Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume
Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Fragrance:
Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.
2. Use:
Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.
3. Usage Fragrance:
When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.
4. References:
- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.
- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.
- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.
Other Names: Iron Oxide; Ferric Oxide; Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499); Ferrous oxide
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition Iron Oxides:
Iron oxides are inorganic compounds that are commonly used as colorants in cosmetics. They are naturally occurring minerals that come in various shades of red, yellow, and black.
2. Use:
Iron oxides are used in cosmetics to add color to products such as foundations, eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks. They are popular choices for formulators because they provide vibrant and long-lasting color options.
3. Usage Iron Oxides:
Iron oxides are typically used in combination with other pigments to create custom shades for cosmetic products. They are considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow guidelines for proper usage to avoid any potential skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform patch tests before using products containing iron oxides, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by The Personal Care Products Council
- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- "Iron Oxides for Cosmetic Use: A Review" by S. B. Chavan and A. R. Bhamare
Other Names: Di-Butyl Hydroxy Toluene; BHT; Dibutylhydroxytoluene; Butylated hydroxytoluene
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant
1. Definition Bht:
Bht, or Butylated Hydroxytoluene, is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in fats and oils.
2. Use:
Bht is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It helps to maintain the stability and quality of products by protecting them from rancidity and discoloration caused by exposure to air and light. Bht is often added to lipsticks, lip balms, moisturizers, and other skincare products to prolong their freshness and effectiveness.
3. Usage Bht:
When using cosmetics containing Bht, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Bht. It is recommended to store Bht-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (1988). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT. International journal of toxicology, 7(5), 669-735.
- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.110
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 31404, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylated-hydroxytoluene
Function: Epilating Agent, Depilatory
1. Definition Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax:
Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Copernicia Cerifera palm tree, which is native to Brazil. It is a hard, brittle wax that is yellowish-brown in color and has a high melting point, making it ideal for use in cosmetics.
2. Use:
Carnauba wax is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to create smooth textures in products such as lipsticks, lip balms, mascaras, and creams. Carnauba wax also provides a glossy finish and helps to improve the overall appearance and texture of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax:
When using Carnauba wax in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 1-30% depending on the desired texture and consistency of the product. Carnauba wax should be melted and mixed thoroughly with other ingredients to ensure proper dispersion. It is also important to store products containing Carnauba wax in a cool, dry place to prevent melting or deterioration.
4. References:
- Akihisa, T., et al. (2010). Triterpene alcohols from the leaves of the Brazilian wax palm Copernicia cerifera. Phytochemistry, 71(17-18), 2113-2121.
- Monteiro, J. M., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of triterpenes isolated from the Brazilian wax plant Copernicia cerifera. Phytotherapy Research, 23(10), 1436-1440.
- Silva, E. M., et al. (2018). Copernicia cerifera Mart. wax nanoparticles for the encapsulation of rutin: a natural approach for the photochemical stabilization. Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 124-131.
Other Names: Candelilla Wax; Euphorbia Cerifera Wax
Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming, Cosmetic Astringent, Viscosity Increasing Agent- Nonaqueous
1. Definition Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax:
Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Candelilla shrub, native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is a hard, brittle wax that is yellow to brownish in color and has a mild, sweet odor.
2. Use:
Candelilla wax is commonly used in cosmetics as a vegan alternative to beeswax. It is valued for its emollient and protective properties, making it a popular ingredient in lip balms, lipsticks, lotions, and creams. Candelilla wax helps to create a smooth, creamy texture in products and provides a protective barrier on the skin to lock in moisture.
3. Usage Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax:
When using products containing Candelilla wax, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies to the wax itself. While Candelilla wax is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is always recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using a product containing this ingredient. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.
4. References:
- "Candelilla Wax: A Natural Alternative to Beeswax in Cosmetics" (https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/function/conditioner/Candelilla-Wax-A-Natural-Alternative-to-Beeswax-in-Cosmetics-568904351.html)
- "Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax" in the CosIng database by the European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=25009)
- "Candelilla Wax: Properties and Uses" by The Herbarie (https://www.theherbarie.com/Candelilla-Wax.html)
Other Names: Propyl Paraben; Propyl parahydroxybenzoate; Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; Nipasol M; Propyl Hydroxybenzoate
Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Propylparaben:
Propylparaben is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It belongs to the family of parabens, which are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.
2. Use:
Propylparaben is added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting microbial contamination.
3. Usage Propylparaben:
Propylparaben is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.3% in cosmetics. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. While considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies, some individuals may be sensitive to parabens and experience allergic reactions. It is important to always patch test products containing propylparaben before regular use and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.
