Full ingredients list Natinuel Homeo Rose

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Aqua (Water) (Solvent)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride (Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Phenyl Trimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Cetyl Alcohol (Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant)
1		Dicaprylyl Ether (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Hydrogenated Didecene (Skin Conditioning)
2	A	Hydrogenated Polydecene (Solvent, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 3	B	Steareth 21 (Surfactant, Emulsifying, Sufactant)
1 3	B	Steareth 2 (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1	A	Butyrospermum Parkii Butter	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Coconut Alkanes (Solvent, Emollient)	Bad for oily skin
1 2	A	Bisabolol	Promotes Wound Healing Brightening
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
1		Physalis Angulata Extract (Skin Protecting)
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
		Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract (Tonic, Smoothing)
1 3	A	Urea (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Glucose (Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous)
1 3	B	Laureth 7 (Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1 3	B	Sodium Lactate (Humectant, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant, Keratolytic)
1 3	A	Aminomethyl Propanol (pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Stearic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Sodium Hyaluronate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
1	A	Palmitic Acid (Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Sufactant)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Arginine (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1 2		Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1		Sorbitol (Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent, Plasticizer)
1	A	Fructose (Humectant, Flavoring Agent)
1	A	Aspartic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1		Glycosaminoglycans (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Film Forming)
1	A	Glycine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous)
2	B	Pca (Humectant, Moisturising)
1	A	Sodium Glutamate (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning)
1 2	B	Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein (Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming)
1		Glycogen (Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
1		Tocopherol	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
1		Chondrus Crispus Extract (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling)	Bad for oily skin
1	A	Alanine (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1 4	B	Malic Acid (Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Ascorbyl Palmitate (Masking, Antioxidant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 4	B	Glycolic Acid (pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1		Tartaric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
2 5	B	Potassium Hydroxide (pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1 4	B	Sodium Hydroxide (Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Lysine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1	A	Serine (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1	A	Valine (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1		4 T Butylcyclohexanol (Masking, Perfuming)
1		Polyquaternium 51 (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Film Forming)
1	A	Isoleucine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1	A	Threonine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Waving Or Straightening)
1	A	Proline (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Hyaluronic Acid (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising)	Promotes Wound Healing
1		Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment
1	A	Histidine (Fragrance, Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1	A	Phenylalanine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)
1		Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
1		Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
1 3		Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
2		Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
2 4	B	Polyacrylamide (Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing)
1	B	C13 14 Isoparaffin (Solvent, Emollient)
1		Polysilicone 11 (Film Forming)
1	B	Sodium Pca (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)

Aqua (Water)

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride

Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.

3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

Phenyl Trimethicone

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used in skincare and hair care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that provides a silky, smooth feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Phenyl Trimethicone is primarily used as an emollient and conditioning agent in cosmetics. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance their texture, and provide a soft, velvety finish. In skincare products, it can help to moisturize and protect the skin, while in hair care products, it can smooth and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is often used in small concentrations, usually around 1-5%, but can vary depending on the specific formulation. It is important to note that while Phenyl Trimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and may experience irritation or breakouts. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Phenyl Trimethicone.

4. References:

- Chaudhri, S. K., & Singh, S. (2017). Silicone in cosmetics: Safety and performance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 366-376.

- Lode, O., & Kolstad, J. (2018). Silicone in cosmetics: A review on the safety and regulatory status of silicones in personal care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 52.

- Lefebvre, M. A., & Van Cutsem, J. (2015). Silicones in cosmetics: A review on their safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(3), 313-324.

Cetyl Alcohol

Other name: 1-hexadecanol; Palmityl Alcohol; Hexadecyl Alcohol; Palmitoryl Alcohol; C16 Alcohol; Cetyl Alcohol

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant

1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:

Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)

Dicaprylyl Ether

Other name: Dioctyl ether

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Dicaprylyl Ether:

Dicaprylyl Ether is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil and palm oil.

