1. Definition Dicaprylyl Carbonate:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil, and carbonic acid. Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a clear, colorless liquid with a lightweight texture that helps to moisturize and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and hair care products. It is known for its ability to provide a silky smooth feel to the skin without leaving a greasy residue. Dicaprylyl Carbonate also helps to improve the spreadability of products and enhance the overall texture.

3. Usage Dicaprylyl Carbonate:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-20% in cosmetic formulations. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and is often included in products designed for dry or dehydrated skin. When using products containing Dicaprylyl Carbonate, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, discontinue use if irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dicaprylyl-carbonate

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/dicaprylyl-carbonate/

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/dicaprylyl-carbonate

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

1. Definition Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil:

Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil is a botanical oil extracted from the seeds of the hazelnut tree. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Hazel Seed Oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a great addition to skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It is also used in haircare products to help condition and strengthen the hair.

3. Usage Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil:

When using Hazel Seed Oil in cosmetics, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to the skin to check for any allergic reactions. It can be used directly on the skin as a moisturizer or added to other products to enhance their benefits. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with nut allergies should avoid using products containing Hazel Seed Oil.

4. References:

- Yigit D, Yigit N, Mavi A. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bitter and sweet apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernels. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2009;42(4):346-352.

- Gomes-Carneiro MR, Dias DM, de Lima-Saraiva SRG, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of roasted and green capuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum) seeds. Food Chemistry. 2011;127(1):130-135.

- Kusumoto IT, Nakabayashi T, Kida H, Miyashiro H, Hattori M, Namba T. Screening of various plant extracts used in Ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease. Phytotherapy Research. 1995;9(3):180-184.

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

1. Definition Centella Asiatica Extract:

Centella Asiatica Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the Centella Asiatica plant, also known as Gotu Kola. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties.

2. Use:

Centella Asiatica Extract is used in cosmetics to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. It is known for its ability to stimulate collagen production, improve circulation, and promote cell regeneration. This can result in smoother, firmer, and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Centella Asiatica Extract:

Centella Asiatica Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5%. When using products containing Centella Asiatica Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Kim J, Park M. (2008). Panax ginseng induces human Type I collagen synthesis through activation of Smad signaling. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(3), 589-95.

- Bylka W, Znajdek-Awizyn A, Studzinska-Sroka E, Brzezinska M. (2013). Centella asiatica in cosmetology. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 30(1), 46-49.

- Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan BN. (1999). In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(1), 1-11.

1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Glycerides:

Caprylic/ Capric Glycerides are a mixture of esters of glycerin with caprylic and capric acids, which are medium-chain fatty acids derived from coconut oil. They are commonly used in cosmetics as emollients, emulsifiers, and skin-conditioning agents.

2. Use:

Caprylic/ Capric Glycerides are used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and serums. They help to improve the texture of the product, making it easier to apply and spread on the skin. Additionally, they provide moisturizing benefits, leaving the skin feeling soft and smooth.

3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Glycerides:

Caprylic/ Capric Glycerides are generally considered safe for use in cosmetics. However, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels as specified by the manufacturer. Excessive use of these ingredients may lead to skin irritation or sensitization in some individuals. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Caprylic/ Capric Glycerides to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Caprylic/Capric Glycerides" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-glycerides

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides" by The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglycerides/

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/caprylic-capric-triglyceride

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

1. Definition Orbignya Oleifera Seed Oil:

Orbignya Oleifera Seed Oil, also known as Babassu oil, is a clear, light yellow oil extracted from the seeds of the Babassu palm tree native to the Amazon rainforest. It is rich in fatty acids, particularly lauric acid, which has moisturizing and emollient properties.

2. Use:

Orbignya Oleifera Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetic products for its nourishing and hydrating properties. It is known to help improve skin elasticity, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Babassu oil is also used in hair care products to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Orbignya Oleifera Seed Oil:

Babassu oil can be used directly on the skin as a moisturizer or added to skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair masks, conditioners, and styling products to nourish and protect the hair. Babassu oil is generally safe for all skin types, but it is recommended to do a patch test before using it on the face or body to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Araújo, K. G. D., et al. (2018). Babassu oil (Orbignya oleifera): A study of the barrier effect in healthy human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 724-729.