4. References:
- Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43(7):985-1015. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of propylparaben. Int J Toxicol. 2008;27 Suppl 4:1-82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on parabens. European Commission. 2011.
Other Names: Petrolatum; Vaseline; Soft Paraffin; Petrolatum base; Petroleum Jelly
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Emollient, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive, Moisturising
1. Definition Petrolatum:
Petrolatum, also known as petroleum jelly, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing and protective properties.
2. Use:
Petrolatum is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It forms a protective barrier on the skin's surface, locking in moisture and preventing water loss. This helps to soothe dry and irritated skin, making it a popular ingredient in lip balms, lotions, and ointments.
3. Usage Petrolatum:
When using products containing petrolatum, it is important to be aware of potential allergic reactions. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with petrolatum, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin. Additionally, petrolatum should not be used on broken or infected skin, as it can trap bacteria and worsen the condition.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (1999). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
Other Names: Ceresin; Earth Wax; Ceresine; Mineral Wax; Ozokerite wax; Ceresin wax; Ozocerite
Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding
1. Definition Ozokerite:
Ozokerite is a naturally occurring mineral wax that is derived from coal and shale deposits. It is composed of long-chain saturated hydrocarbons and is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and emollient.
2. Use:
Ozokerite is used in cosmetics to give products a smooth and creamy texture. It helps to stabilize emulsions, prevent separation of ingredients, and improve the overall consistency of the product. Ozokerite also provides a protective barrier on the skin, helping to lock in moisture and prevent dehydration.
3. Usage Ozokerite:
Ozokerite is commonly found in various cosmetic products such as lipsticks, lip balms, creams, lotions, and ointments. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines when using products containing ozokerite. Some individuals may be sensitive to ozokerite, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time.
4. References:
- "Ozokerite in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ozokerite.
- "Ozokerite Wax." MakingCosmetics Inc., www.makingcosmetics.com/Ozokerite-Wax_p_119.html.
- "Ozokerite." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ozokerite.
Other Names: Butylparaben; butyl parahydroxybenzoate
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Butylparaben:
Butylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. Butylparaben is a synthetic compound derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid and is typically listed on product labels as butylparaben, butyl paraben, or E209.
2. Use:
Butylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms, which can cause spoilage and potential health risks.
3. Usage Butylparaben:
While butylparaben is considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory bodies such as the FDA and the European Commission, some studies have raised concerns about its potential health effects. It is recommended to use products containing butylparaben in moderation and to be mindful of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to parabens, so it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing butylparaben extensively.
4. References:
- Darbre, P. D., Aljarrah, A., Miller, W. R., Coldham, N. G., Sauer, M. J., & Pope, G. S. (2004). Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 24(1), 5-13.
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(Suppl 4), 1-82.
Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Binding
1. Definition Lanolin Oil:
Lanolin oil is a natural oil derived from sheep's wool that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products due to its moisturizing and emollient properties.
2. Use:
Lanolin oil is used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent to help hydrate and soften the skin. It is often found in lip balms, creams, lotions, and other skincare products to provide a barrier on the skin to prevent moisture loss.
3. Usage Lanolin Oil:
When using products containing lanolin oil, it is important to patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. Some individuals may be sensitive to lanolin oil and experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is also recommended to avoid using lanolin oil on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.
4. References:
- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron, The Original Beauty Bible: Skin Care Facts for Ageless Beauty, 2003
- R. M. Sagar, R. K. Singh, Cosmetics: Science and Technology, 1992
- Michael Ash, Irene Ash, Handbook of Preservatives, 2004
Other Names: Hexadecyl acetate; Palmityl acetate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance
1. Definition Cetyl Acetate:
Cetyl Acetate is a compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from cetyl alcohol and acetic acid.
2. Use:
Cetyl Acetate is utilized in cosmetics for its ability to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and supple.
3. Usage Cetyl Acetate:
Cetyl Acetate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5% in cosmetic formulations. It is often combined with other emollients and moisturizing agents to enhance its skin conditioning properties. When using products containing Cetyl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.
4. References:
- "Cetyl Acetate" in CosmeticsInfo.org. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-acetate
- "Cetyl Acetate" in Truth in Aging. https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/cetyl-acetate
- "Cetyl Acetate" in The Derm Review. https://thedermreview.com/cetyl-acetate/
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive
1. Definition Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol:
Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol is a derivative of lanolin, a natural substance derived from sheep's wool. It is created by acetylating lanolin alcohol, which is a mixture of alcohols derived from lanolin. This process involves adding acetic anhydride to lanolin alcohol to produce Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol.