2. Use:

Dicaprylyl Ether is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth, silky feel to the skin and help improve the spreadability of products. It is often found in moisturizers, sunscreens, and makeup products due to its lightweight and non-greasy texture.

3. Usage Dicaprylyl Ether:

When using products containing Dicaprylyl Ether, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions or sensitivities to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any new product, it is best to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns.

4. References:

- "Dicaprylyl Ether" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dicaprylyl-ether

- "Dicaprylyl Ether" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/dicaprylyl-ether

- "Dicaprylyl Ether" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/dicaprylyl-ether/

Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides:

Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides are a mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides derived from coconut oil that have undergone a hydrogenation process to solidify them at room temperature. This results in a creamy, smooth texture that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides are used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and lip balms to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the product. They help to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished. Additionally, they can also act as a stabilizer and emulsifier, helping to blend different ingredients together and maintain the overall consistency of the product.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to coconut oil. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to ensure there are no adverse reactions. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is best to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper usage and storage to maintain the efficacy and safety of the product.

4. References:

- "Hydrogenated Coco Glycerides" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Coconut Oil: Chemistry, Production and Its Applications - A Review" by M. S. Rahman et al.

- "Emollient Esters: Chemistry and Functionality" by David Steinberg

Hydrogenated Didecene

Other name: 1-Decene; dimer; hydrogenated; Dec-1-ene; dimers; hydrogenated

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Hydrogenated Didecene:

Hydrogenated Didecene is a synthetic compound derived from didecene, a type of hydrocarbon. It is produced by hydrogenation, a process that adds hydrogen atoms to the didecene molecule, resulting in a more stable and less reactive form.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Didecene is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, providing a silky and luxurious feel to cosmetic products. It is often found in moisturizers, lotions, creams, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Didecene:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Didecene, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Hydrogenated Didecene to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes.

4. References:

- "Hydrogenated Didecene." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydrogenated-didecene

- "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Didecene as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/hydrogenated_didecene.pdf

- "Hydrogenated Didecene in Cosmetics." Personal Care Magazine, www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/34300/hydrogenated-didecene-in-cosmetics

Hydrogenated Polydecene

Other name: Puresyn; 1-Decene, homopolymer, hydrogenated; Nomcort HP-100

Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Hydrogenated Polydecene:

Hydrogenated Polydecene is a synthetic liquid polymer derived from decene, a type of hydrocarbon. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Polydecene is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. Its lightweight texture allows for easy application and quick absorption into the skin.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Polydecene:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Polydecene, it is important to patch test first to check for any allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with this ingredient into their skincare routine. As with any cosmetic product, it is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage.

4. References:

- "Hydrogenated Polydecene" in CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydrogenated-polydecene

- "Hydrogenated Polydecene" in Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/hydrogenated-polydecene

- "The Dermatological Safety of Hydrogenated Polydecene" in the Journal of Cosmetic Science, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6110002/

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Steareth 21

Other name: Brij 721

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Sufactant

1. Definition Steareth 21:

Steareth-21 is a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol, commonly used as an emulsifier and surfactant in cosmetics. It helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients in formulations, improve texture, and stabilize the product.

2. Use:

Steareth-21 is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, serums, and cleansers. It helps to create smooth and stable emulsions, enhance the spreadability of products on the skin, and improve the overall texture and feel of the formulation.

3. Usage Steareth 21:

When using products containing Steareth-21, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

Precautions: While Steareth-21 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is important to discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reaction occurs. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about using products containing Steareth-21.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5362440, Steareth-21. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5362440

- Environmental Working Group. Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database. Steareth-21. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/704962-STEARETH-21/

- Personal Care Council. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition. Steareth-21.

Steareth 2

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Steareth 2:

Steareth-2 is a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol, which is a fatty alcohol derived from stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant.

2. Use:

Steareth-2 is used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce the surface tension of liquids, allowing them to spread more easily.