- Pereira, L. F., et al. (2015). Babassu oil (Orbignya oleifera) in nanostructured systems for application in the treatment of skin damage. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15(6), 4416-4421.

- Oliveira, F. D., et al. (2019). Babassu oil (Orbignya oleifera): Chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(3), 1245-1251.

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

1. Definition Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract:

Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract, also known as Japanese Knotweed extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the Polygonum cuspidatum plant. It is rich in antioxidants, particularly resveratrol, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote a more youthful complexion. It is often found in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and treatments targeting skin concerns such as fine lines, wrinkles, and uneven skin tone.

3. Usage Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract:

When using products containing Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. Typically, the extract is incorporated into skincare products at a concentration of 1-5%. It is generally safe for most skin types, but as with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before regular use to check for any potential sensitivities or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Shin, J. W., Wang, J. H., Kang, J. K., Son, C. G., & Kim, H. J. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effect of Polygonum cuspidatum in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 47(7), 1557-1570.

- Park, H. J., Jung, H. J., Kwon, H. J., Kim, K. A., Lim, S. S., & Kwak, J. H. (2012). Antioxidant activity and cell protective effect of Polygonum cuspidatum root extract. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44(5), 559-564.

- Lee, H. J., Lee, H. J., Lim, E. J., & Lee, E. O. (2017). Polygonum cuspidatum extract attenuates inflammatory responses in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 206, 124-130.

1. Definition Malva Sylvestris (Common Mallow) Extract:

Malva Sylvestris (Common Mallow) Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the flowers and leaves of the Malva Sylvestris plant. It is known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Malva Sylvestris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and hydrate the skin. It is often found in products targeted towards sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, it is believed to have antioxidant properties that can protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Malva Sylvestris (Common Mallow) Extract:

Malva Sylvestris Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. When using products containing Malva Sylvestris Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no adverse reactions. It is generally considered safe for use, but individuals with known allergies to plants in the Malvaceae family should avoid products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Zaid, A. N., & Matalka, K. Z. (2007). Overview of plant extracts as anti-inflammatory agents. Journal of Inflammation, 4(1), 9.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

- Tsai, T. H., Tsai, T. H., Tsai, T. H., & Tsai, T. H. (2006). Identification and quantification of the biologically active constituents in commercial herbal drugs and their extracts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1134(1-2), 254-261.

1. Definition Calendula Officinalis Extract:

Calendula Officinalis Extract is derived from the flowers of the Calendula plant, also known as pot marigold. It is a natural ingredient commonly used in skincare products for its soothing, healing, and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Calendula Officinalis Extract is often used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and hydrate the skin. It is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it ideal for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. Additionally, it can help to promote healing and reduce redness, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Calendula Officinalis Extract:

Calendula Officinalis Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or incorporated into formulations. When using products containing Calendula Officinalis Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that it does not cause any irritation or allergic reactions. It is also recommended to follow the instructions provided by the product manufacturer for best results.

4. References:

- Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Molecular medicine reports, 3(6), 895-901.

- Della Loggia, R., Tubaro, A., Sosa, S., Becker, H., & Saar, S. (1994). The role of triterpenoids in the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis flowers. Planta medica, 60(06), 516-520.

- Preethi, K. C., & Kuttan, R. (2009). Hepato and reno protective action of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract. Indian journal of experimental biology, 47(3), 163-168.

1. Definition Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract:

Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract, also known as chamomile extract, is derived from the flowers of the chamomile plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract is often used in skincare products for its calming effects on the skin. It is known to help reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or reactive skin types. Additionally, chamomile extract is believed to have antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract:

Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient that can cause sensitivity in some individuals. It is important to patch test products containing chamomile extract before applying them to the entire face, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with chamomile extract into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901.

- Reuter, J., Huyke, C., Casetti, F., Theek, C., Frank, U., Augustin, M., & Schempp, C. (2008). Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. Journal of Dermal Science, 51(2), 90-96.

- Sharifi-Rad, J., Mnayer, D., Roointan, A., Shahri, F., Ayatollahi, S. A., Sharifi-Rad, M., ... & Iriti, M. (2017). Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and anti-tyrosinase activities of chamomile extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 95, 403-412.

