to a palmitic acid molecule. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties, specifically to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

2. Use:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8 is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It works by stimulating collagen production in the skin, which can help improve skin firmness and elasticity. This peptide is also known for its ability to hydrate the skin and improve overall skin texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging formulations.

3. Usage Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8:

When using products containing Palmitoyl Tripeptide 8, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific formulation. It is recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products with this peptide, as increased collagen production can make the skin more susceptible to sun damage.

4. References:

- Kim, S., Lee, H., Lee, J. H., & Kim, Y. K. (2014). Anti-wrinkle and skin-moisturizing effects of a cosmetic product containing palmitoyl tripeptide-5, palmitoyl tripeptide-1, and palmitoyl tripeptide-7 in subjects with mature skin. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 13(1), 40-44.

- Lupo, M. P., Cole, A. L., & Cosmeceutical Peptides. (2007). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic therapy, 20(5), 343-349.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. K., & Kim, S. (2013). Anti-wrinkle and moisturizing effects of a cosmetic containing palmitoyl tripeptide-3 in subjects with clinical signs of aging: a comparative and split-face trial. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 12(1), 25-29.

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate

Other Names: VC-IP; Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate; Vitamin C Tetraisopalmitate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate:

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin.

2. Use:

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is used in cosmetics and skincare products for its anti-aging benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, boosting collagen production, and protecting the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution.

3. Usage Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate:

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions, and can be applied directly to the skin after cleansing and toning. It is recommended to use products containing Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate in the morning to help protect the skin throughout the day. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4(2):143-146. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.110593

- Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):866. Published 2017 Aug 12. doi:10.3390/nu9080866

- Al-Niaimi F, Chiang NYZ. Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):14-17. Published 2017 Jul.

Glutathione

Other Names: GSH

Function: Fragrance, Reducing

1. Definition Glutathione:

Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria. It is composed of three amino acids - cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine - and plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and maintaining overall health.

2. Use:

Glutathione is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-lightening properties. It inhibits the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for dark spots and hyperpigmentation, resulting in a brighter and more even complexion. It is also known for its anti-aging benefits, as it helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Glutathione:

Glutathione can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or in combination with other ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glutathione into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Wu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2018). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of glutathione on UVB-irradiated human skin. European Journal of Inflammation, 16(1), 1-6.

- Watanabe, F., Hashizume, E., Chan, G., & Kamimura, A. (2014). Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 7, 267-274.

- Arjinpathana, N., Asawanonda, P., & Klahan, S. (2012). Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 23(2), 97-102.

Astaxanthin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Astaxanthin:

Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment found in various marine organisms, such as microalgae, salmon, shrimp, and krill. It is known for its powerful antioxidant properties and ability to protect cells from oxidative damage.

2. Use:

Astaxanthin is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-brightening effects. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce wrinkles and fine lines, and promote a more youthful appearance. Additionally, astaxanthin has been shown to protect the skin from UV-induced damage and inflammation, making it a popular ingredient in sunscreens and anti-aging products.

3. Usage Astaxanthin:

Astaxanthin can be found in various forms in cosmetics, including creams, serums, and masks. When using products containing astaxanthin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product to clean, dry skin. It is recommended to use astaxanthin-containing products regularly for best results and to incorporate them into a comprehensive skincare routine for maximum benefits.

4. References:

- Tominaga K, Hongo N, Karato M, Yamashita E. Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects. Acta Biochim Pol. 2012;59(1):43-7.

- Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in skin health, repair, and disease: A comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):522.

- Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A, Fabbri C, et al. Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and beta-carotene differently affect UVA-induced oxidative damage and expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18(3):222-31.

Thiotaine

Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.

Phospholipids

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Phospholipids:

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are essential components of cell membranes. They consist of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, which allows them to form a bilayer structure in cell membranes.

2. Use:

Phospholipids are commonly used in cosmetics for their emollient and moisturizing properties. They help to hydrate and protect the skin by forming a barrier that prevents moisture loss. Additionally, phospholipids can improve the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products.

3. Usage Phospholipids:

When using cosmetics containing phospholipids, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Rawlings, A. V. (2006). Trends in stratum corneum research and the management of dry skin conditions. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 28(3), 167-173.

- Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Park, H. J., & Kim, S. Y. (2014). Phospholipids in cosmetic: Friends or foes. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(10), 1739-1748.

- Bouwstra, J. A., & Ponec, M. (2006). The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1758(12), 2080-2095.

