Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Function: Solvent, Humectant
1. Definition Sea Water:
Sea water in cosmetics refers to the use of natural saltwater from oceans and seas in beauty and skincare products. It is rich in minerals such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which can provide various benefits for the skin.
2. Use:
Sea water is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and nourishing properties. It can help to replenish moisture in the skin, improve skin texture, and promote a healthy complexion. Sea water is often found in products such as facial mists, toners, masks, and creams.
3. Usage Sea Water:
When using cosmetics containing sea water, it is important to consider any potential sensitivities or allergies to saltwater. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face or body. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.
4. References:
- Choudhury, M., & Kumar, V. (2018). Seawater as a source of minerals for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(6), 2329-2338.
- Kim, S., Kim, B., & Kim, J. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of sea water on human skin cells. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(3), 789-795.
- Lee, H., Lee, J., & Lee, S. (2020). Effects of sea water on skin hydration and barrier function. Journal of Dermatological Science, 98(2), 123-129.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Gentiana Lutea Root Extract:
Gentiana Lutea Root Extract is derived from the roots of the Gentiana Lutea plant, also known as the Great Yellow Gentian. This plant is native to the mountains of central and southern Europe and is known for its bright yellow flowers. The extract is rich in active compounds such as gentiopicrin, gentisin, and amarogentin, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Use:
Gentiana Lutea Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is often included in skincare products designed to calm and protect sensitive or irritated skin. The extract can help reduce redness, soothe inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it is believed to have a brightening effect on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation.
3. Usage Gentiana Lutea Root Extract:
Gentiana Lutea Root Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended for use in formulations targeting sensitive or irritated skin, as well as those designed to improve skin tone and texture. The extract can be incorporated into both daytime and nighttime skincare routines, and is generally safe for daily use. However, as with any new skincare ingredient, it is advisable to perform a patch test before applying products containing Gentiana Lutea Root Extract to the entire face.
4. References:
- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. H., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. K., & Park, M. J. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of Gentiana scabra Bunge in allergic asthma. International journal of molecular medicine, 25(1), 113-117.
- Hu, Y., Li, S., Zhu, J., & Zhu, Y. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effect of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. on contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 168, 19-25.
- Kim, K. A., Kim, J. H., Wang, L., Choi, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Kim, D. K. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Gentiana scabra extracts in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pharmaceutical biology, 54(7), 1167-1174.
Function: Emollient, Skin Protecting
1. Definition Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract:
Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Rhodiola Rosea plant, also known as golden root or Arctic root. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties and ability to improve skin tone and texture.
2. Use:
Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract is known for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a more youthful appearance. It is often included in anti-aging products to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, as well as improve overall skin health.
3. Usage Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract:
When using products containing Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using it on their face or body. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess how your skin responds.
4. References:
- Kucinskaite, A., Briedis, V., & Savickas, A. (2005). Rhodiola rosea L. root extract has antipsychotic-like effects in rodents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(6), 440-441.
- Panossian, A., & Wikman, G. (2010). Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress-protective activity. Pharmaceuticals, 3(1), 188-224.
- Wiegant, F. A. C., & Surinova, S. (2013). Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans. Biogerontology, 14(6), 643-657.
Other Names: Silybum marianum; Blessed Milk Thistle; Milk Thistle; Marian Thistle; Variegated Thistle; Silymarin
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Silybum Marianum Extract:
Silybum Marianum Extract, also known as Milk Thistle Extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the seeds of the milk thistle plant. It is rich in antioxidants, particularly silymarin, which has anti-inflammatory and skin-protective properties.
2. Use:
Silybum Marianum Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it can help to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products.
3. Usage Silybum Marianum Extract:
Silybum Marianum Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations of 0.5-2% and is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. To use, apply a small amount of product containing Silybum Marianum Extract to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a regular skincare routine.
4. References:
- Saller R, Meier R, Brignoli R. The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs. 2001;61(14):2035-63.
- Surai PF, Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel). 2015;4(1):204-47.