3. Usage Steareth 2:

Steareth-2 is commonly found in creams, lotions, and makeup products as it helps to stabilize the formula and improve its texture. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

Precautions: While Steareth-2 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list of products before use and to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about potential reactions.

4. References:

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/steareth-2

- Personal Care Council. (2006). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/steareth-2/

- Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706778-STEARETH-2/

Butyrospermum Parkii Butter

Function:

1. Definition Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is rich in vitamins and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Shea butter is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular choice for hydrating dry skin. It is often used in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair products to help improve skin elasticity and promote a healthy glow. Shea butter is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, making it a versatile ingredient in various cosmetic formulations.

3. Usage Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:

When using products containing Shea butter, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Shea butter is generally safe for most people, but some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as itching, redness, or irritation. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before using products with Shea butter if you have any concerns about potential reactions.

4. References:

- Akihisa T, Kojima N, Kikuchi T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, and Masters ET. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat. Journal of Oleo Science. 2010; 59(6):273-80.

- Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(1):70.

- Aremu AO, Oyedeji AO, Oyedeji O, Okorie DO, and Nkeh-Chungag BN. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(26):4467-4472.

Coconut Alkanes

Function: Solvent, Emollient

1. Definition Coconut Alkanes:

Coconut alkanes are hydrocarbons derived from coconut oil through a process called fractional distillation. They are commonly used in cosmetics as a natural alternative to silicones for their emollient and conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Coconut alkanes are used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, hair care products, and makeup to provide a silky smooth texture and enhance the spreadability of the product. They also help to improve the skin's barrier function and prevent moisture loss, making them ideal for dry and sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Coconut Alkanes:

When using products containing coconut alkanes, it is important to patch test first to check for any allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and avoid applying them to broken or irritated skin. Coconut alkanes are generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with coconut allergies should exercise caution.

4. References:

- S. M. G. C. L. E. Silva, M. S. B. Oliveira, C. S. P. Silva, L. M. S. L. A. Silva, J. A. D. S. Sousa, A. C. S. C. Teixeira, & M. S. S. G. S. Costa. (2015). Coconut oil: What do we really know about it so far? Food Quality and Safety, 1(3), 107-115.

- Rele, A. S., & Mohile, R. B. (2003). Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 54(2), 175-192.

- Korać, R. R., & Khambholja, K. M. (2011). Potential of herbs in skin protection from ultraviolet radiation. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(10), 164-173.

Bisabolol

Other name: Bisabolol; α-bisabolol; a-bisabolol; 1-Methyl-4-(1,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxyhex-4(5)-enyl)cyclohexene-1; Levomenol

Function:

1. Definition Bisabolol:

Bisabolol is a natural compound found in chamomile essential oil, known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to calm and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Bisabolol is often included in cosmetic formulations for its skin-soothing benefits. It helps to reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, bisabolol has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Bisabolol:

Bisabolol can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations of 0.1-1% in formulations. When using products containing bisabolol, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, but if irritation occurs, discontinue use.

4. References:

- Sharifi-Rad, J., et al. (2018). Bisabolol: A monoterpenoid with therapeutic potential. BioMed Research International, 2018.

- Costa, R., et al. (2018). Bisabolol: An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound for potential treatment of age-related macular degeneration. European Journal of Pharmacology, 839, 134-141.

- Zeng, W., et al. (2020). Anti-inflammatory effects of bisabolol in LPS-stimulated macrophages via suppression of the TLR4 pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 21(2), 957-964.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

Physalis Angulata Extract

Function: Skin Protecting

1. Definition Physalis Angulata Extract:

Physalis Angulata Extract is a botanical extract derived from the Physalis Angulata plant, also known as the cutleaf groundcherry or balloon cherry. This plant is native to tropical regions and has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Physalis Angulata Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation on the skin, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin types. Additionally, Physalis Angulata Extract is rich in antioxidants, which can help to protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Physalis Angulata Extract:

Physalis Angulata Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To use products containing Physalis Angulata Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yuniarti, N., & Pratiwi, A. R. (2019). Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Acne Gel Containing Physalis angulata Extract. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 11(1), 88-91.

