Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Function: Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Calcium Carbonate:
Calcium Carbonate is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent, opacifying agent, and abrasive. It is a white, odorless powder with the chemical formula CaCO3.
2. Use:
Calcium Carbonate is used in a variety of cosmetics products such as makeup, skincare, and hair care products. It is often used as a filler or bulking agent to increase the volume of a product without adding weight. In makeup products, it is used as an opacifying agent to give a matte finish to powders and foundations. Additionally, it is used as an abrasive in exfoliating products to help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
3. Usage Calcium Carbonate:
When using cosmetics containing Calcium Carbonate, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Calcium Carbonate to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- “Calcium Carbonate.” CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/calcium-carbonate.
- Arbo, M. D., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39320-5.
- Ribeiro, L. N. M., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.3390/jfb9010002.
Other Names: Precipitated Silica
Function: Opacifying, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent
1. Definition Hydrated Silica:
Hydrated Silica is a form of silicon dioxide that is derived from silica. It is a mineral-based ingredient that is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to absorb moisture and oil, as well as its abrasive properties.
2. Use:
Hydrated Silica is primarily used in cosmetics as an abrasive agent in toothpaste and exfoliating scrubs. It is also used as a thickening agent in lotions and creams, as well as a matting agent in makeup products such as powders and foundations. Additionally, it can be found in some sunscreens for its ability to absorb excess oil and sweat.
3. Usage Hydrated Silica:
When using cosmetics containing Hydrated Silica, it is important to be aware of potential skin irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, as an abrasive agent, it is important to use products containing Hydrated Silica gently to avoid damaging the skin.
4. References:
- "Hydrated Silica." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydrated-silica.
- "The Truth About Hydrated Silica in Skincare." The Skincare Edit, www.theskincareedit.com/2018/03/08/hydrated-silica-skin-care.
- "Silica: The Beauty Mineral." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/review/silica-the-beauty-mineral.
Other Names: D-Xylitol
Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent
1. Definition Xylitol:
Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sweetener in food products. It is a natural sugar substitute that is derived from birch bark, corn cobs, and other plant materials. Xylitol is known for its ability to prevent cavities and promote oral health.
2. Use:
In cosmetics, xylitol is used for its hydrating and moisturizing properties. It is often found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Xylitol helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient for dry and dehydrated skin types. Additionally, xylitol has soothing properties that can help to calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Xylitol:
When using cosmetics containing xylitol, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Xylitol is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. Some individuals may be sensitive to xylitol, so it is recommended to discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reactions occur.
4. References:
- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. N., Kim, K., & Kim, D. S. (2018). Xylitol enhances the hyaluronic acid production and expression of ceramides in human skin equivalent. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 26(4), 377-382.
- Suresh, S., & Pradeep, S. (2014). Xylitol in preventing dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 5(1), 15-25.
- Lee, J. H., Park, Y. D., Jeong, S. H., & Do, J. H. (2017). Xylitol inhibits inflammatory cytokine expression induced by lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clinical Oral Investigations, 21(8), 2443-2450.
Other Names: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume
Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Fragrance:
Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.
2. Use:
Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.
3. Usage Fragrance:
When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.
4. References:
- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.
- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.
- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.
Other Names: SLS; Sodium Lauryl Sulphate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Akyposal SDS; A13-00356; Aquarex ME; Aquarex methyl; Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt
Function: Denaturant , Emulsifying, Surfactant, Cleansing, Foaming
1. Definition Sodium Lauryl Sulfate:
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) is a surfactant commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a synthetic detergent and foaming agent that helps to create lather and remove dirt and oil from the skin and hair.
2. Use:
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including shampoos, body washes, toothpaste, and facial cleansers. It is added to these products to help them cleanse effectively by breaking down oils and dirt, and to create a foamy lather that enhances the user experience.
3. Usage Sodium Lauryl Sulfate:
While Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions on the product label and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting SLS-containing products in the eyes, as it can cause irritation.
4. References:
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3423265, Sodium lauryl sulfate. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-lauryl-sulfate
- Environmental Working Group. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706089-SODIUM_LAURYL_SULFATE/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Section 310.545 Sodium lauryl sulfate. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=310.545
Function: Cosmetic Biocide
1. Definition Zinc Citrate:
Zinc Citrate is a salt form of zinc that is commonly used in cosmetics for its various beneficial properties. It is known for its ability to regulate oil production, reduce inflammation, and promote healing in the skin.
2. Use:
Zinc Citrate is commonly used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is often included in products designed for acne-prone skin as it can help to reduce redness and irritation while promoting overall skin health.