Ceramides

Other Names: Ceramide

1. Definition Ceramide:

Ceramides are a type of lipid molecule that are naturally found in the skin's outermost layer, known as the stratum corneum. They play a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function and retaining moisture, helping to keep the skin hydrated and protected.

2. Use:

Ceramides are commonly used in skincare products, particularly in moisturizers and creams, to help replenish and restore the skin's natural barrier. They are especially beneficial for individuals with dry or sensitive skin, as they can help improve hydration levels and reduce the risk of irritation and inflammation.

3. Usage Ceramide:

When using skincare products containing ceramides, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products can be applied to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening, depending on personal preference. It is recommended to patch test new products containing ceramides before applying them to the entire face, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-223. doi:10.2165/00128071-200506040-00001

- Elias PM, Menon GK. Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv Lipid Res. 1991;24:1-26. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-024924-7.50004-6

- Motta S, Monti M, Sesana S, Caputo R, Carelli S, Ghidoni R. Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993;1182(2):147-151. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(93)90204-5

Lactobacillus Ferment

Other Names: Lactobacillus Ferment Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lactobacillus Ferment:

Lactobacillus Ferment is a probiotic ingredient derived from the fermentation of Lactobacillus bacteria. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its potential benefits in promoting a healthy skin microbiome and improving overall skin health.

2. Use:

Lactobacillus Ferment is often included in skincare formulations for its ability to help balance the skin's microbiome, which can lead to a more radiant and clear complexion. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties and can help strengthen the skin's natural barrier, making it more resilient to environmental stressors.

3. Usage Lactobacillus Ferment:

Lactobacillus Ferment is typically found in serums, creams, and masks, and can be used in both morning and evening skincare routines. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing this ingredient. To maximize its benefits, it is best to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and incorporate it into a consistent skincare regimen.

4. References:

- Kim, H., An, S., Lee, S. H., Lee, S., Cha, Y. J., & Lee, H. S. (2017). Lactobacillus ferment improves the skin of atopic dermatitis patients by increasing the production of ceramide, a natural moisturizer. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 454-460.

- Kim, J. H., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Lactobacillus ferment extract improves the skin barrier function in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 694-699.

- Kober, M. M., & Bowe, W. P. (2015). The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, 1(2), 85-89.

Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower

Function: Skin Protecting, Antioxidant

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower:

Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower is a natural ingredient derived from the common mullein plant. It undergoes a hydrolysis process to break down its molecules into smaller components, making it easier for the skin to absorb and utilize its beneficial properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is known to help calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower:

Hydrolyzed Verbascum Thapsus Flower can be found in a variety of skincare products such as creams, serums, and masks. It is typically included in formulations designed for sensitive or reactive skin types, as well as products targeting anti-aging concerns. To use, simply apply the product containing the ingredient to clean skin as directed by the product instructions.

4. References:

- Kaur, I. P., Saini, A., & Singh, R. (2016). Mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.): A review of its botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 180, 23-41.

- Ghorbani, A. (2019). Razi’s Al-Hawi and the treatment of kidney stones. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(4), 334-336.

- Gudej, J., & Tomczyk, M. (2004). Determination of flavonoids, tannins and ellagic acid in leaves from Rubus L. species and their significance for taxonomy. Phytochemical Analysis, 15(5), 291-301.

Hyaluronic Acid

Other Names: Hyaluronate; Hyaluronic Acid; Biohyaluronic acid

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising

1. Definition Hyaluronic Acid:

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the human body that helps to retain moisture and keep skin hydrated. In cosmetics, it is used as a key ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to attract and hold onto water molecules, making it a popular choice for hydration and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Hyaluronic acid is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products to help plump and hydrate the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a smoother, more youthful complexion. Additionally, hyaluronic acid can help to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Hyaluronic Acid:

When using skincare products containing hyaluronic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, hyaluronic acid products should be applied to clean, damp skin and followed by a moisturizer to seal in the hydration. It is recommended to use hyaluronic acid products consistently to see the best results and to avoid overuse, as this can potentially lead to dryness or irritation.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

Caffeine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Caffeine:

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that belongs to the class of compounds known as xanthines. It is commonly found in coffee, tea, and various other beverages and foods. In cosmetics, caffeine is often used for its stimulating and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Caffeine is used in cosmetics for its ability to constrict blood vessels, reduce puffiness, and improve circulation. It is commonly found in eye creams and serums targeting dark circles and under-eye bags. Caffeine can also help to smooth and tighten the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Caffeine:

When using cosmetics containing caffeine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. Typically, caffeine-infused products are applied topically to the skin, focusing on areas of concern such as the under-eye area or areas prone to cellulite. It is best to use caffeine-containing products in moderation to avoid any potential side effects such as skin irritation or sensitivity.

