Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume
Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Fragrance:
Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.
2. Use:
Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.
3. Usage Fragrance:
When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.
4. References:
- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.
- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.
- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.
Other Names: NaCl; Natrum muriaticum
Function: Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Sodium Chloride:
Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.
2. Use:
Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.
3. Usage Sodium Chloride:
When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.
Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.
- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.
- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic
1. Definition Benzyl Alcohol:
Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aroma. It is a natural ingredient that can be derived from various sources, including essential oils like jasmine and ylang-ylang, or it can be synthetically produced.
2. Use:
Benzyl Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is also used as a solvent, fragrance ingredient, and viscosity-decreasing agent in various skincare, haircare, and personal care products.
3. Usage Benzyl Alcohol:
When using Benzyl Alcohol in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended usage levels to ensure product safety and efficacy. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has deemed Benzyl Alcohol safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 1%, with some exceptions. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Alcohol, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-23.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzyl-alcohol
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 244, Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzyl-alcohol
Function: Solvent
1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:
1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.
2. Use:
1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.
3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:
When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820
Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Isohexadecane:
Isohexadecane is a synthetic hydrocarbon derived from petroleum that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and solvent. It is a clear, odorless liquid that helps to enhance the texture and spreadability of skincare and makeup products.
2. Use:
Isohexadecane is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin. It helps to improve the overall texture of products by reducing greasiness and providing a lightweight, non-greasy finish. Isohexadecane also acts as a solvent, helping to dissolve other ingredients in formulations and improve the stability of the product.
3. Usage Isohexadecane:
Isohexadecane is commonly found in a variety of skincare and makeup products, including moisturizers, foundations, primers, and sunscreens. It is often used in products targeted towards those with oily or combination skin types, as it helps to control excess oil and provide a matte finish. Isohexadecane is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- "Isohexadecane." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isohexadecane.
- "Isohexadecane." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/isohexadecane/.
- "Isohexadecane." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/isohexadecane.
Other Names: Cyclicdimethylpolysiloxane; Polydimethylcyclosiloxane; TSF 404
Function: Solvent, Emollient, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Cyclomethicone:
Cyclomethicone is a clear, odorless silicone-based liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and solvent. It is a type of cyclic silicone compound that evaporates quickly when applied to the skin, leaving behind a smooth and silky feel.
2. Use:
Cyclomethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including skincare, haircare, and makeup. It is often included in formulations such as lotions, creams, serums, and hair styling products to provide a lightweight, non-greasy feel and improve the spreadability of the product. Cyclomethicone helps to enhance the texture of the product and can also act as a carrier for other active ingredients, allowing them to penetrate the skin more effectively.
3. Usage Cyclomethicone:
When using products containing Cyclomethicone, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Cyclomethicone to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and to keep the product out of reach of children.
4. References:
- Loden M, Wessman W. The influence of a cream containing 20% glycerin and its vehicle on skin barrier properties. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2001;23(2):115-9.
- Kligman AM. An overview of cosmeceuticals. In: Draelos ZD, editor. Cosmeceuticals. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005. p. 1-7.
- Draelos ZD. Cosmeceuticals: what's real, what's not. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(2):215-7.
Other Names: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
Function: Deodorant, Preservative, Antistatic Agent, Antimicrobial Agent, Cosmetic Biocide, Surfactant - Suspending Agent
1. Definition Benzalkonium Chloride:
Benzalkonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics. It is known for its antimicrobial properties and ability to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
2. Use:
Benzalkonium Chloride is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products and prevent contamination. It is often found in skincare products, such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.
3. Usage Benzalkonium Chloride:
When using cosmetics containing Benzalkonium Chloride, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically safe for use in low concentrations, but can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Benzalkonium Chloride to check for any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2014). Final report on the safety assessment of benzalkonium chloride. International Journal of Toxicology, 33(3), 1-14.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2016). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.155
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 15865, Benzalkonium chloride. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzalkonium-chloride
Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Potassium Phosphate:
Potassium Phosphate is a salt compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a buffering agent to help regulate the pH of a product. It is made up of potassium and phosphate ions, which work together to maintain the stability and effectiveness of various cosmetic formulations.
2. Use:
Potassium Phosphate is used in cosmetics to adjust the acidity or alkalinity of a product, ensuring that it remains at the desired pH level. This helps to enhance the overall performance and efficacy of the product, as well as improve its texture, stability, and shelf life. Additionally, Potassium Phosphate can also act as a moisturizing agent and emulsifier in certain cosmetic formulations.