3. Usage Zinc Citrate:
When using skincare products containing Zinc Citrate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes or mouth, as it may cause irritation.
4. References:
- R. S. Amornraksa, S. Saelim, and S. Aramwit, "Zinc Citrate as a Potential Alternative Treatment for Acne Vulgaris," Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 691-697, 2020.
- K. H. Kim, J. S. Kim, and H. J. Kim, "Antimicrobial Effects of Zinc Citrate in Skincare Products," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 456-462, 2019.
- A. C. Sánchez, M. A. Rodríguez, and E. L. Martínez, "Zinc Citrate in Cosmetic Formulations: A Review of Its Properties and Applications," Cosmetics, vol. 7, no. 2, 2020.
Other Names: Baking soda; Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Function: Deodorant, Skin Protecting, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Phadjuster
1. Definition Sodium Bicarbonate:
Sodium Bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is a white crystalline powder that is commonly used in various cosmetic products for its exfoliating, cleansing, and pH-balancing properties.
2. Use:
Sodium Bicarbonate is used in cosmetics as a gentle exfoliant to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. It is also used as a pH adjuster to balance the acidity of certain products, such as facial cleansers and masks. Additionally, Sodium Bicarbonate can help to neutralize odors and act as a mild antiseptic in deodorants and foot powders.
3. Usage Sodium Bicarbonate:
When using cosmetics containing Sodium Bicarbonate, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or dryness. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Bicarbonate to check for any adverse reactions. Avoid using Sodium Bicarbonate near the eyes or on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- L. D. Young, "Sodium Bicarbonate," in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
- S. K. Saha, "Sodium Bicarbonate: A Review," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 3155-3160, 2015.
- M. M. E. Nemer, "Formulation and Evaluation of a Sodium Bicarbonate-based Facial Scrub," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 43-52, 2017.
Other Names: Carrageenins; Carrageenans; Chondrus Crispus; Irish Moss; Carrageenan Gum; Carrageen moss
1. Definition Carrageenan:
Carrageenan is a natural ingredient derived from red seaweed, specifically from the Chondrus crispus species. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer.
2. Use:
Carrageenan is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as lotions, creams, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, making the product easier to apply and enhancing its overall performance.
3. Usage Carrageenan:
Carrageenan is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is important to ensure that the product does not contain any contaminants or impurities that could cause irritation or allergic reactions. Individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with carrageenan to check for any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Cox, S., Abu-Ghannam, N., & Gupta, S. (2010). An assessment of the potential of polysaccharide hydrocolloids for cosmetic applications. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 32(5), 369-387.
- Pereira, L., Amado, A. M., Critchley, A. T., & van de Velde, F. (2009). Polysaccharides from seaweeds. In D. A. Thomas (Ed.), Seaweed in health and disease prevention (pp. 203-225). Academic Press.
- Ngo, D. H., Kim, S. K. (2013). Sulfated polysaccharides as bioactive agents from marine algae. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 62, 70-75.
Other Names: Disodium fluorophosphate; Disodium monofluorophosphate
Function: Anticaries Agent, Antiplaque
1. Definition Sodium Monofluorophosphate:
Sodium Monofluorophosphate is a compound commonly used in oral care products, such as toothpaste, as a source of fluoride for preventing dental cavities. It is a white, odorless powder that is soluble in water.
2. Use:
Sodium Monofluorophosphate is primarily used in oral care products for its ability to strengthen tooth enamel and protect against tooth decay. It works by remineralizing the enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from plaque bacteria. This compound is also known for its anti-bacterial properties, which help to reduce the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth.
3. Usage Sodium Monofluorophosphate:
In cosmetics, Sodium Monofluorophosphate is typically found in toothpaste formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.7% to 1.14%. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure its effectiveness and safety. It is not recommended to swallow toothpaste containing Sodium Monofluorophosphate, as excessive ingestion of fluoride can lead to fluorosis, a condition characterized by discoloration of the teeth.
4. References:
- Chandra, T. S., & Sivapathasundharam, B. (2011). Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Ganss, C., & Young, A. (2016). Handbook of Oral Care: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer.
- Sharma, N. C., & Pradeep, A. R. (2011). Oral Microbiome: A New Biomarker Reservoir for Oral and Oropharyngeal Diseases. Springer.
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic
1. Definition Benzyl Alcohol:
Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aroma. It is a natural ingredient that can be derived from various sources, including essential oils like jasmine and ylang-ylang, or it can be synthetically produced.
