Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent
1. Definition Dimethicone:
Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.
3. Usage Dimethicone:
When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing
1. Definition Niacinamide:
Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.
2. Use:
Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.
3. Usage Niacinamide:
Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.
Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.
4. References:
- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.
- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Petrolatum; Vaseline; Soft Paraffin; Petrolatum base; Petroleum Jelly
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Emollient, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive, Moisturising
1. Definition Petrolatum:
Petrolatum, also known as petroleum jelly, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing and protective properties.
2. Use:
Petrolatum is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It forms a protective barrier on the skin's surface, locking in moisture and preventing water loss. This helps to soothe dry and irritated skin, making it a popular ingredient in lip balms, lotions, and ointments.
3. Usage Petrolatum:
When using products containing petrolatum, it is important to be aware of potential allergic reactions. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with petrolatum, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin. Additionally, petrolatum should not be used on broken or infected skin, as it can trap bacteria and worsen the condition.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (1999). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume
Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Fragrance:
Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.
2. Use:
Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.
3. Usage Fragrance:
When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.
4. References:
- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.
- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.
- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.
Other Names: TEA; Triethanoamine; Triethanolamide; Trolamine; Sterolamide
Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Triethanolamine:
Triethanolamine, also known as TEA, is a viscous organic compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, pH adjuster, and fragrance ingredient. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slight ammonia-like odor.
2. Use:
Triethanolamine is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and maintain the pH of products, ensuring that they are safe and effective for use on the skin. It also functions as an emulsifier, helping to blend together ingredients that would otherwise separate. Additionally, triethanolamine can be found in some cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient, providing a pleasant scent to the product.
3. Usage Triethanolamine:
While triethanolamine is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, there are some precautions to keep in mind. It is important to avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to high concentrations of triethanolamine, as it may cause skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to use products containing triethanolamine as directed and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to store products containing triethanolamine in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their stability.
4. References:
- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Triethanolamine. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/triethanolamine
- Personal Care Products Council. (2013). Safety Assessment of Triethanolamine and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr108.pdf
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Triethanolamine. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=73.2120
Other Names: Octinoxate; Octylmethoxy Cinnamate; Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate; 2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate; 2-Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate; Parsol MCX; Escalol 557; Eusolex 2292; Uvinul 3088; Tinosorb OMC
1. Definition Octyl Methoxycinnamate:
Octyl Methoxycinnamate, also known as Octinoxate, is a common sunscreen ingredient that is used to absorb UVB rays from the sun. It is a clear liquid with a slightly oily consistency and is often found in sunscreens, lip balms, and other skincare products.
2. Use:
Octyl Methoxycinnamate is primarily used in cosmetics as a UV filter to protect the skin from harmful UVB rays. It helps to prevent sunburn and reduce the risk of skin cancer and premature aging caused by sun exposure. It is often combined with other sunscreen ingredients to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays.
3. Usage Octyl Methoxycinnamate:
When using products containing Octyl Methoxycinnamate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and reapplication. It is recommended to apply sunscreen generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure and to reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also advisable to use additional sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing, seeking shade, and avoiding peak sun hours.
4. References:
- Kaur CD, Saraf S. In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(1):22-25.
- Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256-267.
- Shaath NA. The chemistry of ultraviolet filters: a tutorial review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(4):691-707.
Other Names: Methyl Paraben; Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Nipagin M; Methyl Hydroxybenzoate; Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Methylparaben:
Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.
2. Use:
Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.
3. Usage Methylparaben:
Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.
- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.
Other Names: Octadecanoic Acid; C18; Hexyldecyl Stearate
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting
1. Definition Stearic Acid:
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.
2. Use:
Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.
3. Usage Stearic Acid:
When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.
- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.
- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.
Other Names: GMS; Smoothex 40V; Glycerin monostearate; Glycerol monostearate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Fragrance, Emulsifying
1. Definition Glyceryl Monostearate:
Glyceryl Monostearate is a type of fatty acid ester derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent.