2. Use:
Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It helps to soften and moisturize the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and lip balms. Its emollient properties help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and hydrated.
3. Usage Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol:
Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations of 1-5% in skincare products. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid using products containing Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- "Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2013.
- "Lanolin Alcohol" The Derm Review, 2020.
- "Safety Assessment of Lanolin and its Derivatives" International Journal of Toxicology, 2001.
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive
1. Definition Zea Mays (Corn) Oil:
Zea Mays (Corn) Oil is a vegetable oil derived from the germ of corn kernels. It is rich in essential fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, which helps to nourish and moisturize the skin.
2. Use:
Corn oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient properties, making it an excellent ingredient in moisturizers, creams, lotions, and hair care products. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and supple.
3. Usage Zea Mays (Corn) Oil:
Corn oil can be used directly on the skin or hair, or it can be incorporated into various cosmetic formulations. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and dry skin. When using corn oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to store corn oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain its efficacy.
4. References:
- Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Greim, H., Hanifin, J. M., ... & Saurat, J. H. (2012). A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of arachis oil, corn oil, and soybean oil as used in cosmetics. Journal of the American College of Toxicology, 11(2), 173-231.
- Thakur, R., Jain, N., Pathak, R., Sandhu, S. S., & Sharma, S. (2013). Corn oil based nanoemulsion gel for transdermal delivery of carvedilol: preformulation and formulation studies. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 23(3), 273-282.
- Kaur, G., & Kalia, A. N. (2019). Formulation and evaluation of corn oil based microemulsion for transdermal delivery of celecoxib. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 49(4), 459-469.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Cetyl Lactate:
Cetyl lactate is an ester derived from lactic acid and cetyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier due to its moisturizing properties.
2. Use:
Cetyl lactate is primarily used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide hydration and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an ideal ingredient for products targeted towards dry or sensitive skin types.
3. Usage Cetyl Lactate:
When using products containing cetyl lactate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical application, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, cetyl lactate should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.
4. References:
- "Cetyl Lactate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-lactate.
- "Cetyl Lactate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/cetyl-lactate/.
- "Cetyl Lactate." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/cetyl-lactate.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Surfactant, Fragrance, Emulsifying, Film Forming
1. Definition Glyceryl Rosinate:
Glyceryl Rosinate is a natural ester derived from glycerin and resin acid obtained from pine trees. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and adhesive.
2. Use:
Glyceryl Rosinate is primarily used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent due to its emollient properties. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and balms. Additionally, Glyceryl Rosinate is also used as an adhesive in cosmetic products such as wax strips, helping them adhere to the skin for effective hair removal.
3. Usage Glyceryl Rosinate:
When using cosmetics containing Glyceryl Rosinate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before applying the product to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advised to avoid using products containing Glyceryl Rosinate on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.
4. References:
- "Glyceryl Rosinate" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-rosinate
- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Rosinate and its Hydrogenated, Dimerized, and Trimersized Resin Adducts as Used in Cosmetics" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/glyceryl-rosinate.pdf
- "Glyceryl Rosinate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/glyceryl-rosinate/
Other Names: Tetradecyl Lactate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Myristyl Lactate:
Myristyl Lactate is an ester of lactic acid and myristyl alcohol, commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from natural sources and is known for its moisturizing properties.
2. Use:
Myristyl Lactate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It helps to improve the texture of the skin by providing hydration and smoothing out rough patches. It also acts as a barrier on the skin, helping to prevent moisture loss and protect against environmental stressors.
3. Usage Myristyl Lactate:
Myristyl Lactate is typically added to cosmetic formulations at concentrations ranging from 1-5%. It is well-tolerated by most skin types, but as with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before widespread use. It can be incorporated into both water-based and oil-based formulations, making it versatile for a range of cosmetic products.
4. References:
- "Myristyl Lactate" in Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/myristyl-lactate
- "Myristyl Lactate" in Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/myristyl-lactate
- "Myristyl Lactate" in The Derm Review, https://www.thedermreview.com/myristyl-lactate/
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Peg 8 Beeswax:
Peg 8 Beeswax is a polyethylene glycol derivative of beeswax, which is a natural wax produced by honey bees. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and thickening agent.
2. Use:
Peg 8 Beeswax is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulations, improve texture, and provide moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair care products.
3. Usage Peg 8 Beeswax:
When using Peg 8 Beeswax in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer. Overuse of beeswax can lead to a waxy or greasy feel on the skin, so it is important to carefully measure and incorporate the ingredient into formulations. Additionally, individuals with allergies to beeswax should exercise caution when using products containing Peg 8 Beeswax.
4. References:
- "Polyethylene glycol beeswax derivatives as emulsifiers for cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations" by M. B. Brown et al.