3. Usage Potassium Phosphate:
When using Potassium Phosphate in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines and dosage specified by the manufacturer. Overuse of Potassium Phosphate can potentially lead to skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing Potassium Phosphate to determine if any adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Gavrilovic, L. (2017). The use of phosphates in cosmetics. Cosmetics & Toiletries, 132(4), 36-41.
- Karaman, M., et al. (2019). Potassium Phosphate as a pH regulator in cosmetic formulations. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 70(2), 123-131.
- Sato, T., et al. (2020). Safety assessment of Potassium Phosphate in cosmetic products. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(5), 689-697.
Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Anticorrosive
1. Definition Dipotassium Phosphate:
Dipotassium Phosphate, also known as potassium phosphate dibasic, is a water-soluble salt that is commonly used as a buffering agent in cosmetics. It is a white, odorless powder that helps to control the pH levels of products and stabilize formulations.
2. Use:
Dipotassium Phosphate is often used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster and buffering agent. It helps to maintain the stability and consistency of products, ensuring that they remain effective and safe for use on the skin. Additionally, it can also act as a chelating agent, helping to bind metal ions and prevent them from causing oxidation or other reactions in the formula.
3. Usage Dipotassium Phosphate:
Dipotassium Phosphate is typically added to cosmetics in small amounts, usually around 0.1-2% of the total formulation. It is important to carefully measure and mix the ingredient to ensure that the pH levels are properly adjusted and the product remains stable. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for incorporating Dipotassium Phosphate into cosmetic formulations and to conduct stability testing to ensure the desired results.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Dipotassium Phosphate." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 23, no. 5, 2004, pp. 1-10.
- Personal Care Products Council. "Dipotassium Phosphate." https://www.personalcarecouncil.org.
- FDA. "Code of Federal Regulations Title 21." https://www.accessdata.fda.gov.
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Poloxamer 184:
Poloxamer 184 is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, with a molecular weight of around 8400 g/mol.
2. Use:
Poloxamer 184 is used in cosmetics as a solubilizer, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to improve the texture and spreadability of products, as well as enhance the overall performance of formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.
3. Usage Poloxamer 184:
When using products containing Poloxamer 184, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Poloxamer 184, especially if you have sensitive skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Poloxamers." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/poloxamers.
- "Poloxamer 184." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/poloxamer-184.
- "Poloxamers in Cosmetics." Personal Care Magazine, www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/21958/poloxamers-in-cosmetics.
Function: Chelating Agent
1. Definition Dipotassium Edta:
Dipotassium EDTA, also known as Disodium EDTA, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a salt of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and is used to improve the stability and efficacy of skincare products.
2. Use:
Dipotassium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a chelating agent, which means it binds to metal ions to prevent them from negatively impacting the product's stability or performance. It is often added to formulations to prevent the oxidation of ingredients, enhance the effectiveness of preservatives, and improve the overall quality of the product.
3. Usage Dipotassium Edta:
Dipotassium EDTA is considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 0.2%. It is commonly found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and cleansers. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to EDTA, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23668196, Dipotassium EDTA. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dipotassium-EDTA
- Environmental Working Group. Dipotassium EDTA. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706101-DIPOTASSIUM_EDTA/
- Cosmetics Info. Dipotassium EDTA. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dipotassium-edta
Other Names: Dowicil 200; Quaternium 15
Function: Preservative
1. Definition Quaternium-15:
Quaternium-15 is a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is known for its ability to prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast, thus extending the shelf life of the product.
2. Use:
Quaternium-15 is primarily used in cosmetics such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and makeup as a preservative. It helps to maintain the quality and safety of the product by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage or contamination.
3. Usage Quaternium-15:
When using products containing Quaternium-15, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is typically used in small concentrations, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. Additionally, some studies have linked Quaternium-15 to skin irritation and allergic reactions in some individuals, so caution should be exercised when using products containing this preservative.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2011). Final report on the safety assessment of quaternium-15. International Journal of Toxicology, 30(4), 81S-89S.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23660952, Quaternium-15. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Quaternium-15
- Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). Quaternium-15. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706036-QUATERNIUM-15/
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Citric Acid:
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.
2. Use:
Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.
3. Usage Citric Acid:
When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.
4. References:
- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline
- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review
- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health
Other Names: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents
1. Definition Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.
2. Use:
Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.
3. Usage Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol
- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:
Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.
2. Use:
Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.
3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:
Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.
4. References:
- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.
- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.
- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.
Other Names: EDTA-4Na; Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
Function: Chelating Agent
1. Definition Tetrasodium Edta:
Tetrasodium EDTA, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a white, odorless powder that helps to improve the stability and efficacy of formulations by binding to metal ions that can cause product degradation.
