Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Opacifying, Anticaking Agent
1. Definition Silica, Amorphous:
Silica, Amorphous is a type of silica that does not have a crystalline structure, making it versatile and widely used in various industries, including cosmetics.
2. Use:
Silica, Amorphous is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, absorbent, anti-caking agent, and opacifying agent. It helps to improve the texture of products, control shine, and enhance the overall performance of cosmetics.
3. Usage Silica, Amorphous:
When using cosmetics containing Silica, Amorphous, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to silica particles. Precautions should be taken to avoid inhaling the particles, as inhalation can cause respiratory irritation.
4. References:
- Silica - Amorphous, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706561-SILICA_AMORPHOUS/
- Silica in Cosmetics, https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/silica
- Safety Assessment of Silica, Amorphous, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/amorphous%20silica.pdf
Other Names: NaCl; Natrum muriaticum
Function: Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Sodium Chloride:
Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.
2. Use:
Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.
3. Usage Sodium Chloride:
When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.
Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.
- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.
- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.
Other Names: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer
Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming
1. Definition Xanthan Gum:
Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.
2. Use:
Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.
3. Usage Xanthan Gum:
When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.
4. References:
- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.
- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.
- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.
Other Names: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume
Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Fragrance:
Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.
2. Use:
Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.
3. Usage Fragrance:
When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.
4. References:
- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.
- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.
- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.
Other Names: Baking soda; Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Function: Deodorant, Skin Protecting, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Phadjuster
1. Definition Sodium Bicarbonate:
Sodium Bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is a white crystalline powder that is commonly used in various cosmetic products for its exfoliating, cleansing, and pH-balancing properties.
2. Use:
Sodium Bicarbonate is used in cosmetics as a gentle exfoliant to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. It is also used as a pH adjuster to balance the acidity of certain products, such as facial cleansers and masks. Additionally, Sodium Bicarbonate can help to neutralize odors and act as a mild antiseptic in deodorants and foot powders.
3. Usage Sodium Bicarbonate:
When using cosmetics containing Sodium Bicarbonate, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or dryness. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Bicarbonate to check for any adverse reactions. Avoid using Sodium Bicarbonate near the eyes or on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- L. D. Young, "Sodium Bicarbonate," in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
- S. K. Saha, "Sodium Bicarbonate: A Review," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 3155-3160, 2015.
- M. M. E. Nemer, "Formulation and Evaluation of a Sodium Bicarbonate-based Facial Scrub," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 43-52, 2017.
Other Names: L-Menthol; DL-Menthol; Mentholum
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Denaturant , External Analgesic , Soothing, Flavoring Agent, Refreshing
1. Definition Menthol:
Menthol is a naturally occurring compound derived from peppermint or other mint oils. It is known for its cooling sensation and minty aroma, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.
2. Use:
Menthol is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and cooling properties. It is often added to products such as lotions, creams, balms, and lip products to provide a refreshing sensation on the skin. Menthol can also help to relieve minor skin irritations and itching.
3. Usage Menthol:
When using cosmetics containing menthol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Menthol can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product. Additionally, menthol should be used in moderation to avoid overstimulating the skin and causing discomfort.
4. References:
- Yosipovitch, G., & Maibach, H. I. (1998). Sensitive Skin Syndrome. CRC Press.
- Rawlings, A. V., & Leyden, J. J. (2004). Skin Moisturization. CRC Press.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
Function: Surfactant, Cleansing
1. Definition Lauryl Glucoside:
Lauryl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from natural sources such as coconut oil and sugar. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a cleansing agent and emulsifier.
2. Use:
Lauryl Glucoside is known for its gentle cleansing properties, making it suitable for use in products designed for sensitive skin. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin without causing irritation. Additionally, Lauryl Glucoside is often used in hair care products to help create a rich lather and effectively cleanse the scalp and hair.