2. Use:
Glyceryl Monostearate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken emulsions, such as lotions and creams. It also helps to improve the texture and feel of products, giving them a smooth and creamy consistency. Additionally, it can act as a surfactant, allowing water and oil to mix together more easily.
3. Usage Glyceryl Monostearate:
When using products containing Glyceryl Monostearate, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.
4. References:
- "Glyceryl Monostearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-monostearate
- "Glyceryl Monostearate in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/glyceryl-monostearate/
- "Understanding Glyceryl Monostearate in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/19138/understanding-glyceryl-monostearate-in-cosmetics
Other Names: IPP
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding
1. Definition Isopropyl Palmitate:
Isopropyl Palmitate is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent. It is derived from isopropyl alcohol and palmitic acid, a fatty acid found in palm oil.
2. Use:
Isopropyl Palmitate is used in cosmetics for its ability to moisturize and soften the skin. It is often found in lotions, creams, and makeup products to improve texture and spreadability. Additionally, it can help to enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare formulations.
3. Usage Isopropyl Palmitate:
Isopropyl Palmitate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it may cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is important to patch test products containing this ingredient before applying them to larger areas of the skin. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid using products with Isopropyl Palmitate on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- "Isopropyl Palmitate" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopropyl-palmitate
- "Isopropyl Palmitate" Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/isopropyl-palmitate.html
- "Isopropyl Palmitate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/isopropyl-palmitate/
Other Names: Paraffinum Liquidum; Liquid Paraffin; White Petrolatum; Liquid Petrolatum; Huile Minerale; Paraffine; Nujol; Adepsine Oil
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Mineral Oil:
Mineral oil is a colorless and odorless oil derived from petroleum. It is a common ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products due to its ability to lock in moisture and create a protective barrier on the skin.
2. Use:
Mineral oil is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products to provide hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.
3. Usage Mineral Oil:
When using products containing mineral oil, it is important to note that it may clog pores for some individuals, leading to breakouts or irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying mineral oil-based products to the entire face or body to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Mineral Oil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" by Paula Begoun
- "Mineral Oil in Skin Care: Good or Bad?" by Dr. Cynthia Bailey
- "The Truth About Mineral Oil" by Dr. Leslie Baumann
Other Names: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing
1. Definition Allantoin:
Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.
3. Usage Allantoin:
Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.
- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract:
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, also known as bearberry extract, is derived from the leaves of the bearberry plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and skin-brightening properties.
2. Use:
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks due to its ability to help reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and uneven skin tone. It is also known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage.
3. Usage Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract:
When using products containing Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to use sunscreen during the day when using products with this extract, as it may increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.
4. References:
- Goyal AK, Middha SK, Sen A. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi extract. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1061-1068.
- Lin LT, Liu LT, Chiang LC, Lin CC. In vitro anti-hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada. Phytother Res. 2002;16(5):440-444. doi:10.1002/ptr.927
- Thring TS, Hili P, Naughton DP. Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. J Inflamm (Lond). 2011;8:27. doi:10.1186/1476-9255-8-27
Other Names: Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter)
1. Definition Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:
Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is rich in vitamins and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Shea butter is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular choice for hydrating dry skin. It is often used in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair products to help improve skin elasticity and promote a healthy glow. Shea butter is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, making it a versatile ingredient in various cosmetic formulations.
3. Usage Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:
When using products containing Shea butter, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Shea butter is generally safe for most people, but some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as itching, redness, or irritation. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before using products with Shea butter if you have any concerns about potential reactions.
4. References:
- Akihisa T, Kojima N, Kikuchi T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, and Masters ET. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat. Journal of Oleo Science. 2010; 59(6):273-80.
- Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(1):70.
- Aremu AO, Oyedeji AO, Oyedeji O, Okorie DO, and Nkeh-Chungag BN. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(26):4467-4472.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Carum Petroselinum (Parsley) Extract:
Carum Petroselinum (Parsley) Extract is a botanical extract derived from the leaves of the parsley plant. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Carum Petroselinum (Parsley) Extract is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-brightening properties. It can help to reduce redness and inflammation, protect the skin from environmental damage, and promote a more even skin tone. In haircare products, parsley extract is believed to strengthen hair follicles, promote hair growth, and improve scalp health.