4. References:

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2012). Nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's actions of medicinal plants: molecular insight into therapeutic potential to alleviate cognitive impairments. In Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease (pp. 605-619). Academic Press.

- Costa, R., Rodrigues, I., Guardão, L., Lima, J. L., & Fernandes, E. (2012). Antioxidant activity and inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative burst by coffees of several origins. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1435-1441.

- Albasini, A., Zech, K., & Taddei, C. (2012). Use of caffeine in cosmetic compositions. U.S. Patent No. 8,119,371.

Raspberry Seed Oil

Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.

Acai Oil

Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.

Moringa Extract

Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.

Niacinamide

Other Names: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

Medical Grade Manuka Honey

Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.

Aqua

Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Alcohol Denat

Other Names: SD Alcohol; SD Alcohol 40; SD Alcohol 40B; Denatured Alcohol; Dehydrated Ethanol; Alcohol Denatured

Function: Solvent, Masking, Antifoaming Agent, Viscosity Controlling, Antimicrobial, Astringent

1. Definition Alcohol Denat:

Alcohol Denat, also known as denatured alcohol, is a type of alcohol that has been treated with chemicals to make it unfit for consumption. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a solvent, astringent, and preservative.

2. Use:

Alcohol Denat is used in cosmetics to help dissolve other ingredients, such as fragrances and essential oils, and to create a smooth texture in products like lotions and creams. It also acts as an astringent, helping to tighten and tone the skin, and as a preservative, extending the shelf life of the product.

3. Usage Alcohol Denat:

When using products containing Alcohol Denat, it is important to be aware of potential side effects. Some people may experience skin irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of denatured alcohol. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is best to avoid using products with Alcohol Denat on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Denatured Alcohol in Cosmetics." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/denatured-alcohol.

- "Alcohol Denat." Paula's Choice Skincare, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/alcohol-denat.html.

- "Is Alcohol Denat Safe in Skin Care?" Byrdie, www.byrdie.com/alcohol-denat-in-skincare.

Titanium Dioxide

Other Names: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Succinic Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Succinic Acid:

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is naturally found in plant and animal tissues. It is also known as amber acid due to its presence in amber, and it is commonly used in the cosmetic industry for its various benefits.

2. Use:

Succinic acid is used in cosmetics for its skin-friendly properties. It is known for its ability to improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health. Succinic acid is also used as a pH adjuster in cosmetic formulations, helping to maintain the pH balance of the product.

3. Usage Succinic Acid:

Succinic acid is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing succinic acid as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating succinic acid into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Park, S. Y., Kim, D. S., Kang, S., & Kim, S. Y. (2018). Succinic acid promotes skin barrier recovery by enhancing keratinocyte differentiation via the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(11), 3359.

- Lu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). Succinic acid production from corn cob hydrolysate by genetically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbial cell factories, 14(1), 42.

- Lee, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2014). Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of succinic acid in a murine model of allergic inflammation. International immunopharmacology, 20(2), 301-307.

Talc

Other Names: CI 77718; Talcum; Talc Powder

Function: Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Talc:

Talc is a naturally occurring mineral composed of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. It is known for its softness and ability to absorb moisture, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Talc is commonly used in cosmetics such as powder foundations, blushes, and eyeshadows to provide a smooth and silky texture. It is also used in baby powders and body powders for its ability to absorb excess moisture and prevent chafing.

3. Usage Talc:

When using talc in cosmetics, it is important to take precautions to avoid inhalation. Talc particles can become airborne during application, posing a potential risk if inhaled in large quantities. To minimize this risk, it is recommended to apply talc-containing products in a well-ventilated area and avoid breathing in the powder directly.

4. References:

- "Talc: What it is and how it is used in cosmetics." American Academy of Dermatology. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-secrets/routine/talc

- "Talc." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/talc

- "Talc." Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706401-talc/

Zinc Oxide

Other Names: microfine Zinc Oxide; CI 77947

Function: Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Zinc Oxide:

Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.

2. Use:

Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Zinc Oxide:

When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.

- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.

- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.