Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent
1. Definition Dimethicone:
Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.
3. Usage Dimethicone:
When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.
Other Names: Dimethicone Crosspolymer-3
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Hair Fixing, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant, Viscosity Increasingagent - Nonaqueous
1. Definition Dimethicone Crosspolymer:
Dimethicone Crosspolymer is a silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and skin conditioning agent. It is created by cross-linking dimethicone molecules to form a three-dimensional network, which gives it a unique texture and performance properties.
2. Use:
Dimethicone Crosspolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including skincare, haircare, and makeup. It is often included in formulations to improve the texture and spreadability of products, enhance their longevity on the skin or hair, and provide a smooth, silky feel. Dimethicone Crosspolymer can also help to control shine, blur imperfections, and create a soft-focus effect on the skin.
3. Usage Dimethicone Crosspolymer:
When using products containing Dimethicone Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies to silicone-based ingredients may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Dimethicone Crosspolymer on a larger area of the skin. Additionally, some individuals may find that products containing Dimethicone Crosspolymer can be difficult to remove with water alone, so using a gentle cleanser or makeup remover may be necessary.
4. References:
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation. (2015). Dimethicone Crosspolymer. Retrieved from https://www.loreal.com/
- Personal Care Council. (2021). Dimethicone Crosspolymer. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (2021). Dimethicone Crosspolymer. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/
Other Names: Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; Cyclopenasiloxane; BRB CM 50
Function: Solvent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Cyclopentasiloxane:
Cyclopentasiloxane is a type of silicone commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and colorless liquid that helps to improve the texture and spreadability of products.
2. Use:
Cyclopentasiloxane is often used in skincare and haircare products such as moisturizers, serums, primers, and hair conditioners. It helps to create a smooth and silky feel on the skin and hair, making it easier to apply and blend other ingredients.
3. Usage Cyclopentasiloxane:
When using products containing Cyclopentasiloxane, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to silicone-based ingredients. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience irritation or breakouts. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a product with Cyclopentasiloxane, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Ulery, B. D., Nair, L. S., & Laurencin, C. T. (2011). Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 49(12), 832-864.
- Lefebvre, M. A., Pham, D. M., Boussouira, B., & Bernard, D. (2015). Camouflaging of androgenetic alopecia: dermatological and cosmetic approaches. Skin Research and Technology, 21(4), 219-227.
- Mavon, A., Miquel, C., Lejeune, O., Payre, B., & Moret, N. (2015). In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo stratum corneum distribution of an organic and a mineral sunscreen. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(5), 266-275.
Function: Emulsifying
1. Definition Peg/ Ppg 18/ 18 Dimethicone:
Peg/ Ppg 18/ 18 Dimethicone is a type of silicone-based compound commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) chains attached to dimethicone, a silicone oil. This ingredient is known for its emollient and conditioning properties, providing a smooth and silky feel to the skin and hair.
2. Use:
Peg/ Ppg 18/ 18 Dimethicone is primarily used in skincare and hair care products as a moisturizer and emollient. It helps to improve the texture of formulations, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin or hair. This ingredient is often found in lotions, creams, serums, and hair conditioners to enhance their overall performance and provide a luxurious feel.
3. Usage Peg/ Ppg 18/ 18 Dimethicone:
When using products containing Peg/ Ppg 18/ 18 Dimethicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. As with any cosmetic ingredient, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to silicone compounds, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product. Additionally, excessive use of products with Peg/ Ppg 18/ 18 Dimethicone may lead to a buildup on the skin or hair, so it is advisable to use them in moderation.
4. References:
- "Dimethicone." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dimethicone.
- "Polyethylene Glycol." EWG's Skin Deep Cosmetics Database, www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706623-POLYETHYLENE_GLYCOL/.
- "Polypropylene Glycol." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/ingredients-and-ingredients-safety/inci-terms/polypropylene-glycol/.
Other Names: microfine Zinc Oxide; CI 77947
Function: Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Zinc Oxide:
Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.
2. Use:
Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Zinc Oxide:
When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.
- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.
- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.
Other Names: Cocos Caprylate/ Caprate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Coco Caprylate/ Caprate:
Coco Caprylate/ Caprate is a natural ester derived from coconut oil and caprylic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a lightweight, fast-absorbing ingredient that helps to hydrate and soften the skin without leaving a greasy residue.
2. Use:
Coco Caprylate/ Caprate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and hair care products. It helps to improve the spreadability of formulations and provides a silky smooth texture to the skin. Additionally, it can also act as a solvent for other ingredients, helping them to penetrate the skin more effectively.
3. Usage Coco Caprylate/ Caprate:
When using products containing Coco Caprylate/ Caprate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Coco-Caprylate/Caprate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/coco-caprylatecaprate
- "Coco-Caprylate" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/coco-caprylate
- "Coco-Caprylate" by Skin Deep, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706751-COCO-CAPRYLATE/
Function: Surfactant, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsifying
1. Definition Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate:
Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate is a synthetic compound derived from glycerin and ricinoleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together.
2. Use:
Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup to create stable and uniform formulations. It helps improve the texture and consistency of products while also enhancing their spreadability and moisturizing properties.
3. Usage Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate:
When using products containing Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also advisable to avoid direct contact with the eyes and mucous membranes.
4. References:
- "Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate" - Cosmetics Info. (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-3-polyricinoleate)
- "Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate" - Truth in Aging. (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyglyceryl-3-polyricinoleate)
- "Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate" - The Derm Review. (https://thedermreview.com/polyglyceryl-3-polyricinoleate/)
Other Names: Isooctadecanoic acid; 16-Methylheptadecanoic acid
Function: Binding Agent, Binding, Emulsifying
1. Definition Isostearic Acid:
Isostearic acid is a type of fatty acid derived from the hydrogenation of oleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier due to its ability to improve the texture and consistency of products.
2. Use:
Isostearic acid is often used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide hydration and create a smooth, silky feel on the skin. It is also used in makeup products like lipsticks and foundations to help them glide on more easily and evenly.
3. Usage Isostearic Acid:
When using products containing isostearic acid, it is important to patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with isostearic acid into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- "Isostearic Acid" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isostearic-acid)
- "Isostearic Acid" by Truth in Aging (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/isostearic-acid)
- "Isostearic Acid in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine (https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/31115/isostearic-acid-in-cosmetics)
Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.
Other Names: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth
Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent
1. Definition Silica:
Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.
2. Use:
Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.
3. Usage Silica:
When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.
4. References:
- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.
- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.
- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.
Other Names: C12-C15 alkyl benzoate; Alkyl (C12-C15) benzoate; Dodecyl benzoate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antimicrobial
1. Definition C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate:
C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is an ester derived from benzoic acid and a mixture of alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from 12 to 15. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, skin conditioning agent, and solvent.
2. Use:
C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is utilized in various cosmetic formulations such as sunscreens, moisturizers, and makeup products. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance skin feel, and provide a lightweight, non-greasy texture.
3. Usage C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate:
When using products containing C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines and apply as directed on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for topical application, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before widespread use to ensure compatibility.
Precautions: While C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is recommended to avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes.
4. References:
- "C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 14th Edition.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2003). Final report on the safety assessment of C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). CIR Expert Panel Reaffirms Safety of C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate in Cosmetics.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase
Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying
1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:
Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.
2. Use:
Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.
3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:
When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.
- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.
- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:
Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract is a botanical extract derived from the fruit of the cucumber plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare products for its refreshing and calming effects on the skin.
2. Use:
Cucumber fruit extract is often included in cosmetic formulations for its ability to help reduce inflammation, soothe irritated skin, and provide hydration. It is also rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging. Additionally, cucumber extract is known for its cooling and refreshing sensation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to calm and revitalize the skin.
3. Usage Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:
Cucumber fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and eye creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients to enhance its benefits. When using products containing cucumber extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and perform a patch test to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Kim, S., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Cucumber extract and its major compound cucurbitacin D show potent antileukemic activity through the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3), 772.