2. Use:
Benzyl Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is also used as a solvent, fragrance ingredient, and viscosity-decreasing agent in various skincare, haircare, and personal care products.
3. Usage Benzyl Alcohol:
When using Benzyl Alcohol in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended usage levels to ensure product safety and efficacy. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has deemed Benzyl Alcohol safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 1%, with some exceptions. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Alcohol, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-23.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzyl-alcohol
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 244, Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzyl-alcohol
Other Names: Monopropylene Glycol; Propyl Glycol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; 1,2-Propylene Glycol
Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous
1. Definition Propylene Glycol:
Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.
2. Use:
Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.
3. Usage Propylene Glycol:
When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel
- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group
- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Bulking Agent, pH adjusting agent, Antiplaque
1. Definition Calcium Pyrophosphate:
Calcium Pyrophosphate, also known as dicalcium diphosphate, is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and anti-caking agent. It is a white, odorless powder that is insoluble in water.
2. Use:
Calcium Pyrophosphate is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and powders. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, while also preventing clumping and caking. Additionally, it can help to stabilize emulsions and enhance the overall performance of the product.
3. Usage Calcium Pyrophosphate:
When using cosmetics containing Calcium Pyrophosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid inhaling the powder form of Calcium Pyrophosphate and to keep it out of reach of children.
4. References:
- "Calcium Pyrophosphate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/calcium-pyrophosphate.
- "Calcium Pyrophosphate." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/ingredient-list/calcium-pyrophosphate/.
- "Calcium Pyrophosphate." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/calcium-pyrophosphate.
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Peg/ Ppg 116/ 66 Copolymer:
Peg/ Ppg 116/ 66 Copolymer is a copolymer derived from the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG), which are both synthetic polymers commonly used in cosmetics as emollients, emulsifiers, and surfactants.
2. Use:
Peg/ Ppg 116/ 66 Copolymer is used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, allowing them to spread easily on the skin and provide a smooth, silky feel. It is commonly found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products.
3. Usage Peg/ Ppg 116/ 66 Copolymer:
When using products containing Peg/ Ppg 116/ 66 Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If any irritation or adverse reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Peg/ Ppg 116/ 66 Copolymer on a larger area of the skin.
4. References:
- "Safety and Regulatory Guidelines for Cosmetics" by Personal Care Products Council
- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) in Cosmetics" by Environmental Working Group
- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) in Cosmetics" by Cosmeticsinfo.org
Other Names: PVP; Povidone
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant
1. Definition Pvp:
PVP, or Polyvinylpyrrolidone, is a polymer commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and binder. It is a water-soluble ingredient that helps improve the texture and performance of products such as hair sprays, mousses, and nail polishes.
2. Use:
PVP is used in cosmetics to create a strong hold and long-lasting effects in hair styling products. It helps to keep styles in place and prevent frizz or flyaways. In nail polishes, PVP helps to improve adhesion and durability, resulting in a longer-lasting manicure. Additionally, PVP can be found in skincare products such as masks and creams, where it helps to create a smooth and even application.
3. Usage Pvp:
When using cosmetics containing PVP, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes or mucous membranes, as it may cause irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with PVP, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.
4. References:
- Korting, H. C., Schindler, S., Hartinger, A., Kerscher, M., & Angerpointner, T. (1990). PVP—A new and safe vehicle for the topical therapy of onychomycosis. Mycoses, 33(5), 265-269.
- Lademann, J., Jacobi, U., Surber, C., Weigmann, H. J., & Fluhr, J. W. (2008). The tape stripping procedure—evaluation of some critical parameters. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 72(2), 317-323.
- Lupo, M. P., & Cole, A. L. (2007). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic therapy, 20(5), 343-349.
Function: Solvent, Humectant
1. Definition Peg 12:
Peg 12 is a polyethylene glycol derivative that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and skin conditioning agent. It is a water-soluble ingredient that helps to stabilize formulations and improve the spreadability of products.
2. Use:
Peg 12 is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, cleansers, and serums. It helps to create a smooth texture and enhance the overall performance of the product. Additionally, Peg 12 can also act as a penetration enhancer, allowing other active ingredients to better absorb into the skin.
3. Usage Peg 12:
When using products containing Peg 12, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) in Cosmetics" - Cosmeticsinfo.org
- "Safety Assessment of PEG Compounds for Cosmetic Use" - International Journal of Toxicology
- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Skin Care" - Dermatology Times
Function: Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Anticaking Agent, Anticorrosive
1. Definition Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate:
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics as a buffering agent, emulsifier, and chelating agent. It is a white, crystalline powder that is water-soluble and has a variety of functions in cosmetic formulations.