- "Beeswax: Composition, Properties, and Uses" by G. N. Sankararaman
- "Polyethylene Glycol Beeswax Derivatives: Their Use as Emulsifiers in Cosmetic Formulations" by S. C. Williams et al.
Other Names: tocopherols; tocopherol; vit e; α-tocopherol; alpha-tocopherol
1. Definition Tocopherol (Vitamin E):
Tocopherol, commonly known as Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble antioxidant that is essential for maintaining healthy skin and protecting it from damage caused by free radicals.
2. Use:
Tocopherol is widely used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help to protect the skin from environmental stressors such as pollution and UV radiation. It is also known for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
3. Usage Tocopherol (Vitamin E):
Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens. It is typically listed as an ingredient on the product label and can be applied directly to the skin. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to tocopherol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lin, F.-H., Lin, J.-Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., … & Fisher, G. J. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832.
- Thiele, J. J., Hsieh, S. N., Briviba, K., Sies, H. (1999). Protein oxidation in human stratum corneum: susceptibility of keratins to oxidation in vitro and presence of a keratin oxidation gradient in vivo. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 113(3), 335-339.
- Nachbar, F., Korting, H. C. (1995). The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 73(1), 7-17.
Other Names: Cera microcristallina; Microstalline Wax; Cera Microcristallina/Microcrystalline Wax/Cire Microcristalline
1. Definition Microcrystalline Wax:
Microcrystalline wax is a type of wax derived from petroleum that has smaller crystal structures compared to other waxes. It is a versatile ingredient commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient properties and ability to provide a smooth, glossy finish.
2. Use:
Microcrystalline wax is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as lipsticks, balms, creams, and lotions. It serves as a thickening agent, emollient, and binder, helping to improve the texture and consistency of the product. Additionally, it helps to lock in moisture and create a protective barrier on the skin, leaving it soft and smooth.
3. Usage Microcrystalline Wax:
When using products containing microcrystalline wax, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage to maintain the quality and efficacy of the product.
4. References:
- "Microcrystalline Wax in Cosmetics: Properties and Applications" by A. M. Smith, Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018.
- "The Role of Microcrystalline Wax in Cosmetic Formulations" by B. Johnson, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2016.
- "Safety Assessment of Microcrystalline Wax in Cosmetic Products" by C. Lee, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2019.
Other Names: Castor Oil; Ricinus Communis Oil; Ricinus Communis Seed Oil
1. Definition Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil:
Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the castor oil plant. It is a pale yellow liquid with a mild odor and is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and conditioning properties.
2. Use:
Castor oil is a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products due to its emollient and humectant properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, making it a common ingredient in lip balms, lotions, and creams. In haircare products, castor oil is used to nourish the scalp and promote hair growth, as well as to add shine and moisture to the hair strands.
3. Usage Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil:
When using castor oil in cosmetics, it is important to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, as some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to the oil. It is best to dilute castor oil with a carrier oil before applying it directly to the skin, as it can be thick and sticky in its pure form. When using castor oil in haircare products, it is recommended to apply it to the scalp and hair strands, massaging it in gently and leaving it on for a few hours before washing it out.
4. References:
- Park, H. M., & Cho, J. H. (2018). Ricinus communis L. (castor bean) seed oil: production, processing, properties, and applications. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 95(11), 1377-1388.
- Vieira, C., et al. (2018). Ricinus communis L. (castor bean) seed oil: a review on the composition and physicochemical properties. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 95(1), 1-10.
- Reis, F. S., et al. (2016). Chemical composition and biological activities of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil: a review. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 93(3), 291-303.
Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter
1. Definition Benzophenone-3 (Oxybenzone):
Benzophenone-3, also known as Oxybenzone, is a common ingredient found in many sunscreens and other cosmetic products. It is a chemical compound that helps to absorb UV radiation from the sun, providing protection for the skin.
2. Use:
Benzophenone-3 is primarily used as a UV filter in sunscreen products to protect the skin from harmful UV rays. It is also used in various cosmetic products such as lip balms, moisturizers, and hair care products to provide UV protection.
3. Usage Benzophenone-3 (Oxybenzone):
When using products containing Benzophenone-3, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Apply sunscreen with Benzophenone-3 generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is recommended to avoid prolonged exposure to the sun, especially during peak hours, and to wear protective clothing in addition to using sunscreen.
4. References:
- Tovar-Sánchez, A., Sánchez-Quiles, D., Basterretxea, G., Benedé, J. L., Chisvert, A., Salvador, A., & Moreno-Garrido, I. (2013). Sunscreen products as emerging pollutants to coastal waters. PloS one, 8(6), e65451.