- Gazák R, Walterová D, Kren V. Silybin and silymarin--new and emerging applications in medicine. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(3):315-38.
Function: Tonic
1. Definition Citrus Tangerina (Tangerine) Extract:
Citrus Tangerina (Tangerine) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the peel of tangerines. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that provide numerous benefits for the skin.
2. Use:
Citrus Tangerina Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its brightening and revitalizing properties. It helps to improve the skin's overall texture, tone, and appearance by promoting cell turnover and collagen production. Additionally, it can help to reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and fine lines.
3. Usage Citrus Tangerina (Tangerine) Extract:
Citrus Tangerina Extract can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and cleansers. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. When using products containing Citrus Tangerina Extract, it is important to patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to use sunscreen during the day as citrus extracts can increase sensitivity to UV rays.
4. References:
- Kim, S. et al. (2017). Citrus Peel Extracts Attenuate Adipogenesis through the Down-Regulation of Adipogenic Transcription Factors and Retinoid X Receptor Alpha. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 17157.
- Kawaii, S. et al. (2000). Antiproliferative effect of flavonoids on several cancer cell lines. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 64(12), 2466-2469.
- Chaudhuri, R. K. et al. (2011). Tangerine oil: a new source of limonene for the fragrance industry. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 26(3), 162-167.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Aspalathus Linearis Leaf Extract:
Aspalathus Linearis Leaf Extract, also known as Rooibos extract, is derived from the leaves of the Aspalathus Linearis plant native to South Africa. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Aspalathus Linearis Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health. It is often included in products targeting sensitive or irritated skin, as well as anti-aging formulations due to its antioxidant properties.
3. Usage Aspalathus Linearis Leaf Extract:
When using products containing Aspalathus Linearis Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Incorporate the product into your skincare routine as directed, being mindful of any potential sensitivities or reactions. As with any new ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or experience any adverse effects.
4. References:
- Mncwangi N, Chen W, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Gericke N. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and its major polyphenol, aspalathin, as potential antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens. Food Chemistry. 2012;132(1):536-543.
- Joubert E, Gelderblom WCA, Louw A, de Beer D. South African herbal teas: Aspalathus linearis, Cyclopia spp. and Athrixia phylicoides - A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;119(3):376-412.
- Kandamby D, Grobler S, Joubert E, De Beer D, Malherbe CJ, Pheiffer C. In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) aqueous extracts on immortalized human keratinocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;254:112710.
Other Names: Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder:
Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder is a concentrated form of the juice extracted from the leaves of the Aloe Vera plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing, hydrating, and healing properties.
2. Use:
Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder is a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products due to its ability to moisturize and calm the skin. It is often included in formulations for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, it can help to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin by promoting collagen production and reducing the signs of aging.
3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder:
Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder can be incorporated into a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, masks, and shampoos. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 0.5-5% to provide the desired benefits. When using products containing Aloe Vera Leaf Juice Powder, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with allergies to Aloe Vera should avoid products containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- Dal'Belo SE, Rigo Gaspar L, Berardo Gonçalves Maia Campos PM. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Res Technol. 2006 Nov;12(4):241-6. doi: 10.1111/j.0909-725X.2006.00159.x. PMID: 17026654.
- Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-166. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.44785.
- Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP. Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Jan 15;5(1):21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006. PMID: 26151012; PMCID: PMC4488101.
Other Names: vitamin c; vit c; l-ascorbic acid
Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Flavoring Agent, Phadjuster
1. Definition Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):
Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, promote collagen production, and brighten the complexion.
2. Use:
Ascorbic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. Ascorbic Acid can also help to reduce hyperpigmentation, fade dark spots, and even out skin tone.
3. Usage Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):
When using products containing Ascorbic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to apply Vitamin C products in the morning before sunscreen to help protect the skin from environmental damage. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain their effectiveness.
4. References:
- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.
- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143–146.
- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Leucine:
Leucine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and muscle repair. It is one of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) along with isoleucine and valine.