3. Usage Lauryl Glucoside:
When using products containing Lauryl Glucoside, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. While Lauryl Glucoside is considered safe for most individuals, those with extremely sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before using products containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- "Lauryl Glucoside" - Cosmeticsinfo.org
- "Lauryl Glucoside: A Gentle Surfactant for Sensitive Skin" - The Derm Review
- "Formulating with Lauryl Glucoside" - Personal Care Magazine
Other Names: D-Xylitol
Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent
1. Definition Xylitol:
Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sweetener in food products. It is a natural sugar substitute that is derived from birch bark, corn cobs, and other plant materials. Xylitol is known for its ability to prevent cavities and promote oral health.
2. Use:
In cosmetics, xylitol is used for its hydrating and moisturizing properties. It is often found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Xylitol helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient for dry and dehydrated skin types. Additionally, xylitol has soothing properties that can help to calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Xylitol:
When using cosmetics containing xylitol, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Xylitol is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. Some individuals may be sensitive to xylitol, so it is recommended to discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reactions occur.
4. References:
- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. N., Kim, K., & Kim, D. S. (2018). Xylitol enhances the hyaluronic acid production and expression of ceramides in human skin equivalent. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 26(4), 377-382.
- Suresh, S., & Pradeep, S. (2014). Xylitol in preventing dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 5(1), 15-25.
- Lee, J. H., Park, Y. D., Jeong, S. H., & Do, J. H. (2017). Xylitol inhibits inflammatory cytokine expression induced by lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 21(8), 2443-2450.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Fruit Extract:
Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the pomegranate tree. It is known for its antioxidant properties and high levels of vitamins and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Pomegranate Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging benefits. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production. Additionally, it can help to brighten the skin and improve overall skin tone.
3. Usage Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Fruit Extract:
Pomegranate Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient. It is important to patch test products containing Pomegranate Fruit Extract before using them regularly to ensure that it does not cause any irritation or allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Aslam, M. N., Lansky, E. P., & Varani, J. (2006). Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103(3), 311-318.
- Afaq, F., & Mukhtar, H. (2006). Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Experimental Dermatology, 15(9), 678-684.
- Mphahlele, R. R., Fawole, O. A., Makunga, N. P., & Opara, U. L. (2014). Effect of drying method on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel. Industrial Crops and Products, 57, 126-130.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Stevia Rebaudiana (Sweetleaf) Extract:
Stevia Rebaudiana Extract, also known as Sweetleaf Extract, is a natural sweetener derived from the leaves of the Stevia Rebaudiana plant. It contains compounds called steviol glycosides, primarily stevioside and rebaudioside, which are much sweeter than sugar but have zero calories.
2. Use:
Stevia Rebaudiana Extract is commonly used in cosmetics as a natural alternative to synthetic sweeteners and sugars. It is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and lip balms to add a sweet scent and flavor without the harmful effects of sugar. Additionally, it can be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners to impart a sweet fragrance.
3. Usage Stevia Rebaudiana (Sweetleaf) Extract:
When using Stevia Rebaudiana Extract in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for concentration and application. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Stevia Rebaudiana Extract and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Goyal, S. K., Samsher, & Goyal, R. K. (2010). Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: a review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 61(1), 1-10.
- Chatsudthipong, V., Muanprasat, C., & Stevioside, S. (2009). Stevioside and related compounds: therapeutic benefits beyond sweetness. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 121(1), 41-54.
- Gardana, C., Scaglianti, M., Simonetti, P., & Pietta, P. (2003). Analysis of the steviol glycosides in commercial sweeteners by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(4), 1114-1119.
Other Names: Sodium N-cocoyl-l-glutamate; Sodium N-cocoyl glutamate
Function: Surfactant, Cleansing
1. Definition Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate:
Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate is a mild surfactant derived from coconut oil and fermented sugar. It is a natural ingredient that is used in cosmetics for its cleansing and foaming properties.
2. Use:
Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate is commonly used in skincare and hair care products such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without stripping away natural oils. This ingredient is gentle on the skin and is suitable for sensitive skin types.