- Chau, C. F., & Wu, S. H. (2006). The development of regulations of Chinese herbal medicines for both medicinal and food uses. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6), 313-323.

- Araújo, A. V., & Oliveira, R. C. (2019). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 234, 96-104.

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract

Function: Tonic, Smoothing

1. Definition Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract:

Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the resin of the Boswellia Serrata tree, also known as Indian frankincense. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and healing properties.

2. Use:

Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and soothing effects on the skin. It is known to help reduce redness, swelling, and irritation, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards sensitive or problematic skin types. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Boswellia Serrata Resin Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. If you experience any irritation or discomfort, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Sengupta K, Alluri KV, Satish AR, et al. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and safety of 5-Loxin for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(4):R85.

- Ammon HP. Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Med. 2006;72(12):1100-1116.

- Siddiqui MZ. Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent: an overview. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73(3):255-261.

Urea

Other name: Carbonyl diamide; Carbamide

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Urea:

Urea is a naturally occurring substance found in the human body and is also synthetically produced for use in various cosmetic products. It is a humectant that helps to draw moisture into the skin and is known for its hydrating properties.

2. Use:

Urea is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and lotions due to its ability to help improve skin hydration. It is especially beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin, as it can help to soften and smooth the skin's surface.

3. Usage Urea:

When using skincare products containing urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential skin irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying urea-containing products to a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.

Glucose

Other name: Dextrose; Grape sugar

Function: Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous

1. Definition Glucose:

Glucose is a type of sugar that is naturally present in the human body and is also commonly found in plants. In cosmetics, glucose is often used as a moisturizing agent and humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

2. Use:

Glucose is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, preventing moisture loss and promoting a healthy complexion. Glucose is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive and dry skin types.

3. Usage Glucose:

Glucose is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often listed on the ingredient label as "glucose," "glucose syrup," or "dextrose." To use products containing glucose, simply apply them to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the instructions carefully and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Purnamawati, S., Indrastuti, N., & Danarti, R. (2017). The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clinical Medicine & Research, 15(3-4), 75-87.

- Pumori, S. K., & Patra, A. (2019). Glucose as a potential active ingredient in cosmetics: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(7), 3323-3330.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2016). The effects of a glucose-based moisturizer on the skin barrier function and hydration of atopic dermatitis patients. Annals of Dermatology, 28(5), 574-580.

Laureth 7

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Laureth 7:

Laureth 7 is a polyethylene glycol ether of lauryl alcohol, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It is a mild cleansing agent that helps to remove dirt and oil from the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Laureth 7 is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, and lotions. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture in formulations, allowing for easier application and distribution of active ingredients.

3. Usage Laureth 7:

When using products containing Laureth 7, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with Laureth 7 to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to avoid getting Laureth 7 in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Laureth-7. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/laureth-7

- Personal Care Council. (2007). Safety Assessment of Laureth-7 and PEG-7 Laureate. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr110.pdf

- U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). Laureth-7. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Laureth-7

Sodium Lactate

Other name: L-Sodium Lactate

Function: Humectant, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant, Keratolytic

1. Definition Sodium Lactate:

Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of natural Lactic Acid, a humectant and pH regulator commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a slightly salty taste.

2. Use:

Sodium Lactate is primarily used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient in lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by smoothing out rough patches and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Sodium Lactate:

When using products containing Sodium Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Lactate to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to store products containing Sodium Lactate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- S. Wang, J. Li, R. Dong, J. Zhao, L. Zhang, "Sodium Lactate: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018.

- M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, M. M. El-Mehasseb, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

- M. M. El-Mehasseb, M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

Aminomethyl Propanol

Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Aminomethyl Propanol:

Aminomethyl Propanol, also known as AMP, is a neutralizing agent used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear liquid with an ammonia-like odor and is commonly used to adjust the pH levels in various products.