3. Usage Carum Petroselinum (Parsley) Extract:
Carum Petroselinum (Parsley) Extract is commonly found in a variety of cosmetic products, including serums, creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin or hair. It is important to patch test products containing parsley extract before use, especially for those with sensitive skin, to ensure there are no allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Dweck, A. C. (2009). Parsley: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(2), 133-142.
- Goyal, S., & Arora, D. (2010). Phyto-pharmacology of Carum petroselinum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 1(9), 1-6.
- Kaur, G., & Kalia, A. N. (2016). Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Petroselinum crispum: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(2), 207-212.
Ingredient data is being updated. Please check back later.
Other Names: 1-hexadecanol; Palmityl Alcohol; Hexadecyl Alcohol; Palmitoryl Alcohol; C16 Alcohol; Cetyl Alcohol
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant
1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:
Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.
2. Use:
Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.
3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:
When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.
4. References:
- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)
- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)
- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)
Other Names: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid
Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant
1. Definition Lactic Acid:
Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.
2. Use:
Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.
3. Usage Lactic Acid:
When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.
Function: Hair Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Magnesium Sulfate:
Magnesium Sulfate, also known as Epsom salt, is a mineral compound consisting of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its various benefits for the skin and hair.
2. Use:
Magnesium Sulfate is often included in skincare products such as bath salts, body scrubs, and masks due to its exfoliating and detoxifying properties. It can help to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve overall skin texture. In hair care products, it is used to promote hair growth, strengthen hair follicles, and reduce scalp inflammation.
3. Usage Magnesium Sulfate:
When using products containing Magnesium Sulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation. It is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. Avoid contact with the eyes and rinse thoroughly if contact occurs. Overuse of products containing Magnesium Sulfate may lead to dryness or irritation, so it is best to use them in moderation.
4. References:
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2013). Safety assessment of magnesium sulfate as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 32(6_suppl), 5S-22S.
- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.
- Schreml, S., Szeimies, R. M., Prantl, L., Karrer, S., & Landthaler, M. (2008). A new concept of skin aging: In vivo aging of dermal collagen in skin. Experimental dermatology, 17(7), 549-557.
Other Names: Manganese Sulphate
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Manganese Sulfate:
Manganese Sulfate is a chemical compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a coloring agent. It is a pale pink to pale red crystalline powder that is water-soluble.
2. Use:
Manganese Sulfate is primarily used in cosmetics to impart a pink or red color to various products such as lipsticks, eyeshadows, and blushes. It is also used in hair dyes and nail polishes to achieve desired shades.
3. Usage Manganese Sulfate:
When using cosmetics containing Manganese Sulfate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid ingesting or inhaling the product and to keep it out of reach of children.
4. References:
- "Manganese Sulfate." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/manganese-sulfate.
- "Manganese Sulfate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource-center/manganese-sulfate-in-cosmetics/.
- "Safety Assessment of Manganese Compounds as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/manganese.pdf.
Other Names: Paraffin wax; Hard paraffin
Function: Fragrance, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive
1. Definition Paraffin:
Paraffin is a type of mineral oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It is derived from petroleum and is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
2. Use:
Paraffin is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair care products. It helps to create a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and keeping the skin hydrated. Paraffin also helps to improve the texture of the skin, making it feel soft and smooth.
3. Usage Paraffin:
When using products containing paraffin, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to the ingredient. Some people may experience irritation or breakouts when using products with paraffin, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and not to use excessive amounts of paraffin-containing products.
4. References:
- "Paraffin in Cosmetics: What You Need to Know" by The Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/paraffin
- "The Benefits of Paraffin Wax for Skin" by Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/paraffin-wax-benefits#benefits
- "The Truth About Paraffin Wax and Your Skin" by Dermascope, https://www.dermascope.com/scope-this/the-truth-about-paraffin-wax-and-your-skin
Other Names: Monopropylene Glycol; Propyl Glycol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; 1,2-Propylene Glycol
Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous
1. Definition Propylene Glycol:
Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.