3. Usage Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate:
When using products containing Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Avoid getting the product in your eyes, as it may cause irritation. If irritation occurs, rinse thoroughly with water and discontinue use. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- L. Caputo, A. Reguilon, S. Barba, M. M. Pérez, A. Giménez-Arnau, S. Giménez-Arnau. "Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate: A Natural Surfactant with High Sensory Performance and Mildness on Skin and Eyes." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2019, 22(4), 831-839.
- A. D. Lopes, J. A. M. Rosado, C. A. M. Lopes, M. H. G. A. Santana, M. C. N. P. de Melo. "Evaluation of the Biodegradability and Toxicity of Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2017, 20(6), 1383-1390.
- N. A. S. M. Almeida, A. M. B. de Oliveira, C. A. M. Lopes, M. H. G. A. Santana, M. C. N. P. de Melo. "Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate: A Sustainable Surfactant for Personal Care Products." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2018, 21(3), 541-548.
Function: Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Calcium Carbonate:
Calcium Carbonate is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent, opacifying agent, and abrasive. It is a white, odorless powder with the chemical formula CaCO3.
2. Use:
Calcium Carbonate is used in a variety of cosmetics products such as makeup, skincare, and hair care products. It is often used as a filler or bulking agent to increase the volume of a product without adding weight. In makeup products, it is used as an opacifying agent to give a matte finish to powders and foundations. Additionally, it is used as an abrasive in exfoliating products to help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
3. Usage Calcium Carbonate:
When using cosmetics containing Calcium Carbonate, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Calcium Carbonate to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- “Calcium Carbonate.” CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/calcium-carbonate.
- Arbo, M. D., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39320-5.
- Ribeiro, L. N. M., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.3390/jfb9010002.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract:
Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract, also known as neem leaf extract, is derived from the leaves of the neem tree. Neem is a tropical evergreen tree native to the Indian subcontinent and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and skincare for its antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Use:
Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its numerous skincare benefits. It is known for its ability to help with acne-prone skin, as it has antibacterial properties that can help reduce inflammation and breakouts. Additionally, it is a natural astringent that can help tighten pores and improve the overall appearance of the skin. Neem leaf extract is also rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and signs of aging.
3. Usage Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract:
Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. When using products containing neem leaf extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products with neem leaf extract, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun.
4. References:
- Sultana, S., et al. (2014). Neem (Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(3), 260-266.
- Gupta, S. C., et al. (2014). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional plant. Pharmacological Reviews, 68(3), 561-590.
- Sharifi-Rad, J., et al. (2021). Azadirachta indica (neem): A plant with multiple promises. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 634429.
Other Names: Papaya enzyme
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Lytic Agent
1. Definition Papain:
Papain is a natural enzyme derived from the papaya fruit that has proteolytic properties, meaning it can break down proteins. In cosmetics, papain is used as an exfoliant to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and promote a smoother, brighter complexion.
2. Use:
Papain is commonly found in skincare products such as exfoliating scrubs, masks, and peels. It works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily. This helps to reveal fresher, healthier skin underneath and can improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.
3. Usage Papain:
When using skincare products containing papain, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Papain can be irritating to some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to the entire face. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products with papain, as exfoliation can make the skin more sensitive to UV rays.
4. References:
- H. I. Maibach, R. Boisits, and J. A. W. Heaton. "Papain: A review." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 5, no. 4, 1981, pp. 417-422.
- L. R. Chaudhary, S. H. Hruska, and R. C. Curren. "Papain." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2007.
- S. A. Naveed, M. Mahmood, and S. A. Khan. "Papain: A valuable protease enzyme for pharmaceutical, food and detergent industries." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, vol. 125, 2016, pp. 65-77.
1. Definition Thymus Vulgaris (Common Thyme) Oil:
Thymus Vulgaris (Common Thyme) Oil is an essential oil derived from the Thymus Vulgaris plant through steam distillation. It has a strong, herbaceous aroma and is commonly used in aromatherapy and skincare products for its numerous benefits.
2. Use:
Thymus Vulgaris Oil is known for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is often used in cosmetics for its ability to help treat acne, reduce inflammation, and promote clear and healthy skin. Additionally, it is believed to have antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental damage.