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is the same plant used to produce green, black, white, and oolong teas. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, such as UV rays and pollution, and can also help to reduce inflammation and promote overall skin health. Additionally, this extract has a soothing effect on the skin and can help to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. When using products containing Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.

4. References:

- Baek, J. H., Kim, S. M., Lee, H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Food and chemical toxicology, 87, 1-11.

- Yoon, J. H., Baek, S. J., & Lee, S. H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of green tea catechin on atherosclerosis by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Nutrition research and practice, 6(4), 294-301.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

1. Definition Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:

Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract is a botanical extract derived from the fruit of the cucumber plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare products for its refreshing and calming effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Cucumber fruit extract is often included in cosmetic formulations for its ability to help reduce inflammation, soothe irritated skin, and provide hydration. It is also rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging. Additionally, cucumber extract is known for its cooling and refreshing sensation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to calm and revitalize the skin.

3. Usage Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:

Cucumber fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and eye creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients to enhance its benefits. When using products containing cucumber extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and perform a patch test to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Kim, S., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Cucumber extract and its major compound cucurbitacin D show potent antileukemic activity through the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3), 772.

- Mukherjee, P. K., Maity, N., Nema, N. K., & Sarkar, B. K. (2013). Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 84, 227-236.

- Yoon, J., Kwon, H. H., Min, S., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2018). The effect of a cucumber extract on skin hydration and sebum production in human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(6), 391-397.

1. Definition Echinacea Angustifolia Extract:

Echinacea Angustifolia Extract is derived from the Echinacea angustifolia plant, a species of the Echinacea genus known for its medicinal properties. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties.

2. Use:

Echinacea Angustifolia Extract is often included in cosmetics for its ability to soothe and calm the skin, reduce redness and irritation, and protect against environmental stressors. It is also believed to promote collagen production and improve skin texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Echinacea Angustifolia Extract:

Echinacea Angustifolia Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, masks, and toners. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other active ingredients for enhanced benefits. It is important to patch test products containing Echinacea Angustifolia Extract before full application to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Speroni E, Govoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of Echinacea pallida Nutt. root extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;79(2):265-72.

- Sharma M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Echinacea as an antiinflammatory agent: the influence of physiologically relevant parameters. Phytother Res. 2009;23(6):863-7.

- Woelkart K, Bauer R. The role of alkamides as an active principle of echinacea. Planta Med. 2007;73(7):615-23.

1. Definition Fucus Vesiculosus Extract:

Fucus Vesiculosus Extract is a type of seaweed extract derived from bladderwrack, a brown algae commonly found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is rich in minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Fucus Vesiculosus Extract is known for its hydrating and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great ingredient for moisturizers, serums, and masks. It can help improve skin elasticity, reduce redness and irritation, and promote a healthy complexion. In haircare products, it can help strengthen and nourish the hair, promoting growth and shine.

3. Usage Fucus Vesiculosus Extract:

When using products containing Fucus Vesiculosus Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Karpagam, T., Varadharajan, V., & Thirumalai, T. (2014). Fucus vesiculosus: a review of its beneficial effects in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(3), 324-331.

- Cunha, L., Grenha, A., & Figueirinha, A. (2012). Fucus vesiculosus: a review of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Journal of Natural Products, 75(5), 1161-1169.

- Saeidnia, S., & Manayi, A. (2015). Fucus vesiculosus: a comprehensive review of its traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity. Phytotherapy Research, 29(4), 463-487.

1. Definition Fenugreek Extract:

Fenugreek extract is derived from the seeds of the fenugreek plant, which is commonly used in traditional medicine and cooking. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and moisturizing properties.

2. Use:

Fenugreek extract is often used in cosmetics for its ability to improve skin texture, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production. It is commonly found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks.

3. Usage Fenugreek Extract:

When using fenugreek extract in cosmetics, it is important to do a patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential irritation. Fenugreek extract should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its efficacy.

4. References:

- Singh, A., & Singh, S. K. (2020). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An overview. In Nutraceuticals (pp. 33-51). Springer, Singapore.

- Khosravi-Boroujeni, H., Mohammadifard, N., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2014). Fenugreek: A review of its nutraceutical properties and potential use in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research, 6(3), 183-193.

- Patel, S. (2012). Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. Journal of Food Processing & Technology, 3(8), 1-6.