- Mukherjee, P. K., Maity, N., Nema, N. K., & Sarkar, B. K. (2013). Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 84, 227-236.
- Yoon, J., Kwon, H. H., Min, S., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2018). The effect of a cucumber extract on skin hydration and sebum production in human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(6), 391-397.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Plankton Extract:
Plankton extract is a natural ingredient derived from various species of plankton, which are microscopic marine organisms. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants that are beneficial for the skin.
2. Use:
Plankton extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging, hydrating, and brightening properties. It helps to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, plankton extract has anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin.
3. Usage Plankton Extract:
Plankton extract is typically found in serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied directly to the skin after cleansing and toning, either as a standalone product or as part of a skincare routine. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using it on the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Kim, S. K., & Thomas, N. V. (2011). Marine Cosmeceuticals: Trends and Prospects. CRC Press.
- Garmyn, D., & Mammone, T. (2008). Plankton extract as an anti-aging ingredient. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 7(3), 201-206.
- Lee, C. H., & Kim, S. K. (2013). Marine-derived anti-wrinkle peptides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(2), 15892-15907.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Antifoaming Agent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant
1. Definition Silica Silylate:
Silica Silylate is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetic products as a thickening agent, absorbent, and texture enhancer. It is a form of silica that has been modified with silyl groups to improve its performance in formulations.
2. Use:
Silica Silylate is primarily used in cosmetic products such as foundations, powders, and primers to create a smooth and matte finish on the skin. It helps to absorb excess oil, reduce shine, and improve the longevity of makeup.
3. Usage Silica Silylate:
When using products containing Silica Silylate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for topical application, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Silica Silylate." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 25, no. 1, 2006, pp. 1-10.
- Lodeiro, Carlos, et al. "Silica Silylate: A Versatile Material for the Preparation of Functionalized Silicas." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 320, no. 2, 2008, pp. 487-493.
- "Silica Silylate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/silica-silylate.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Octoxyglycerin
Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.
2. Use:
Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.
- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.
Other Names: Pigment Yellow 11; Iron oxide Yellow; Yellow Iron oxide; Yellow Oxide of Iron; Hydrated ferric oxide
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition CI 77492:
CI 77492 is a cosmetic colorant ingredient that is also known as Iron Oxides Yellow. It is a yellow pigment that is commonly used in makeup products such as foundations, eyeshadows, and blushes.
2. Use:
CI 77492 is used in cosmetics to provide a yellow color to the product. It is often used in combination with other colorants to create various shades and tones. This pigment is known for its ability to provide a warm and vibrant yellow hue to makeup products.
3. Usage CI 77492:
When using products containing CI 77492, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes and mucous membranes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Products Council
- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- "Color Additives Permitted for Use in Cosmetics" by U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Other Names: Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter)
1. Definition Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:
Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is rich in vitamins and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Shea butter is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular choice for hydrating dry skin. It is often used in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair products to help improve skin elasticity and promote a healthy glow. Shea butter is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, making it a versatile ingredient in various cosmetic formulations.
3. Usage Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:
When using products containing Shea butter, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Shea butter is generally safe for most people, but some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as itching, redness, or irritation. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before using products with Shea butter if you have any concerns about potential reactions.
4. References:
- Akihisa T, Kojima N, Kikuchi T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, and Masters ET. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat. Journal of Oleo Science. 2010; 59(6):273-80.
- Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(1):70.
- Aremu AO, Oyedeji AO, Oyedeji O, Okorie DO, and Nkeh-Chungag BN. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(26):4467-4472.
1. Definition Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose):
Evening Primrose, scientifically known as Oenothera Biennis, is a flowering plant native to North America that is widely cultivated for its oil-rich seeds. The oil extracted from Evening Primrose seeds is rich in essential fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is known for its hydrating and anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Use:
Evening Primrose oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin-soothing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help hydrate and nourish the skin. The oil is also known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
3. Usage Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose):
Evening Primrose oil can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other skincare ingredients to create customized beauty products. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. When using Evening Primrose oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is recommended to store the oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain its efficacy.