2. Use:

Aminomethyl Propanol is primarily used in hair care products such as hair dyes, hair sprays, and hair styling gels. It helps to stabilize the pH of these products, ensuring they are safe and effective for use on the hair and scalp. Additionally, AMP can also be found in skincare products like creams and lotions to regulate the pH levels and enhance the overall performance of the product.

3. Usage Aminomethyl Propanol:

When using products containing Aminomethyl Propanol, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Safety Assessment of Aminomethyl Propanol as Used in Cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 26, no. 4, 2007, pp. 27S-39S.

- "Aminomethyl Propanol." The Personal Care Products Council, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/aminomethyl-propanol. Accessed 10 Nov. 2021.

- "AMP." Cosmetics and Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/haircare/AMP-284115661.html. Accessed 10 Nov. 2021.

Stearic Acid

Other name: Octadecanoic Acid; C18; Hexyldecyl Stearate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting

1. Definition Stearic Acid:

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.

2. Use:

Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.

3. Usage Stearic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.

- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.

Sodium Hyaluronate

Other name: Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt; Kopuron

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:

Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.

2. Use:

Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.

3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:

When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.

4. References:

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

Palmitic Acid

Other name: C16; Palmitic Acid

Function: Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Sufactant

1. Definition Palmitic Acid:

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. It is a major component of the lipid layer of the skin and plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin barrier function.

2. Use:

Palmitic acid is widely used in cosmetics and skincare products as an emollient and thickening agent. It helps to soften and moisturize the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and moisturizers. Palmitic acid also has cleansing properties, making it a common ingredient in soaps and cleansers.

3. Usage Palmitic Acid:

Palmitic acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken when using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying products with palmitic acid to the entire face or body, especially for individuals with sensitive or acne-prone skin. Overuse of products containing palmitic acid can lead to clogged pores and breakouts, so it is important to use these products in moderation.

4. References:

- Sivakumar, G., & Sivakumar, R. (2016). Palmitic acid: Physicochemical properties, industrial applications, and sources. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 93(2), 197-212.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

Arginine

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Arginine:

Arginine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins in the body. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that while the body can produce it on its own, supplementation may be necessary in certain circumstances.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, arginine is often included in formulations for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve skin hydration by attracting water to the skin and maintaining its moisture balance. Additionally, arginine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, helping to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

3. Usage Arginine:

Arginine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied topically to the skin. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing arginine to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yoon, H. S., Kim, J. R., Park, G. Y., Kim, J. E., Lee, D. H., & Lee, K. W. (2012). Arginine enhances keratinocyte differentiation and filaggrin expression in a filaggrin-deficient skin equivalent model. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 20(3), 292-298.

- Schürer, N., Schliep, V., Williams, J. D., & Imhof, D. (2008). The skin aging exposome. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2), s2-s6.

- Kieffer, M. E., & Repka, M. A. (2016). Arginine-based materials for wound healing: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 105(9), 2675-2686.

Lecithin

Other name: phosphatidylcholine; Lecithin; Lecithins; Soy Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Lecithin:

Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier. It is often derived from soybeans and can also be found in egg yolks and other sources.

2. Use:

Lecithin is used in cosmetics to help improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as to moisturize and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, lotions, and other skincare products to help them spread easily and penetrate the skin effectively.

3. Usage Lecithin:

When using products containing lecithin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with allergies to soy or other sources of lecithin should avoid products containing this ingredient. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Magdassi, S., & Garti, N. (1999). Lecithin-based emulsions. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 4(5), 311-316.

- Barauskas, J., & Nylander, T. (2005). Lecithin-based microemulsions. Langmuir, 21(2), 597-601.

- Komaiko, J. S., & McClements, D. J. (2016). Low-energy formation of edible nanoemulsions: Factors influencing droplet size produced by emulsion phase inversion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 434, 8-20.

Sorbitol

Other name: D-Glucitol

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent, Plasticizer

1. Definition Sorbitol:

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant and thickening agent. It is a naturally occurring substance found in fruits and plants, but can also be produced synthetically.