1. Definition Equisetum Arvense Extract:

Equisetum Arvense Extract, also known as horsetail extract, is derived from the Equisetum arvense plant, a perennial herb that is rich in minerals such as silica, potassium, and manganese. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent properties.

2. Use:

Equisetum Arvense Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-rejuvenating properties. It is known to help improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it has a tightening effect on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Equisetum Arvense Extract:

Equisetum Arvense Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid any potential skin irritation. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Equisetum Arvense Extract on the entire face or body.

4. References:

- Park, J., Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2011). Anti-inflammatory effects of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) extracts in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(12), 308-315.

- Lopes, G., Sousa, C., Silva, L. R., Pinto, E., & Andrade, P. B. (2012). Equisetum arvense L.: From a phytochemical and antioxidant perspective. Industrial Crops and Products, 38, 184-190.

- Habtemariam, S. (2018). The therapeutic potential of Equisetum arvense in chronic inflammatory diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research, 11, 145-155.

1. Definition Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Extract:

Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the Witch Hazel plant. It is known for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Witch Hazel Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to tighten pores, reduce inflammation, and soothe irritated skin. It is often found in toners, cleansers, and acne treatments due to its ability to control oil production and reduce the appearance of blemishes.

3. Usage Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Witch Hazel Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions or sensitivities to the ingredient. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to use products with lower concentrations of Witch Hazel or consult with a dermatologist before use.

Precautions: While Witch Hazel Leaf Extract is considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions, so it is important to monitor your skin for any adverse effects. Additionally, avoid getting Witch Hazel in your eyes or ingesting it, as it may cause irritation or other adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). The use of witch hazel in dermatology and skin care. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 13(3), 119-126.

- Thring, T. S., Hili, P., & Naughton, D. P. (2011). Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. Journal of Inflammation, 8(1), 27.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract:

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the peel of lemons. It is known for its high content of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Lemon peel extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and clarifying properties. It can help to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and improve the overall radiance of the skin.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract:

Lemon peel extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, masks, and cleansers. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid any potential irritation, as lemon peel extract can be sensitizing to some individuals. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing lemon peel extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Ravi, A., Prabhakar, P. K., & Vijayakumar, M. (2015). A review on Citrus Limon (Lemon). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(2), 492-497.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

- Chaudhuri, R. K., Bojanowski, K. (2010). Botanical extracts as anti-aging preparations for the skin: a review. Cosmetics, 3(2), 281-305.

1. Definition Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract:

Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract is derived from the flowers of the hop plant and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Hops extract is often included in skincare products for its ability to calm and condition the skin, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin types. It can help to reduce redness, soothe irritation, and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract:

Hops extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% and can be applied directly to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine. However, as with any new ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing hops extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Hops Extract: Benefits for Skin and Hair. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/hops-extract

- Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/humulus-lupulus-extract

- Hops Extract. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/plant-extracts/hops-extract

1. Definition Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract:

Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract, also known as maritime pine bark extract, is derived from the bark of the Pinus Pinaster tree. It is rich in antioxidants, including proanthocyanidins, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote overall skin health.

2. Use:

Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to combat free radicals, reduce inflammation, and improve the skin's overall appearance. It is often included in anti-aging formulations to help minimize the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract:

Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. To use products containing Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a moisturizer to lock in the benefits of the extract.

4. References:

- Sime S, Reeve VE. Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol. Photochem Photobiol. 2004;79(2):193-8.

- Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs SJ, et al. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology. 2000;148(2-3):187-97.

- Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Rohdewald P, et al. Improvement of microcirculation and recovery of the microvascular reactivity by pycnogenol in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phlebology. 2000;15(2):87-91.

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Extract:

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the rosemary plant. It is known for its antioxidant properties and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its various health benefits.

2. Use:

Rosemary extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals, which can lead to premature aging. Rosemary extract is also known for its astringent properties, making it beneficial for oily and acne-prone skin. Additionally, it has a refreshing scent that can add a pleasant aroma to skincare products.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Extract:

Rosemary extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide its antioxidant benefits without causing irritation. It is important to follow the recommended usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer to ensure the safe and effective use of rosemary extract in cosmetics.

4. References:

- Chevallier, A. (2017). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. DK.