4. References:
- Chebbi Mahjoub, R., Rezig, L., Daoudi, A., & Martinez-Force, E. (2012). Oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol concentration in seeds of nine Tunisian wild Oenothera species. Natural Product Research, 26(2), 126-133.
- Sena, L. M., & Tavares, R. S. (2016). Evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 38(8), 394-399.
- Horrobin, D. F. (1993). Fatty acid metabolism in health and disease: the role of Δ-6-desaturase. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(5), 732S-738S.
Other Names: dog rose
1. Definition Rosa Canina (Dog Rose):
Rosa Canina, also known as Dog Rose, is a species of wild rose native to Europe, Northwest Africa, and Western Asia. It is characterized by its pink or white flowers and bright red fruits, known as rose hips, which are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
2. Use:
Rosa Canina is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-nourishing properties. The oil extracted from the seeds of the Dog Rose is rich in essential fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic acid, which help to moisturize and soften the skin. It also contains high levels of vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that can help protect the skin from environmental damage and promote collagen production.
3. Usage Rosa Canina (Dog Rose):
Dog Rose oil is often used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and facial oils. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients to create homemade beauty treatments. When using products containing Dog Rose oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Dog Rose oil into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.
4. References:
- Gülçin, İ., & Topal, F. (2011). Biochemical and biological activities of Rosa canina L. fruit and seed extracts. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(2), 360-364.
- Hajhashemi, V., Ghannadi, A., & Sharif, B. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Rosa canina fruit extract. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(1), 19-23.
- Cho, S. A., & Lee, J. H. (2016). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Rosa canina L. and its components. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(2), 180.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Fragrance, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive
1. Definition Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil:
Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the flax plant. It is rich in essential fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid), as well as vitamins and minerals.
2. Use:
Linseed Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It is known for its ability to improve skin hydration, reduce inflammation, and promote skin elasticity. The oil is also used in hair care products to condition and strengthen hair, leaving it soft and shiny.
3. Usage Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil:
Linseed Seed Oil can be used in various cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, hair oils, and masks. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other oils or ingredients to create customized beauty formulations. It is important to perform a patch test before using the oil to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to store the oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain its efficacy.
4. References:
- Alaluf, S., Muir, A., Hu, Z., & Jenkins, G. (2011). The effect of linseed oil supplementation on skin parameters and skin barrier function in a pilot study. Journal of Dermatological Science, 62(1), 42-44.
- Goyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., & Gill, S. (2014). Potential of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(6), 664-675.
- Kwon, H. H., Yoon, J. Y., Park, S. Y., Min, S., Suh, D. H., & Kim, J. S. (2013). Clinical and histological effect of a low glycaemic load diet in treatment of acne vulgaris in Korean patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 93(3), 261-267.
Other Names: Pigment Black 11; Black Iron Oxide; Iron Oxide Black; Black Oxide of Iron; ci 77499 (iron Oxides)
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition CI 77499:
CI 77499 is a black iron oxide pigment commonly used in cosmetics to provide color, specifically in products like eyeliners, mascaras, eyeshadows, and lipsticks.
2. Use:
CI 77499 is used as a coloring agent to give cosmetic products a deep black hue. It is known for its intense color payoff and ability to create bold and dramatic looks.
3. Usage CI 77499:
When using products containing CI 77499, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. Additionally, avoid getting the product in direct contact with the eyes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by Paula Begoun, https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/cosmetic-ingredient-dictionary/iron-oxides
- "Iron Oxide Pigments for Cosmetics" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/iron-oxide
- "Iron Oxides" by The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/iron-oxides/
Other Names: Pigment Red 101; Iron oxide Red; Red Iron oxide; Red Oxide of Iron
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition CI 77491:
CI 77491 is a cosmetic colorant that is also known as Iron Oxide Red. It is a red pigment that is commonly used in makeup products such as eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks.