2. Use:
Tetrasodium EDTA is used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer to prevent rancidity and discoloration. It also helps to enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in the formulation. Additionally, it can improve the foaming and cleansing properties of certain products like shampoos and body washes.
3. Usage Tetrasodium Edta:
Tetrasodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used within the recommended concentrations. However, it is important to follow the guidelines provided by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel to ensure safe usage. It is recommended to avoid using products containing Tetrasodium EDTA on broken or irritated skin to prevent potential irritation.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(Suppl 1), 93-128.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Tetrasodium EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/tetrasodium-edta/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1751
Other Names: POE (20) Sorbitan monolaurate; Polysorbate 20; Atmer 110; PEG(20)sorbitan monolaurate; Alkest TW 20
Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Polysorbate 20:
Polysorbate 20 is a type of nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from sorbitol and lauric acid and is known for its emulsifying and solubilizing properties.
2. Use:
Polysorbate 20 is primarily used as an emulsifier in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup removers to create a smooth and uniform texture. Additionally, it can also act as a solubilizer, helping to dissolve ingredients that are not easily soluble in water.
3. Usage Polysorbate 20:
When using products containing polysorbate 20, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with polysorbate 20 to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Polysorbate 20. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-20
- Personal Care Council. (2019). Polysorbate 20. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/2477
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2009). Polysorbate 20. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polysorbate-20
Other Names: Sodium Acid Citrate
Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating
1. Definition Sodium Citrate:
Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.
2. Use:
Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.
3. Usage Sodium Citrate:
When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.
- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.
- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.
Other Names: cremophor rh-40
Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil:
Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is a polyethylene glycol derivative of hydrogenated castor oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and solubilizer.
2. Use:
Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is used in cosmetics to help blend together ingredients that are normally difficult to mix, such as oil and water. It also helps to stabilize formulations and improve the texture of products.
3. Usage Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil:
Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-10% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It should be added to the oil phase of a formulation and heated to ensure proper dispersion.
Precautions: While Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some studies have raised concerns about the potential for PEG compounds to be contaminated with harmful impurities, so it is important to use products from reputable sources.
4. References:
- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.
- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.
- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Paula's Choice Skincare, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/surfactants/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.
Other Names: Na-PCA; NaPCA; PCA-Na; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate; Sodium L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate; Sodium DL-Pyrrolidone Carboxylate
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Sodium Pca:
Sodium PCA, or sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, is a natural component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, it is often used as a hydrating agent to improve skin hydration and overall skin health.
2. Use:
Sodium PCA is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to attract and hold moisture in the skin. It is also known for its ability to help improve the skin's barrier function, making it more resilient to external stressors.
3. Usage Sodium Pca:
When using products containing Sodium PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Sodium PCA consistently for best results.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill.
Other Names: KOH; Potassium Hydrate; Potash lye
Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Potassium Hydroxide:
Potassium Hydroxide, also known as caustic potash, is a strong alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster and emulsifying agent.
2. Use:
Potassium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to regulate the pH levels of products, ensuring that they are gentle and non-irritating to the skin. It is also utilized as an emulsifying agent, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together to create stable and uniform formulations.
3. Usage Potassium Hydroxide:
When using Potassium Hydroxide in cosmetics, it is important to handle it with care due to its caustic nature. Proper safety precautions should be taken, such as wearing protective gloves and goggles, and ensuring good ventilation in the workspace. It should be added to formulations slowly and with caution to prevent splashing and skin irritation. Additionally, it is crucial to follow recommended usage levels to avoid potential skin sensitization or chemical burns.
4. References:
- "Potassium Hydroxide." Cosmetics Info, cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-hydroxide.
- "Potassium Hydroxide in Cosmetics." Truth In Aging, truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-hydroxide.
- "Safety Assessment of Potassium Hydroxide as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/potassium.pdf.
Other Names: Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside; AA2G
Function: Antioxidant
1. Definition Ascorbyl Glucoside:
Ascorbyl Glucoside is a stable derivative of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and skin brightening effects.
2. Use:
Ascorbyl Glucoside is used in cosmetics and skincare products to help protect the skin from free radical damage, promote collagen production, and reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation. It is also known for its ability to brighten the skin tone and improve overall skin texture.
3. Usage Ascorbyl Glucoside:
Ascorbyl Glucoside is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions, where it is applied directly to the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Ascorbyl Glucoside in the morning, as Vitamin C can help protect the skin from environmental damage and UV exposure. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to start with a lower concentration to avoid any potential irritation.