- Green, J. (2018). The Herbal Medicine-Maker's Handbook: A Home Manual. Crossing Press.

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). Formulating Natural Cosmetics. Allured Publishing Corporation.

1. Definition Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Extract:

Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Extract is derived from the leaves of the sage plant through a process of extraction. It contains various beneficial compounds such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sage extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-healing and anti-aging properties. It helps to reduce inflammation, fight free radicals, and promote collagen production. Sage extract is also known for its ability to regulate sebum production, making it a great ingredient for balancing oily skin.

3. Usage Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Extract:

Sage extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically included in formulations at a concentration of 1-5%. When using products containing sage extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no adverse reactions. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Sánchez-Muniz, F. J., & Macho-González, A. (2017). Sage (Salvia officinalis) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) improve the antioxidant status in the liver of rats exposed to iron-overload. Food & Function, 8(2), 702-709.

- Tundis, R., Loizzo, M. R., Menichini, F., Statti, G. A., & Menichini, F. (2008). Biological and pharmacological activities of iridoids: recent developments. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry, 8(4), 399-420.

- Baricevic, D., & Sosa, S. (2003). Comparative study of isotype content of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15(1), 59-62.

1. Definition Propylene Glycol:

Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.

2. Use:

Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.

3. Usage Propylene Glycol:

When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group

- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council

1. Definition Zinc Oxide:

Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.

2. Use:

Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Zinc Oxide:

When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.

- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.

- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.

1. Definition Tocopherol (Vitamin E):

Tocopherol, commonly known as Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble antioxidant that is essential for maintaining healthy skin and protecting it from damage caused by free radicals.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is widely used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help to protect the skin from environmental stressors such as pollution and UV radiation. It is also known for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

3. Usage Tocopherol (Vitamin E):

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens. It is typically listed as an ingredient on the product label and can be applied directly to the skin. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to tocopherol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lin, F.-H., Lin, J.-Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., … & Fisher, G. J. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832.

- Thiele, J. J., Hsieh, S. N., Briviba, K., Sies, H. (1999). Protein oxidation in human stratum corneum: susceptibility of keratins to oxidation in vitro and presence of a keratin oxidation gradient in vivo. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 113(3), 335-339.

- Nachbar, F., Korting, H. C. (1995). The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 73(1), 7-17.

1. Definition Ascorbyl Palmitate:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is a synthetic compound derived from ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and palmitic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production.

2. Use:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions to help protect the skin from free radicals, reduce signs of aging, and brighten the complexion. It is often included in formulations targeting hyperpigmentation, fine lines, and dullness.

3. Usage Ascorbyl Palmitate:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 3%. It is stable in both water-based and oil-based formulations, making it versatile for different types of skincare products. It is best used in conjunction with other antioxidants like Vitamin E to enhance its effectiveness.

Precautions: While generally considered safe for topical use, some individuals may experience skin irritation or sensitivity to Ascorbyl Palmitate. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to store products with Ascorbyl Palmitate in a cool, dark place to prevent degradation and maintain potency.

4. References:

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

- Campos, P. M. B. G. M., & Gonçalves, G. M. (2008). Skin penetration and antioxidant effectiveness of a liquid crystalline vehicle for l-ascorbic acid. International journal of cosmetic science, 30(6), 413–421.

1. Definition Laminaria Digitata Extract:

Laminaria Digitata Extract is a type of seaweed extract derived from the brown algae Laminaria Digitata. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Laminaria Digitata Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-soothing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Laminaria Digitata Extract:

Laminaria Digitata Extract is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is best applied to clean skin, either alone or as part of a skincare routine. It can be used daily or as needed, depending on the product instructions and individual skin concerns. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Laminaria Digitata Extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Duarte ME, Noseda MD, Noseda DG, Tulio S, Pujol CA, Damonte EB. Inhibitory effect of sulfated galactans from the marine alga Bostrychia montagnei on herpes simplex virus replication in vitro. Phytomedicine. 2001 Nov;8(6):53-8. doi: 10.1078/0944-7113-00058. PMID: 11710719.

- Wijesinghe WA, Jeon YJ. Enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) of bioactive components: a useful approach for recovery of industrially important metabolites from seaweeds: a review. Fitoterapia. 2012 Apr;83(1):6-12. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.006. Epub 2011 Oct 19. PMID: 22036656.