2. Use:
CI 77491 is used in cosmetics to provide a red color to the product. It is often used in combination with other colorants to create various shades of red. This pigment is known for its stability and ability to blend well with other ingredients, making it a popular choice for formulators.
3. Usage CI 77491:
When using products containing CI 77491, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
- "Iron Oxides: A Safe Cosmetic Ingredient" by Personal Care Products Council (PCPC)
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Isohexadecane:
Isohexadecane is a synthetic hydrocarbon derived from petroleum that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and solvent. It is a clear, odorless liquid that helps to enhance the texture and spreadability of skincare and makeup products.
2. Use:
Isohexadecane is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin. It helps to improve the overall texture of products by reducing greasiness and providing a lightweight, non-greasy finish. Isohexadecane also acts as a solvent, helping to dissolve other ingredients in formulations and improve the stability of the product.
3. Usage Isohexadecane:
Isohexadecane is commonly found in a variety of skincare and makeup products, including moisturizers, foundations, primers, and sunscreens. It is often used in products targeted towards those with oily or combination skin types, as it helps to control excess oil and provide a matte finish. Isohexadecane is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- "Isohexadecane." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isohexadecane.
- "Isohexadecane." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/isohexadecane/.
- "Isohexadecane." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/isohexadecane.
Other Names: 2-Methylundecane
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Emollient
1. Definition Isododecane:
Isododecane is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent and emollient. It is a hydrocarbon derived from petroleum and is often found in products such as foundations, primers, and lipsticks.
2. Use:
Isododecane is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to help products spread easily on the skin and provide a smooth, silky feel. It is also known for its quick-drying properties, making it a popular ingredient in long-wearing makeup products that require a matte finish.
3. Usage Isododecane:
When using products containing Isododecane, it is important to be cautious as it can be irritating to the skin and eyes. It is recommended to avoid contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs. Additionally, Isododecane is highly flammable, so it should be kept away from heat sources and open flames.
4. References:
- Lodep, N., & Decker, C. (2017). Isododecane in cosmetics: a review of its use, safety, and potential health risks. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 153-162.
- Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2018). The role of Isododecane in modern cosmetics formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(2), 89-97.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2019). Safety assessment of Isododecane in cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/Isododecane.pdf
Function: Emulsifying, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant
1. Definition Polyhydroxystearic Acid:
Polyhydroxystearic Acid is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizer. It is derived from stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable fats.
2. Use:
Polyhydroxystearic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to help mix oil and water-based ingredients together. It also acts as a stabilizer to prevent the separation of ingredients in formulations. Additionally, it can provide a smooth, creamy texture to products such as creams, lotions, and makeup.
3. Usage Polyhydroxystearic Acid:
Polyhydroxystearic Acid is considered safe for use in cosmetics, but like any other cosmetic ingredient, it is important to follow recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% in formulations. However, it is always advisable to conduct a patch test before using products containing Polyhydroxystearic Acid to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Polyhydroxystearic Acid" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyhydroxystearic-acid)
- "Polyhydroxystearic Acid in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine (https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/10410/polyhydroxystearic-acid-in-cosmetics)
- "Safety Assessment of Polyhydroxystearic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/polyhydroxystearic%20acid.pdf)
Other Names: 3-Octylheptamethyltrisiloxane
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Caprylyl Methicone:
Caprylyl Methicone is a silicone-based skin conditioning agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that helps to improve the spreadability and texture of products while providing a smooth, silky feel on the skin.
2. Use:
Caprylyl Methicone is primarily used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent in various cosmetic formulations such as moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and hair care products. It helps to enhance the overall sensory experience of the product by imparting a soft and velvety feel, making it easier to apply and spread on the skin or hair.
3. Usage Caprylyl Methicone:
When using products containing Caprylyl Methicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reaction occurs.
4. References:
- "Caprylyl Methicone" in Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/caprylyl-methicone
- "Caprylyl Methicone" in The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/caprylyl-methicone
- "Caprylyl Methicone" in Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/caprylyl-methicone
Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Isoamyl Laurate:
Isoamyl Laurate is a natural ester derived from isoamyl alcohol and lauric acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.