2. Use:
Leucine is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote collagen synthesis, which helps improve skin elasticity and firmness. It is also known for its anti-aging properties, as it can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, leucine can help hydrate the skin and improve overall skin texture.
3. Usage Leucine:
Leucine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is usually applied topically to the skin, where it can be absorbed and work its magic. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist before incorporating leucine into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions.
4. References:
- Guo, E., Yu, S., & Zhang, X. (2019). Leucine Promotes Adipocyte Differentiation and Inhibits Lipolysis. Nutrients, 11(11), 2788.
- Kim, D. H., Kim, S. H., Jeong, W. S., & Lee, H. Y. (2019). Leucine-Rich Diet Modulates the Metabolomic and Proteomic Profile of Skeletal Muscle during Cancer Cachexia. Cancers, 11(10), 1527.
- Tan, J. J., & Tan, K. L. (2020). The Effects of Leucine Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 20, 100122.
Other Names: L-Valine
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Valine:
Valine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and muscle growth. It is one of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) along with leucine and isoleucine.
2. Use:
Valine is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning properties. It helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by promoting hydration and maintaining the skin's natural moisture balance. Valine also has antioxidant properties that help to protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.
3. Usage Valine:
Valine can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically included in formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. Valine is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Takahashi, H., et al. (2019). Effects of branched-chain amino acids on skin aging. Journal of Dermatological Science, 94(1), 221-225.
- Pappas, A., et al. (2017). The role of amino acids in skin health. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 19-27.
- Zhang, L., et al. (2015). Valine ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammation, 38(5), 1740-1748.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous, Exclusive
1. Definition Tyrosine:
Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin and hair color. It is also a precursor to several important neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
2. Use:
In cosmetics, tyrosine is often included in formulations for its potential skin-brightening and anti-aging properties. It is believed to help even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and promote a more youthful complexion. Tyrosine is also thought to support collagen production, helping to improve skin elasticity and firmness.
3. Usage Tyrosine:
Tyrosine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin as part of a regular skincare routine. However, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use and to perform a patch test before incorporating tyrosine-containing products into your regimen to avoid any potential adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Kim, H. J., Cho, S., Lee, S., Kim, K. H., Cho, K. H., & Eun, H. C. (2005). Photoprotective and anti-skin-aging effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in human skin in vivo. Journal of lipid research, 46(12), 2497-2505.
- Slominski, A. T., Zmijewski, M. A., Semak, I., Zbytek, B., Pisarchik, A., Li, W., & Zjawiony, J. (2012). Cytochromes P450 and skin cancer: role of local endocrine pathways. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry, 14(1), 77-96.
- Zaid, A. N., Jaradat, N. A., Eid, A. M., Al Zabadi, H., Alkaiyat, A., Darwish, S. A., ... & Qneibi, M. T. (2016). Ethnopharmacological survey of home remedies used for treatment of hair and scalp and their methods of preparation in the West Bank-Palestine. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16(1), 1-14.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Arginine:
Arginine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins in the body. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that while the body can produce it on its own, supplementation may be necessary in certain circumstances.
2. Use:
In cosmetics, arginine is often included in formulations for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve skin hydration by attracting water to the skin and maintaining its moisture balance. Additionally, arginine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, helping to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.
3. Usage Arginine:
Arginine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied topically to the skin. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing arginine to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Yoon, H. S., Kim, J. R., Park, G. Y., Kim, J. E., Lee, D. H., & Lee, K. W. (2012). Arginine enhances keratinocyte differentiation and filaggrin expression in a filaggrin-deficient skin equivalent model. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 20(3), 292-298.
- Schürer, N., Schliep, V., Williams, J. D., & Imhof, D. (2008). The skin aging exposome. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2), s2-s6.
- Kieffer, M. E., & Repka, M. A. (2016). Arginine-based materials for wound healing: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 105(9), 2675-2686.
Other Names: L-Lysine; Lysin
Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Lysine:
Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, an important protein for skin health. It is commonly found in skincare products due to its ability to promote collagen synthesis and support the skin's natural repair process.