2. Use:
Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.
3. Usage Propylene Glycol:
When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel
- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group
- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council
1. Definition Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil:
Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil is a lightweight oil extracted from the kernels of apricots. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins A and E, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Apricot Kernel Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it smooth and supple. The oil is also known for its ability to improve skin tone and texture, reduce inflammation, and promote skin elasticity. In haircare products, it can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it shiny and manageable.
3. Usage Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil:
Apricot Kernel Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, serums, and balms to enhance their hydrating properties. In haircare products, it can be used in hair masks, conditioners, and styling products to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair.
Precautions: While Apricot Kernel Oil is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. Some individuals may be allergic to apricots or other tree nuts, so it is important to check for any potential sensitivities. Additionally, it is best to store the oil in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation and maintain its quality.
4. References:
- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.
- Ahmad, Z. (2010). The uses and properties of almond oil. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 10-12.
- Ranzato, E., Martinotti, S., & Burlando, B. (2011). Wound healing properties of jojoba liquid wax: an in vitro study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 443-449.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Reseda Luteola Extract:
Reseda Luteola Extract, also known as weld or dyer's rocket, is a natural plant extract derived from the Reseda Luteola plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and soothing properties.
2. Use:
Reseda Luteola Extract is used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. It helps to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and protect the skin from environmental damage. It is often found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks.
3. Usage Reseda Luteola Extract:
Reseda Luteola Extract can be found in various skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and should be applied to clean skin as part of a regular skincare routine. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product containing Reseda Luteola Extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Kim, J. E., Park, S. J., Lee, J. H., Park, Y. H., & Park, S. D. (2015). Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Reseda luteola L. in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168, 1-8.
- Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., & Zhao, H. (2018). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Reseda luteola L. extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 120, 226-233.
- Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., & Jamshydian, N. (2012). Herbal and plant therapy in patients with acne. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 26(1), 106-115.
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling
1. Definition Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil:
Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Jojoba plant. It is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Jojoba Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to mimic the natural oils produced by the skin, making it suitable for all skin types. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and hair treatments due to its hydrating and conditioning properties. Jojoba Seed Oil is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it beneficial for soothing irritated skin and preventing breakouts.
3. Usage Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil:
Jojoba Seed Oil can be used directly on the skin or hair as a standalone product or mixed with other ingredients to create DIY skincare or haircare products. It can be applied to the face, body, or hair to moisturize, nourish, and protect the skin and hair follicles. When using Jojoba Seed Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin and to avoid any potential allergic reactions. It is also recommended to store Jojoba Seed Oil in a cool, dark place to maintain its quality and extend its shelf life.
4. References:
- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron, The Best Skin of Your Life Starts Here: Busting Beauty Myths So You Know What to Use and Why, 2015
- Ratan K. Choudhary, Avinash Kumar, Om Prakash, Mahendra Singh, Handbook of Medicinal Plants: Utilisation and Conservation, 2018
- Jennifer Peace Rhind, Fragrance and Wellbeing: Plant Aromatics and Their Influence on the Psyche, 2013
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Sorbitan Caprylate:
Sorbitan Caprylate is a natural emulsifier derived from sorbitol and caprylic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a stabilizer and preservative.
2. Use:
Sorbitan Caprylate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help maintain the stability of the formulation. It also acts as a preservative, extending the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
3. Usage Sorbitan Caprylate:
When using products containing Sorbitan Caprylate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes.
4. References:
- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Sorbitan Caprylate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitan-caprylate
- Personal Care Council. (2019). Sorbitan Caprylate. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sorbitan-caprylate/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.845
Other Names: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer
Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming
1. Definition Xanthan Gum:
Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.
2. Use:
Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.
3. Usage Xanthan Gum:
When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.
4. References:
- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.
- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.
- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.