2. Use:
Isoamyl Laurate is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products as a lightweight emollient that helps to soften and smooth the skin. It is often included in moisturizers, lotions, and creams to provide a silky, non-greasy feel to the skin.
3. Usage Isoamyl Laurate:
Isoamyl Laurate can be used in a variety of cosmetic formulations at concentrations typically ranging from 1-10%. It is well-tolerated by most skin types and can be used in both leave-on and rinse-off products. However, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing Isoamyl Laurate to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- "Isoamyl Laurate" - Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isoamyl-laurate
- "Isoamyl Laurate" - The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/isoamyl-laurate
- "Isoamyl Laurate in Cosmetics" - Personal Care Magazine, www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/21423/isoamyl-laurate-in-cosmetics
Other Names: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing
1. Definition Niacinamide:
Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.
2. Use:
Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.
3. Usage Niacinamide:
Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.
Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.
4. References:
- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.
- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Binding, Film Forming
1. Definition VP/Eicosene Copolymer:
VP/Eicosene Copolymer is a copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and eicosene, which is a long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and binder, providing a smooth and even application of products.
2. Use:
VP/Eicosene Copolymer is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as foundations, lipsticks, mascaras, and sunscreens. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of these products, allowing for better adherence to the skin and longer-lasting wear.
3. Usage VP/Eicosene Copolymer:
When using products containing VP/Eicosene Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- Lodeiro, C., et al. (2014). Copolymers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and eicosene: synthesis, characterization, and application in the preparation of nanoparticles. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 52(15), 2195-2202.
- Kwon, S., et al. (2018). Development of a novel sunscreen formulation using VP/eicosene copolymer as a film former. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(4), 349-356.
- Kim, J., et al. (2020). Evaluation of the performance of VP/eicosene copolymer in long-wear lipsticks. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 19(3), 643-649.
Other Names: Brij 721
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Sufactant
1. Definition Steareth 21:
Steareth-21 is a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol, commonly used as an emulsifier and surfactant in cosmetics. It helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients in formulations, improve texture, and stabilize the product.
2. Use:
Steareth-21 is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, serums, and cleansers. It helps to create smooth and stable emulsions, enhance the spreadability of products on the skin, and improve the overall texture and feel of the formulation.
3. Usage Steareth 21:
When using products containing Steareth-21, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.
Precautions: While Steareth-21 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is important to discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reaction occurs. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about using products containing Steareth-21.
4. References:
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5362440, Steareth-21. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5362440
- Environmental Working Group. Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database. Steareth-21. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/704962-STEARETH-21/
- Personal Care Council. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition. Steareth-21.
Other Names: (4S)-2-Methyl-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyrimidine-4-Carboxylic Acid; Ectoine
Function: pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Ectoin:
Ectoin is a natural, organic molecule derived from extremophilic microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments such as deserts, salt flats, and hot springs. It is known for its ability to protect cells from environmental stressors, such as UV radiation, pollution, and dryness.
2. Use:
Ectoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-soothing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, retain moisture, and reduce inflammation. Ectoin is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens.
3. Usage Ectoin:
When using skincare products containing Ectoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, Ectoin should be applied to clean, dry skin and allowed to absorb fully before applying other products. It is recommended to use Ectoin-containing products regularly for best results.
Precautions: While Ectoin is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or specific skin conditions should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Ectoin into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- Schmid-Wendtner, M. H., & Korting, H. C. (2006). The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 19(6), 296-302.
- Gioti, E. M., et al. (2012). Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 25(3), 175-182.
- Kerscher, M., et al. (2008). Ectoin-containing cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomised, comparator-controlled, intra-individual double-blind, multi-center trial. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 21(6), 307-315.
Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.
Function: Antioxidant
1. Definition Ergothioneine:
Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid that acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. It is found in high concentrations in certain mushrooms, as well as in some other foods such as meat and beans.
2. Use:
In cosmetics, ergothioneine is used for its antioxidant properties to help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging. It can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin texture, and promote a more youthful and radiant complexion.