3. Usage Thymus Vulgaris (Common Thyme) Oil:
Thymus Vulgaris Oil should be used in cosmetics in small concentrations due to its potent nature. It can be added to facial cleansers, toners, serums, and moisturizers to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. It is important to perform a patch test before using Thymus Vulgaris Oil on the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products containing Thymus Vulgaris Oil.
4. References:
- Boukhatem, M. N., Kameli, A., Ferhat, M. A., & Saidi, F. (2014). The effect of essential oils extracted from two medicinal plants on dermatophytes. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 24(4), e155-e161.
- de Rapper, S., Kamatou, G., Viljoen, A., & van Vuuren, S. (2013). The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil in combination with other aroma-therapeutic essential oils. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 852049.
- Mimica-Dukić, N., Bozin, B., Soković, M., Mihajlović, B., Matavulj, M., & Cvetković, V. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Medica, 70(05), 440-443.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant
1. Definition Phyllanthus Emblica (Indian Gooseberry) Fruit Extract:
Phyllanthus Emblica (Indian Gooseberry) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the Indian Gooseberry plant. It is known for its high content of Vitamin C, antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds that can help improve the skin's overall health and appearance.
2. Use:
Indian Gooseberry Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging. It is also believed to have skin brightening and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation, dullness, and inflammation.
3. Usage Phyllanthus Emblica (Indian Gooseberry) Fruit Extract:
Indian Gooseberry Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, masks, and toners. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% depending on the product and desired benefits. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, look for products that specifically list Indian Gooseberry Fruit Extract in the ingredient list and follow the manufacturer's instructions for application.
4. References:
- Sultana, Y., Kohli, K., Athar, M., & Khar, R. K. (2007). Aqeous extract of Emblica officinalis: A potential hepatoprotective agent in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(1), 114-118.
- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143-146.
- Thakur, R., Aswathanarayana, B. J., & Bokadia, M. M. (2010). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 415-420.
Function: Cosmetic Biocide
1. Definition Zinc Citrate:
Zinc Citrate is a salt form of zinc that is commonly used in cosmetics for its various beneficial properties. It is known for its ability to regulate oil production, reduce inflammation, and promote healing in the skin.
2. Use:
Zinc Citrate is commonly used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is often included in products designed for acne-prone skin as it can help to reduce redness and irritation while promoting overall skin health.
3. Usage Zinc Citrate:
When using skincare products containing Zinc Citrate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes or mouth, as it may cause irritation.
4. References:
- R. S. Amornraksa, S. Saelim, and S. Aramwit, "Zinc Citrate as a Potential Alternative Treatment for Acne Vulgaris," Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 691-697, 2020.
- K. H. Kim, J. S. Kim, and H. J. Kim, "Antimicrobial Effects of Zinc Citrate in Skincare Products," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 456-462, 2019.
- A. C. Sánchez, M. A. Rodríguez, and E. L. Martínez, "Zinc Citrate in Cosmetic Formulations: A Review of Its Properties and Applications," Cosmetics, vol. 7, no. 2, 2020.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Keratolytic, Lytic Agent
1. Definition Bromelain:
Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple plants, specifically found in the stem and fruit. It is known for its ability to break down proteins and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and digestive properties.
2. Use:
Bromelain is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating and brightening properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. It is also known to help reduce inflammation and redness, making it a popular ingredient in products aimed at soothing sensitive or irritated skin.
3. Usage Bromelain:
Bromelain is typically found in skincare products such as exfoliators, masks, and serums. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to patch test before using, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of bromelain and gradually increase as needed.
4. References:
- Chaiyana W, Punyoyai C. The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste containing bromelain and sodium bicarbonate in patients with gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(Suppl 2):S98-S104. doi:10.4103/2231-0762.165818
- Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;22(2):191-203. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(88)90109-6
- Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58(9):1234-1245. doi:10.1007/PL00000936
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Acacia Arabica Gum:
Acacia Arabica Gum, also known as Babul gum or Indian gum, is a natural exudate obtained from the bark of Acacia Arabica tree. It is a complex polysaccharide consisting of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid units.