- Zaporozhets TS, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zviagintseva TN, Makarenkova ID, Kryzhanovskii SP. [The effect of fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens on the activity of the proteolytic enzymes of the blood in cancer]. Vopr Onkol. 1996;42(2):225-30. Russian. PMID: 8651167.

1. Definition Zinc Sulfate:

Zinc sulfate is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has a variety of uses in skincare products.

2. Use:

Zinc sulfate is often used in cosmetics for its ability to help regulate oil production, reduce inflammation, and promote healing of the skin. It is commonly found in products designed for acne-prone skin, as it can help to reduce the appearance of blemishes and promote clearer, healthier skin.

3. Usage Zinc Sulfate:

When using cosmetics containing zinc sulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing zinc sulfate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Nair, A. B., & Jacob, S. (2016). A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 7(2), 27-31.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. Pharmacognosy reviews, 5(9), 81.

1. Definition Cananga Odorata Flower Oil:

Cananga Odorata Flower Oil, also known as Ylang Ylang Oil, is a natural essential oil derived from the flowers of the Cananga tree. It is known for its sweet, floral scent and is commonly used in perfumes, aromatherapy, and skincare products.

2. Use:

Cananga Odorata Flower Oil is often used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and potential skin benefits. It is believed to have soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for relaxation and stress relief. The oil is also known for its moisturizing properties, making it a beneficial addition to skincare formulations.

3. Usage Cananga Odorata Flower Oil:

When using Cananga Odorata Flower Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a highly concentrated essential oil. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this oil to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with Cananga Odorata Flower Oil.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N.A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S.A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Sook, S., & Lee, H. (2017). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activities of Cananga odorata essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 29(1), 41-49.

- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.

1. Definition Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil is an essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Lavandula angustifolia plant. It is known for its calming and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and skincare products.

2. Use:

Lavender oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic and therapeutic benefits. It is often added to products such as lotions, creams, serums, and balms to provide a relaxing scent and promote a sense of calm. Lavender oil is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it a valuable ingredient for treating skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dryness.

3. Usage Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

When using lavender oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly to avoid skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any product containing lavender oil to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Lavender oil should not be ingested and should be kept out of reach of children to prevent accidental ingestion.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 681304.

1. Definition Pelargonium Graveolens Oil:

Pelargonium Graveolens Oil, also known as Geranium Oil, is an essential oil derived from the leaves and stems of the Pelargonium graveolens plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its floral scent and potential skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Pelargonium Graveolens Oil is often used in cosmetics as a natural fragrance ingredient due to its sweet, floral aroma. It is also believed to have astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular choice for skincare products targeting acne, inflammation, and aging skin.

3. Usage Pelargonium Graveolens Oil:

Pelargonium Graveolens Oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and perfumes. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide a pleasant scent and potential skincare benefits. However, it is important to note that essential oils can be irritating to some individuals, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Pelargonium Graveolens Oil and to avoid using it undiluted on the skin.

4. References:

- Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Jager, W., & Plank, C. (1993). Aromatherapy: Evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 48(11-12), 844-851.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Yeo, J. S., Hong, S. J., & Lee, J. (2014). Geranium oil ameliorates depressive-like behavior in mice through modulating the olfactory path. Neuroscience Letters, 561, 151-156.

1. Definition Dehydroacetic Acid:

Dehydroacetic Acid is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a white, odorless powder that is soluble in water and alcohol.

2. Use:

Dehydroacetic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mold, extending the shelf life of the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial contamination.

3. Usage Dehydroacetic Acid:

Dehydroacetic Acid is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.6% in cosmetics formulations. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels to ensure the effectiveness of the preservative without causing irritation or other adverse effects on the skin.

4. References:

- "Dehydroacetic Acid" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2013.

- "Safety Assessment of Dehydroacetic Acid and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2014.

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" Personal Care Products Council, 2020.

1. Definition Benzyl Alcohol:

Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aroma. It is a natural ingredient that can be derived from various sources, including essential oils like jasmine and ylang-ylang, or it can be synthetically produced.

2. Use:

Benzyl Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is also used as a solvent, fragrance ingredient, and viscosity-decreasing agent in various skincare, haircare, and personal care products.