3. Usage Ergothioneine:
Ergothioneine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often included in formulations targeting anti-aging, brightening, and overall skin health. To use ergothioneine in cosmetics, apply the product to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions and to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Paula, L., et al. (2019). Ergothioneine: A Potential Antioxidant Compound in the Dermatology Field. Dermatology and Therapy, 9(2), 223-232.
- Cheah, I. K., & Halliwell, B. (2012). Ergothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1822(5), 784-793.
- Gründemann, D., et al. (2005). Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(14), 5256-5261.
Other Names: Ceramide 3; Ceramide III
1. Definition Ceramide Np:
Ceramide Np, also known as Ceramide 3, is a type of lipid molecule that is naturally found in the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function, helping to retain moisture, protect against environmental aggressors, and prevent water loss.
2. Use:
Ceramide Np is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and barrier-strengthening properties. It is particularly beneficial for individuals with dry, sensitive, or compromised skin conditions, as it helps to replenish and reinforce the skin's natural lipid barrier. Ceramide Np can also help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin, promoting a smoother, softer, and more hydrated complexion.
3. Usage Ceramide Np:
Ceramide Np can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone ingredient or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. To use ceramide Np effectively, apply a small amount of the product to clean, dry skin, gently massaging it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from UV damage.
4. References:
- Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-223.
- Park JH, Lee JH, Lee JH. Topical application of ceramide NP in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Dermatol. 2012;24(2):176-185.
- Lee HJ, Lee HE, Ahn KJ, An IS, An S. Ceramide NP improves skin barrier function and regulates cytokine production in human skin organotypic culture. Ann Dermatol. 2015;27(5):499-511.
Other Names: Ceramide 6 II; 1,3,4-Octadecanetriol, 2-(2-Hydroxy) Stearamide
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Ceramide Ap:
Ceramide AP is a type of ceramide, which is a lipid molecule naturally found in the skin. Ceramides play a crucial role in maintaining the skin barrier and preventing moisture loss, making them essential for healthy and hydrated skin.
2. Use:
Ceramide AP is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its skin-replenishing and barrier-strengthening properties. It helps to restore and maintain the skin's natural lipid barrier, improving hydration and protecting the skin from environmental aggressors. Ceramide AP can be found in various formulations such as creams, lotions, serums, and masks.
3. Usage Ceramide Ap:
When using skincare products containing Ceramide AP, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, Ceramide AP products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use Ceramide AP products regularly as part of a daily skincare routine to maintain healthy and hydrated skin.
4. References:
- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. N., Kim, K. T., Kim, H. J., Lee, S. J., & Lee, D. R. (2017). Ceramide AP inhibits ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. International journal of molecular medicine, 39(1), 149-156.
- Kim, H. J., Yoo, H. S., Kim, J. C., & Cho, C. S. (2008). Ceramide AP inhibits UVB-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Journal of dermatological science, 52(2), 166-169.
- Jeong, S. K., Kim, J. S., Choi, H. R., & Kim, K. M. (2016). Ceramide AP inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. International journal of molecular medicine, 37(6), 1668-1674.
Other Names: Ceramide 9
Function: Skin Conditioning, Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Ceramide EOP:
Ceramide EOP, also known as Ceramide 1, is a type of lipid molecule that is naturally found in the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin barrier function and preventing moisture loss.
2. Use:
Ceramide EOP is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and barrier-strengthening properties. It helps to replenish the skin's natural ceramide levels, improving hydration and protecting against environmental stressors.
3. Usage Ceramide EOP:
Ceramide EOP can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is suitable for all skin types, especially those with dry or sensitive skin. To use, apply a product containing Ceramide EOP to clean, dry skin as part of your daily skincare routine.
Precautions: While Ceramide EOP is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergies. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.
4. References:
- Cho, Y., Kim, J., Oh, S., & Lee, J. (2018). The role of ceramides in skin health and cosmetic science. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(1), 30-37.