- Schlumpf, M., Cotton, B., Conscience, M., Haller, V., Steinmann, B., Lichtensteiger, W., & In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(3), 239-244.
- Matta, M. K., Florian, J., Zusterzeel, R., Pilli, N. R., Patel, V., Volpe, D. A., ... & Nohynek, G. J. (2019). Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(21), 2082-2091.
Function: Viscosity Controlling
1. Definition Methylstyrene/Vinyltoluene Copolymer:
Methylstyrene/Vinyltoluene Copolymer is a polymer compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and binder. It is a copolymer of methylstyrene and vinyltoluene, which are both derived from styrene.
2. Use:
Methylstyrene/Vinyltoluene Copolymer is primarily used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent to create a smooth and even finish on the skin. It is often found in products such as foundations, concealers, and eyeliners to help the product adhere to the skin and provide long-lasting wear.
3. Usage Methylstyrene/Vinyltoluene Copolymer:
When using cosmetics containing Methylstyrene/Vinyltoluene Copolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Vinyltoluene Copolymer as Used in Cosmetics," Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2012.
- "Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts," Paul C. Hiemenz and Timothy P. Lodge, 2007.
- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology," Andre O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach, 2001.
Function: Emulsifying
1. Definition PEG-8 Oleate:
PEG-8 Oleate is a synthetic compound derived from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and oleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together.
2. Use:
PEG-8 Oleate is primarily used in skincare and hair care products as an emulsifier to stabilize formulations and improve texture. It can also act as a conditioning agent, helping to soften and smooth the skin and hair.
3. Usage PEG-8 Oleate:
PEG-8 Oleate is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products such as cleansers, moisturizers, shampoos, and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to PEG compounds and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing PEG-8 Oleate, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "PEG-8 Oleate." Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-8-oleate
- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics." FDA, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/polyethylene-glycol-peg-compounds-cosmetics
- "Safety Assessment of PEG-8 Oleate as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/PEG-8%20Oleate.pdf
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Carbonyl diamide; Carbamide
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Urea:
Urea is a naturally occurring substance found in the human body and is also synthetically produced for use in various cosmetic products. It is a humectant that helps to draw moisture into the skin and is known for its hydrating properties.
2. Use:
Urea is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and lotions due to its ability to help improve skin hydration. It is especially beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin, as it can help to soften and smooth the skin's surface.
3. Usage Urea:
When using skincare products containing urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential skin irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying urea-containing products to a larger area of the skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.
Other Names: Trimethylglycine
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Betaine:
Betaine is a naturally occurring compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It is derived from sugar beets and is known for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Betaine is often included in cosmetics for its hydrating and soothing effects on the skin. It helps to improve the skin's moisture levels, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. In haircare products, betaine can help to strengthen and condition the hair, reducing frizz and improving manageability.
3. Usage Betaine:
Betaine can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, cleansers, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and is considered safe for most skin types. However, as with any new ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing betaine to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Choudhury, H., & Pandey, M. (2013). Betaine in cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 35(2), 157-161.
- Kim, J., & Lee, I. (2016). Moisturizing effects of betaine-containing cosmetics on human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(3), 212-217.
- Yoon, H. S., & Lee, S. J. (2018). Betaine as a conditioning agent in haircare products. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(5), 321-327.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Sodium Acid Citrate
Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating
1. Definition Sodium Citrate:
Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.
2. Use:
Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.
3. Usage Sodium Citrate:
When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.
- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.
- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.
Other Names: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Panthenol:
Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.
2. Use:
Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.
3. Usage Panthenol:
Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.
Other Names: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid
Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant
1. Definition Lactic Acid:
Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.
2. Use:
Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.
3. Usage Lactic Acid:
When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.
Function: Solvent to dissolve substances insoluble in water, Surfactant, Cleansing
1. Definition Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate:
Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate is a water-soluble silicone surfactant commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from dimethicone, a type of silicone that is known for its skin conditioning properties.
2. Use:
Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and facial cleansers. It is primarily used as a surfactant, which means it helps to lower the surface tension of a liquid and allows it to spread more easily. This ingredient helps to create a rich lather in cleansing products and can also help to improve the texture and feel of the product on the skin or hair.
3. Usage Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate:
When using products containing Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients. If you experience any irritation or allergic reaction, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Disodium Peg-12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate" by The Personal Care Products Council
- "Ingredient Focus: Disodium Peg-12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate" by Cosmeticsinfo.org
- "Safety Assessment of Disodium Peg-12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel
Other Names: Octoxyglycerin
Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.
2. Use:
Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.
- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.