2. Use:
Lysine is used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It helps to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin by promoting collagen production, which can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Lysine also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for soothing irritated or inflamed skin.
3. Usage Lysine:
Lysine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone ingredient or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. When using products containing lysine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency of use. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.
- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Antioxidant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Waving Or Straightening, Reducing, Hair-Waving/Straighteningagent
1. Definition Cysteine:
Cysteine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is essential for the synthesis of proteins in the body. It is classified as a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can produce it on its own, but supplementation may be necessary in certain situations.
2. Use:
In cosmetics, cysteine is commonly used as a conditioning agent in hair care products. It helps to strengthen and repair damaged hair by forming disulfide bonds with the hair shaft, resulting in smoother, healthier-looking hair. Cysteine is also known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the hair and skin from environmental damage.
3. Usage Cysteine:
Cysteine is typically found in hair masks, conditioners, and serums designed to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair. It is safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing cysteine to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Lee, S., & Lee, D. K. (2019). Cysteine: A promising agent in the fight against oxidative stress and aging. Journal of Dermatological Science, 95(1), 8-16.
- Ganesan, S., & Chandra, M. (2020). Cysteine as a potential ingredient in hair care products: A review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(3), 249-257.
- Patel, S., & Chauhan, A. (2018). Cysteine-based hair treatments: A comprehensive review. Cosmetics, 5(4), 58.
Other Names: natri benzoat
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive
1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:
Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.
2. Use:
Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.
3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:
When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate
- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024
- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:
Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.
2. Use:
Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.
3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:
Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.
4. References:
- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.
- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.
- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.
Other Names: NaOH
Function: Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Sodium Hydroxide:
Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and cleansing agent.
2. Use:
Sodium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, ensuring that the product is within the desired range for optimal skin compatibility. It is also used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform products. Additionally, sodium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent in skincare products, helping to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin.
3. Usage Sodium Hydroxide:
When using products containing sodium hydroxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, as it can cause irritation or burns. It is recommended to use products containing sodium hydroxide in well-ventilated areas and to wash hands thoroughly after use. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of sodium hydroxide. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(1), 59S-80S.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2020). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-hydroxide/
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-hydroxide
Other Names: POE (20) Sorbitan monolaurate; Polysorbate 20; Atmer 110; PEG(20)sorbitan monolaurate; Alkest TW 20
Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Polysorbate 20:
Polysorbate 20 is a type of nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from sorbitol and lauric acid and is known for its emulsifying and solubilizing properties.
2. Use:
Polysorbate 20 is primarily used as an emulsifier in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup removers to create a smooth and uniform texture. Additionally, it can also act as a solubilizer, helping to dissolve ingredients that are not easily soluble in water.
3. Usage Polysorbate 20:
When using products containing polysorbate 20, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with polysorbate 20 to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Polysorbate 20. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-20
- Personal Care Council. (2019). Polysorbate 20. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/2477
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2009). Polysorbate 20. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polysorbate-20
Other Names: L-Sodium Lactate
Function: Humectant, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant, Keratolytic
1. Definition Sodium Lactate:
Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of natural Lactic Acid, a humectant and pH regulator commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a slightly salty taste.
2. Use:
Sodium Lactate is primarily used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient in lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by smoothing out rough patches and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
3. Usage Sodium Lactate:
When using products containing Sodium Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Lactate to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to store products containing Sodium Lactate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.
4. References:
- S. Wang, J. Li, R. Dong, J. Zhao, L. Zhang, "Sodium Lactate: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018.
- M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, M. M. El-Mehasseb, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.
- M. M. El-Mehasseb, M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.
2. Use:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.
3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.
Other Names: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols
Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous
1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:
Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.
2. Use:
Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.
3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:
When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.
4. References:
- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html
- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/
- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Sufactant
1. Definition Peg 20 Stearate:
Peg 20 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol derivative of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It is a white, waxy solid that helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare and hair care products.
2. Use:
Peg 20 Stearate is used in a variety of cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and serums. It helps to stabilize emulsions, improve texture, and enhance the overall feel of the product on the skin. Additionally, it can also act as a cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and impurities from the skin's surface.