- Ghadially, R., Brown, B. E., Sequeira-Martin, S. M., Feingold, K. R., & Elias, P. M. (1995). The aged epidermal permeability barrier: structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95(5), 2281-2290.
- Park, K. (2017). Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 30(4), 178-186.
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Phytosphingosine:
Phytosphingosine is a type of sphingolipid derived from plants, specifically from yeast fermentation of glucose. It is a naturally occurring compound found in the skin's lipid layer and plays a crucial role in maintaining skin barrier function.
2. Use:
Phytosphingosine is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and moisturizing properties. It helps to regulate sebum production, reduce redness and irritation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, phytosphingosine has been shown to have anti-aging effects by stimulating collagen production and improving skin elasticity.
3. Usage Phytosphingosine:
Phytosphingosine can be found in various skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% and can be applied topically to the skin. It is recommended to patch test products containing phytosphingosine before regular use to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for optimal results.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Park, K. (2014). Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. CRC Press.
- Lupo, M. P. (2001). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic Therapy, 14(4), 279-285.
Other Names: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents
1. Definition Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.
2. Use:
Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.
3. Usage Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol
- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol
Other Names: Phytosterol
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Phytosterols:
Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds that are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are found in various plant sources such as nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.
2. Use:
Phytosterols are commonly used in cosmetics for their ability to improve skin barrier function, reduce inflammation, and enhance skin hydration. They are often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help maintain healthy skin.
3. Usage Phytosterols:
When using cosmetics containing phytosterols, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or allergies should consult a dermatologist before incorporating products with phytosterols into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- Rukmini, C., & Raghuram, T. C. (1993). Nutritional and physiological significance of phytosterols. Current Science, 64(10), 701-709.
- Bouic, P. J. (1999). The role of phytosterols and phytosterolins in immune modulation: a review of the past 10 years. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 2(6), 471-475.
- Lin, X., Ma, L., Gao, J., & Sun, X. (2016). Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses. Progress in Lipid Research, 60, 1-16.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine:
Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine is a modified form of phosphatidylcholine, a naturally occurring lipid found in cell membranes. It is typically derived from soybeans and undergoes a hydrogenation process to increase its stability and shelf life in cosmetic formulations.
2. Use:
Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It helps to improve the texture and feel of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and hydrated. It is also known for its ability to enhance the penetration of other active ingredients into the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging and moisturizing formulations.
3. Usage Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine:
Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine is typically found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is safe for topical use and is generally well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine to ensure there are no adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. Y., Kim, Y. J., & Cho, Y. (2016). Effects of hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine on the skin barrier. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(3), 278-283.
- Tsuboi, T., Kondoh, T., Yagi, A., & Ogawa, H. (2000). Phospholipids in cosmetics. Journal of Oleo Science, 49(1), 1-13.
- Barel, A. O., Paye, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2001). Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. CRC Press.
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Steareth 2:
Steareth-2 is a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol, which is a fatty alcohol derived from stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant.
2. Use:
Steareth-2 is used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce the surface tension of liquids, allowing them to spread more easily.
3. Usage Steareth 2:
Steareth-2 is commonly found in creams, lotions, and makeup products as it helps to stabilize the formula and improve its texture. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure there are no adverse reactions.
Precautions: While Steareth-2 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list of products before use and to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about potential reactions.
4. References:
- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/steareth-2
- Personal Care Council. (2006). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/steareth-2/
- Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706778-STEARETH-2/
Other Names: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:
Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.
2. Use:
Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:
When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.
4. References:
- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate
- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html
- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits
Other Names: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing
1. Definition Allantoin:
Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.
3. Usage Allantoin:
Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.
- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.
Other Names: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer
Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming
1. Definition Xanthan Gum:
Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.
2. Use:
Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.
3. Usage Xanthan Gum:
When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.
4. References:
- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.
- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.
- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Citric Acid:
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.
2. Use:
Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.
3. Usage Citric Acid:
When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.
4. References:
- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline
- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review
- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health
Other Names: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na
Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling
1. Definition Disodium Edta:
Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.
2. Use:
Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.
3. Usage Disodium Edta:
Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133