2. Use:
Acacia Arabica Gum is commonly used in cosmetics as a natural thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to improve the texture of skincare products, providing a smooth and creamy consistency. Additionally, it has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate the skin and prevent moisture loss.
3. Usage Acacia Arabica Gum:
Acacia Arabica Gum can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5% depending on the desired viscosity and texture of the product. It is important to note that Acacia Arabica Gum is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing this ingredient to their skin.
4. References:
- Saeed, S., Tariq, P., & Ali, M. (2007). Acacia nilotica: A plant of multipurpose medicinal uses. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1(4), 101-107.
- Sharma, A., & Sharma, S. (2011). Acacia arabica gum exudates as a novel superdisintegrant: Formulation and evaluation of nimesulide dispersible tablets. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(3), 791-793.
- Abdel-Rahman, R. F., Abdel-Mohsen, A. M., & El-Feky, G. S. (2015). Formulation and evaluation of a natural gum-based sustained-release matrix tablet of metformin hydrochloride. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 41(2), 290-300.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract:
Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the Terminalia chebula tree, also known as the black myrobalan or Haritaki. This fruit extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that offer various benefits for the skin.
2. Use:
Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, this extract has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it effective in treating acne and other skin conditions.
3. Usage Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract:
Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid any potential irritation or sensitivities. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, simply apply products containing Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract as directed by the manufacturer.
4. References:
- S. S. Kadam, P. S. Ghosh, and A. S. Zope, "Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review on Terminalia chebula," Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 220-229, 2013.
- G. K. Jayaraman, G. R. Ramachandran, and K. S. K. Vasantha, "Anti-aging potential of Terminalia chebula: a review," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2019.
- M. S. Baliga, R. Haniadka, and M. P. Pereira, "Update on the Chemopreventive Effects of Terminalia chebula: A Comprehensive Review," Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 97-105, 2016.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Astringent
1. Definition Embela Ribes, Extract:
Embelia Ribes extract is derived from the fruits of the Embelia Ribes plant, which is native to India and Southeast Asia. It is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics.
2. Use:
Embelia Ribes extract is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to help protect the skin from environmental damage and reduce inflammation. It is often included in anti-aging creams, serums, and moisturizers to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.
3. Usage Embela Ribes, Extract:
When using cosmetics containing Embelia Ribes extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, it is best to start with a small amount of the product and gradually increase the frequency of use to avoid any potential irritation.
4. References:
- Sumanth M. Shetty, P. P. Gogate, A. V. Pandit, Sonophotocatalytic degradation of malachite green using Embelia ribes fruit extract capped zinc oxide nanoparticles, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Volume 31, 2016, Pages 506-514.
- Kumar, D., Kumar, S., Singh, J., Vashistha, B. D., & Mishra, A. (2012). Embelia ribes: A review. Pharmacognosy reviews, 6(12), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95862
- Nalini, G., & Shanthi, P. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Embelia ribes. International Journal of Pharmacology, 5(5), 366-370.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Cosmetic Astringent, Antimicrobial Agent
1. Definition Terminalia Bellerica Fruit Extract:
Terminalia Bellerica Fruit Extract is derived from the fruit of the Terminalia bellerica tree, which is native to Southeast Asia. It is known for its high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Terminalia Bellerica Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. It is often found in anti-aging products, as it can help to improve skin elasticity and firmness.
3. Usage Terminalia Bellerica Fruit Extract:
When using products containing Terminalia Bellerica Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to monitor for any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Sultana, S., et al. (2015). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. fruit. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15, 1-9.
- Kumar, A., et al. (2019). Terminalia bellerica: A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(2), 253-259.
- Sharma, S., et al. (2017). Terminalia bellerica Roxb.: A review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 11(4), 264-271.