2. Use:
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate is primarily used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster to maintain the acidity or alkalinity of a product. It also helps to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water-based ingredients. Additionally, it can act as a chelating agent, binding to metal ions in the formula to prevent oxidation or degradation of the product.
3. Usage Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate:
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in accordance with regulations and guidelines. However, it is important to note that it can be irritating to the skin and eyes in its pure form, so it should be handled with care and not used in high concentrations. It is typically found in small amounts in cosmetic products and is safe for use by consumers.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of tetrasodium pyrophosphate and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. International Journal of Toxicology. 2001; 20(Suppl 2): 1-12.
- Personal Care Products Council. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition. Washington, DC: Personal Care Products Council, 2016.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 182: Substances Generally Recognized as Safe. Accessed online at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.1083.
Other Names: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth
Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent
1. Definition Silica:
Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.
2. Use:
Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.
3. Usage Silica:
When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.
4. References:
- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.
- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.
- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent
1. Definition Sodium Saccharin:
Sodium Saccharin is a synthetic compound that is commonly used as a non-nutritive sweetener in various products, including cosmetics. It is a white, crystalline powder that is about 300 times sweeter than sucrose.
2. Use:
Sodium Saccharin is used in cosmetics as a flavoring agent to mask the bitter taste of other ingredients. It is often added to lip products, toothpaste, mouthwashes, and other personal care items to enhance their taste and improve overall consumer experience.
3. Usage Sodium Saccharin:
When using cosmetics containing Sodium Saccharin, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or other adverse reactions when exposed to Sodium Saccharin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Sodium Saccharin to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Sodium Saccharin." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-saccharin.
- Food and Drug Administration. "Food Additive Status List." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/food-additive-status-list.
- "Sodium Saccharin." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/sodium-saccharin/.
Function: Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Phosphoric Acid:
Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is a mineral acid commonly used in various industries, including the cosmetics industry. It is a colorless, odorless liquid with a sour taste and is typically found in a concentrated form.
2. Use:
Phosphoric acid is used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster and as a chelating agent. It helps to maintain the pH balance of the product, ensuring that it is suitable for use on the skin. Additionally, phosphoric acid can help to stabilize other ingredients in the formulation, improving the overall effectiveness of the product.
3. Usage Phosphoric Acid:
When using cosmetics containing phosphoric acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes, as phosphoric acid can cause irritation. If contact does occur, rinse the affected area with water immediately.
4. References:
- G. L. Patrick. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2013.
- R. M. S. Pereira. Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. CRC Press, 2014.
- M. A. R. Meireles. Cosmetics: Science and Technology. Wiley, 2017.
Other Names: Hydrogen Per-oxide
Function: Antimicrobial Agent, Cosmetic Biocide
1. Definition Hydrogen Peroxide:
Hydrogen Peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2. It is a pale blue liquid that is commonly used as an antiseptic, bleaching agent, and oxidizer.
2. Use:
Hydrogen Peroxide is widely used in the cosmetics industry for its antiseptic and bleaching properties. It is commonly found in hair dyes, teeth whitening products, and skin lightening creams. It is also used in acne treatments and as a disinfectant for wounds.
3. Usage Hydrogen Peroxide:
When using Hydrogen Peroxide in cosmetics, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin to check for any allergic reactions. Hydrogen Peroxide should be used in moderation as excessive use can cause skin irritation and sensitivity. It is also important to avoid contact with the eyes and mouth when using products containing Hydrogen Peroxide.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. A. (2008). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Three Rivers Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Other Names: Di-Butyl Hydroxy Toluene; BHT; Dibutylhydroxytoluene; Butylated hydroxytoluene
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant
1. Definition Bht:
Bht, or Butylated Hydroxytoluene, is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in fats and oils.
2. Use:
Bht is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It helps to maintain the stability and quality of products by protecting them from rancidity and discoloration caused by exposure to air and light. Bht is often added to lipsticks, lip balms, moisturizers, and other skincare products to prolong their freshness and effectiveness.
3. Usage Bht:
When using cosmetics containing Bht, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Bht. It is recommended to store Bht-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (1988). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT. International journal of toxicology, 7(5), 669-735.
- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.110
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 31404, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylated-hydroxytoluene
Other Names: L-limonene; D-limonene
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Limonene:
Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.
2. Use:
Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.
3. Usage Limonene:
When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.
4. References:
- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.
- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.
- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.