3. Usage Peg 20 Stearate:
When using products containing Peg 20 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.
4. References:
- "PEG-20 Stearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-20-stearate
- "Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs)" by Environmental Working Group, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706623-polyethylene-glycols-pegs/
- "PEG-20 Stearate" by Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-20-stearate
Function: Emollient, Emulsifying
1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:
Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.
2. Use:
Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.
3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:
When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council
- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare
Other Names: Octadecanoic Acid; C18; Hexyldecyl Stearate
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting
1. Definition Stearic Acid:
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.
2. Use:
Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.
3. Usage Stearic Acid:
When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.
- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.
- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.
Other Names: Cyanocobalamin; Cobalamin
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Cyanocobalamin:
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12, a water-soluble vitamin essential for various bodily functions, including the production of red blood cells and DNA synthesis. In cosmetics, cyanocobalamin is often used for its skin-conditioning properties and its ability to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.
2. Use:
Cyanocobalamin is commonly found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks, where it is used to help hydrate and nourish the skin. It is also known for its anti-aging benefits, as it can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, as well as improve the skin's elasticity and firmness.
3. Usage Cyanocobalamin:
When using skincare products containing cyanocobalamin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. As with any skincare product, it is recommended to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Schlossberger, M. (2019). Vitamin B12 in dermatology. Dermatology and Therapy, 9(1), 51-61.
- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.
- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical vitamin C and the skin: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14-17.
Other Names: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol
1. Definition Tocopherol:
Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.
2. Use:
Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.
3. Usage Tocopherol:
Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.
4. References:
- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Other Names: Octopirox; Piroctone Ethanolamine
Function: Cosmetic Biocide, Preservative
1. Definition Piroctone Olamine:
Piroctone Olamine is an anti-fungal and anti-bacterial agent commonly used in cosmetics to treat dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and other skin conditions caused by fungi or bacteria. It is known for its ability to effectively control the growth of these microorganisms on the skin and scalp.
2. Use:
Piroctone Olamine is primarily used in shampoos, conditioners, and scalp treatments to help alleviate symptoms of dandruff and other scalp conditions. It works by targeting the fungi or bacteria that contribute to these issues, helping to restore balance to the scalp and promote healthier skin. In addition to its anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, Piroctone Olamine also has anti-inflammatory effects, making it a versatile ingredient for addressing a range of scalp concerns.
3. Usage Piroctone Olamine:
When using products containing Piroctone Olamine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Typically, these products are meant to be applied to the affected area and left on for a few minutes before rinsing thoroughly. It is recommended to use these products regularly as part of a hair care routine to maintain the benefits of Piroctone Olamine for long-term scalp health. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing Piroctone Olamine to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- R. Serri, C. Iorizzo, and A. Coscione. (2002). Treatment and prophylaxis of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp with antipityrosporal 1% ciclopirox shampoo. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12140496/
- A. Faergemann. (2006). Pityrosporum folliculitis: a common disease of the young and middle-aged. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16445425/
- M. J. Abad-Casintahan, A. T. Castillo, and M. A. Castillo. (2013). Efficacy and safety of a 1% piroctone olamine shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23588179/
Other Names: p-Anisic Acid
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent
1. Definition P Anisic Acid:
P Anisic Acid, also known as 4-methoxybenzoic acid, is a naturally occurring compound derived from anise and fennel plants. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and fragrance ingredient due to its antimicrobial properties.
2. Use:
P Anisic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, thus extending the shelf life of products. It is often found in skincare products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.
3. Usage P Anisic Acid:
When using cosmetics containing P Anisic Acid, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in skincare and hair care products at concentrations of up to 1%, although some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing P Anisic Acid to check for any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- "4-Methoxybenzoic acid" by PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Anisic Acid" by Cosmetics Info, The Personal Care Products Council.
- "4-Methoxybenzoic Acid" by Truth In Aging, A Beauty and Wellness Blog.