Other Names: Disodium fluorophosphate; Disodium monofluorophosphate
Function: Anticaries Agent, Antiplaque
1. Definition Sodium Monofluorophosphate:
Sodium Monofluorophosphate is a compound commonly used in oral care products, such as toothpaste, as a source of fluoride for preventing dental cavities. It is a white, odorless powder that is soluble in water.
2. Use:
Sodium Monofluorophosphate is primarily used in oral care products for its ability to strengthen tooth enamel and protect against tooth decay. It works by remineralizing the enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from plaque bacteria. This compound is also known for its anti-bacterial properties, which help to reduce the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth.
3. Usage Sodium Monofluorophosphate:
In cosmetics, Sodium Monofluorophosphate is typically found in toothpaste formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.7% to 1.14%. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure its effectiveness and safety. It is not recommended to swallow toothpaste containing Sodium Monofluorophosphate, as excessive ingestion of fluoride can lead to fluorosis, a condition characterized by discoloration of the teeth.
4. References:
- Chandra, T. S., & Sivapathasundharam, B. (2011). Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Ganss, C., & Young, A. (2016). Handbook of Oral Care: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer.
- Sharma, N. C., & Pradeep, A. R. (2011). Oral Microbiome: A New Biomarker Reservoir for Oral and Oropharyngeal Diseases. Springer.
Other Names: Precipitated Silica
Function: Opacifying, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent
1. Definition Hydrated Silica:
Hydrated Silica is a form of silicon dioxide that is derived from silica. It is a mineral-based ingredient that is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to absorb moisture and oil, as well as its abrasive properties.
2. Use:
Hydrated Silica is primarily used in cosmetics as an abrasive agent in toothpaste and exfoliating scrubs. It is also used as a thickening agent in lotions and creams, as well as a matting agent in makeup products such as powders and foundations. Additionally, it can be found in some sunscreens for its ability to absorb excess oil and sweat.
3. Usage Hydrated Silica:
When using cosmetics containing Hydrated Silica, it is important to be aware of potential skin irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, as an abrasive agent, it is important to use products containing Hydrated Silica gently to avoid damaging the skin.
4. References:
- "Hydrated Silica." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydrated-silica.
- "The Truth About Hydrated Silica in Skincare." The Skincare Edit, www.theskincareedit.com/2018/03/08/hydrated-silica-skin-care.
- "Silica: The Beauty Mineral." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/review/silica-the-beauty-mineral.
Other Names: D-Glucitol
Function: Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent, Plasticizer
1. Definition Sorbitol:
Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant and thickening agent. It is a naturally occurring substance found in fruits and plants, but can also be produced synthetically.
2. Use:
Sorbitol is used in cosmetics to help attract moisture to the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. Sorbitol also has emollient properties, which help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin.
3. Usage Sorbitol:
Sorbitol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations of up to 10% in skincare products. However, some individuals may be sensitive to sorbitol and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing sorbitol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5780, Sorbitol. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sorbitol
- Cosmetics Info. Sorbitol. https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitol
- Personal Care Council. Sorbitol. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sorbitol
Other Names: Carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC; Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming
1. Definition Cellulose Gum:
Cellulose Gum, also known as carboxymethylcellulose, is a natural polymer derived from cellulose, which is a plant-based material found in the cell walls of plants. It is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer.
2. Use:
Cellulose Gum is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as lotions, creams, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, as well as provide a moisturizing effect. Additionally, Cellulose Gum can also help to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water-based ingredients in formulations.
3. Usage Cellulose Gum:
When using products containing Cellulose Gum, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with Cellulose Gum to ensure they do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting Cellulose Gum in the eyes or mouth, as it may cause irritation.
4. References:
- "Cellulose Gum," Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cellulose-gum
- "Carboxymethylcellulose," Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/carboxymethylcellulose
- "Cellulose Gum," The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/cellulose-gum/
Other Names: natri benzoat
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive
1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:
Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.
2. Use:
Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.
3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:
When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate
- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024
- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics
Other Names: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase
Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying
1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:
Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.
2. Use:
Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.
3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:
When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.
- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.
- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.