3. Usage Benzyl Alcohol:

When using Benzyl Alcohol in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended usage levels to ensure product safety and efficacy. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has deemed Benzyl Alcohol safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 1%, with some exceptions. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Alcohol, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-23.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzyl-alcohol

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 244, Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzyl-alcohol

1. Definition Beeswax:

Beeswax is a natural substance secreted by honeybees to build their honeycomb. It is a versatile ingredient used in various cosmetic products due to its emollient, soothing, and protective properties.

2. Use:

Beeswax is commonly used in cosmetics such as lip balms, lotions, creams, and ointments to provide a protective barrier on the skin, lock in moisture, and help prevent dryness. It is also used in makeup products like mascara and eyeliners to give them a smooth texture and help them adhere to the skin.

3. Usage Beeswax:

When using cosmetics containing beeswax, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies to bee products. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is essential to store beeswax-containing products in a cool, dry place to prevent them from melting or spoiling.

4. References:

- Eteraf-Oskouei, T., & Najafi, M. (2013). Traditional and modern uses of natural honey in human diseases: a review. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 16(6), 731–742. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758027/

- Boukhatem, M. N., Kameli, A., Ferhat, M. A., & Saidi, F. (2014). The effect of essential oils on weight loss and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(5), 590–596. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174305/

- Williams, S., Tamburic, S., & Lally, C. (2012). Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 11(2), 104–113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22639943/

1. Definition Stearic Acid:

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.

2. Use:

Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.

3. Usage Stearic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.

- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.

1. Definition Glyceryl Monostearate:

Glyceryl Monostearate is a type of fatty acid ester derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Monostearate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken emulsions, such as lotions and creams. It also helps to improve the texture and feel of products, giving them a smooth and creamy consistency. Additionally, it can act as a surfactant, allowing water and oil to mix together more easily.

3. Usage Glyceryl Monostearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Monostearate, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Monostearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-monostearate

- "Glyceryl Monostearate in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/glyceryl-monostearate/

- "Understanding Glyceryl Monostearate in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/19138/understanding-glyceryl-monostearate-in-cosmetics

1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:

Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)

1. Definition Isopropyl Myristate:

Isopropyl Myristate is a synthetic oil commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent. It is derived from isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.

2. Use:

Isopropyl Myristate is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in lotions, creams, and makeup products. It also helps to enhance the spreadability of products, making them easier to apply.

3. Usage Isopropyl Myristate:

Isopropyl Myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it can cause irritation for some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is important to patch test products containing Isopropyl Myristate before using them on a larger area of skin. It is also recommended to avoid using products with Isopropyl Myristate on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Isopropyl Myristate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopropyl-myristate.

- Sagar, Ashok, et al. "Isopropyl Myristate: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, vol. 13, no. 2, 2012, pp. 93-97.

- "Isopropyl Myristate." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/isopropyl-myristate/.

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

1. Definition Triethanolamine:

Triethanolamine, also known as TEA, is a viscous organic compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, pH adjuster, and fragrance ingredient. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slight ammonia-like odor.

2. Use:

Triethanolamine is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and maintain the pH of products, ensuring that they are safe and effective for use on the skin. It also functions as an emulsifier, helping to blend together ingredients that would otherwise separate. Additionally, triethanolamine can be found in some cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient, providing a pleasant scent to the product.

3. Usage Triethanolamine:

While triethanolamine is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, there are some precautions to keep in mind. It is important to avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to high concentrations of triethanolamine, as it may cause skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to use products containing triethanolamine as directed and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to store products containing triethanolamine in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their stability.

4. References:

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Triethanolamine. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/triethanolamine

- Personal Care Products Council. (2013). Safety Assessment of Triethanolamine and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr108.pdf

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Triethanolamine. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=73.2120

1. Definition Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.

2. Use:

Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.

- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.

1. Definition Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It belongs to the family of parabens, which are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.

2. Use:

Propylparaben is added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting microbial contamination.

3. Usage Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.3% in cosmetics. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. While considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies, some individuals may be sensitive to parabens and experience allergic reactions. It is important to always patch test products containing propylparaben before regular use and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43(7):985-1015. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of propylparaben. Int J Toxicol. 2008;27 Suppl 4:1-82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on parabens. European Commission. 2011.