4. References:
- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593
- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. (2017). The roles of Vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866
- Lin, F. H., Lin, J. Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Grichnik, J. M., Zielinski, J., Pinnell, S. R. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23768.x
Other Names: Zinc Complex L-PCA; Zn PCA; Zinc L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate
Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Zinc Pca:
Zinc Pca (Zinc Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid) is a compound that combines Zinc with L-Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and sebum-regulating properties.
2. Use:
Zinc Pca is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is known for its ability to help control excess oil production, reduce acne and blemishes, and soothe irritated skin. Zinc Pca is also used in hair care products to help regulate sebum production on the scalp and promote a healthy scalp environment.
3. Usage Zinc Pca:
When using products containing Zinc Pca, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to their face or body. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of Zinc Pca and gradually increase the usage if needed. Overuse of products with Zinc Pca may cause dryness or irritation, so it is important to monitor how your skin reacts to the ingredient.
4. References:
- Draelos ZD. Essential fatty acids in dermatology. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(6): 669-673.
- Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Rafiee E, Mehrabian A, Feily A. Skin wound healing and phytomedicine: a review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(6):303-310.
- Brandt S. The clinical effects of zinc as a topical or oral agent on the clinical response and pathophysiologic mechanisms of inflammatory acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(5):542-545.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant
1. Definition Magnesium Pca:
Magnesium Pca is a compound that combines magnesium with the amino acid derivative L-pyroglutamic acid. This combination creates a stable form of magnesium that is easily absorbed by the skin.
2. Use:
Magnesium Pca is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help maintain healthy skin by promoting collagen production, improving skin elasticity, and reducing inflammation. It also helps to regulate oil production, making it suitable for both dry and oily skin types.
3. Usage Magnesium Pca:
Magnesium Pca is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It can be applied directly to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine. It is recommended to use products containing Magnesium Pca consistently to see the best results. However, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- L. A. Leite-Silva et al. "Comparison of the effects of topical application of magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and magnesium PCA on the skin." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, vol. 69, no. 3, 2008, pp. 948-953.
- K. S. Lee et al. "Effects of magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and magnesium PCA on the skin hydration and barrier function in healthy human volunteers." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 7, no. 1, 2008, pp. 27-31.
- M. S. Lee et al. "The effects of magnesium PCA on the skin barrier function and hydration in patients with atopic dermatitis." Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 56, no. 2, 2009, pp. 106-111.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Moisturising
1. Definition Manganese Pca:
Manganese PCA is a compound that combines manganese with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, a natural moisturizing factor found in the skin. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and ability to help improve skin texture and tone.
2. Use:
Manganese PCA is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions to help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. It can also help to promote collagen production and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
3. Usage Manganese Pca:
When using cosmetics containing Manganese PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged in gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Manganese PCA to protect the skin from UV damage.
Precautions: While Manganese PCA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with Manganese PCA on a larger area of the skin. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.
4. References:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6380979/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28429679/
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643817306832
Other Names: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:
Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.
2. Use:
Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:
When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.
4. References:
- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate
- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html
- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides:
PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides is a polyethylene glycol derivative of caprylic and capric acids, which are medium-chain fatty acids derived from coconut oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emollient, surfactant, and cleansing agent.
2. Use:
PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, and body washes. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, making it easier to spread and apply to the skin or hair. It also helps to solubilize other ingredients in the formulation and can act as a mild cleansing agent.
3. Usage PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides:
When using products containing PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or adverse reaction occurs, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional. Additionally, it is important to store products containing PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their stability and efficacy.
4. References:
- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride
- Personal Care Council. (2019). PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/peg-6-caprylic-capric-glycerides/
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5281104, PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/PEG-6-Caprylic-Capric-Glycerides
Function: Preservative
1. Definition Sodium Methylparaben:
Sodium Methylparaben is a sodium salt of Methylparaben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to extend their shelf life by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
2. Use:
Sodium Methylparaben is primarily used as a preservative in various cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. It helps prevent the growth of microorganisms, thereby maintaining the product's quality and safety for consumer use.
3. Usage Sodium Methylparaben:
When using cosmetics containing Sodium Methylparaben, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommended dosage. Overuse of products with this preservative may lead to skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is advisable to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of the skin to check for any adverse reactions.
Precautions: While Sodium Methylparaben is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this preservative. It is recommended to consult a dermatologist if you experience any skin irritation or adverse reactions after using products containing Sodium Methylparaben. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult with their healthcare provider before using products with this preservative.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Parabens. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/parabens
- Personal Care Council. (2019). Parabens. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource/parabens/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020). Parabens in Cosmetics. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/parabens-cosmetics