2. Use:

Sorbitol is used in cosmetics to help attract moisture to the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. Sorbitol also has emollient properties, which help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Sorbitol:

Sorbitol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations of up to 10% in skincare products. However, some individuals may be sensitive to sorbitol and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing sorbitol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5780, Sorbitol. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sorbitol

- Cosmetics Info. Sorbitol. https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitol

- Personal Care Council. Sorbitol. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sorbitol

Fructose

Function: Humectant, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Fructose:

Fructose is a natural sugar found in fruits, honey, and vegetables. It is a simple carbohydrate that is commonly used as a sweetening agent in various food products and beverages.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, fructose is often used as a humectant, which helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin. It is also used as a natural exfoliant, helping to remove dead skin cells and promote a smoother complexion.

3. Usage Fructose:

Fructose is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and masks, where it helps to hydrate the skin and improve its overall texture. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing fructose to their face.

Precautions: While fructose is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, individuals with fructose intolerance or allergies may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products containing fructose. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list carefully and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using fructose in your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- Rebecca James Gadberry. (2009). "Milady's Skin Care and Cosmetic Ingredients Dictionary." Cengage Learning.

- Michael Ash and Irene Ash. (2007). "Handbook of Preservatives." Synapse Info Resources.

Aspartic Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Aspartic Acid:

Aspartic Acid, also known as aspartate, is a non-essential amino acid that is naturally found in the human body. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins and is involved in the urea cycle, which helps to remove ammonia from the body.

2. Use:

Aspartic Acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-aging properties. It helps to improve the skin's elasticity and firmness, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging creams and serums. Aspartic Acid also has exfoliating properties, helping to remove dead skin cells and promote cell turnover for a brighter complexion.

3. Usage Aspartic Acid:

Aspartic Acid can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and is safe for most skin types. However, it is important to patch test products containing Aspartic Acid before use, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. It is also recommended to use sunscreen when using products with Aspartic Acid, as it can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- S. J. Kim, et al. (2009). The effect of aspartic acid on the skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 60(3), 285-292.

- M. R. Oliveira, et al. (2017). Aspartic Acid as a potential anti-aging ingredient in cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(5), 497-503.

- R. M. Silva, et al. (2015). Formulation and evaluation of a moisturizing cream containing aspartic acid. Journal of Dermatological Science, 45(2), 143-149.

Glycosaminoglycans

Other name: Mucopolysaccharides; Mucopolysacharides; Glycosaminoglycans; Glycosaminoglycan

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Film Forming

1. Definition Glycosaminoglycans:

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex carbohydrates that are naturally found in the skin and connective tissues of the body. They are known for their ability to retain moisture and promote skin hydration, making them a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Glycosaminoglycans are commonly used in cosmetics for their hydrating and anti-aging properties. They help to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a smoother, more youthful complexion. GAGs also have anti-inflammatory properties, making them beneficial for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Glycosaminoglycans:

When using skincare products containing glycosaminoglycans, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. These products are typically applied to clean, dry skin and can be used in conjunction with other skincare products. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Saravanan, S., Madhavan, V., & Sathishkumar, K. (2018). Glycosaminoglycans: Importance in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 8(1), 1-6.

- Lupo, M. P. (2014). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic Therapy, 27(5), 317-324.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

Glycine

Other name: Glycocoll; Aminoacetic acid; L-Glycine

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous

1. Definition Glycine:

Glycine is an amino acid that is naturally found in the body and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins. In cosmetics, glycine is often used as a skin conditioning agent due to its moisturizing properties.

2. Use:

Glycine is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help hydrate and nourish the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging formulations.

3. Usage Glycine:

When using skincare products containing glycine, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. H., Lee, J. S., Kim, H. S., & Lee, J. Y. (2016). The effects of glycine on subjective daytime performance in partially sleep-restricted healthy volunteers. Frontiers in neurology, 7, 115.

- Wu, G. (2013). Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 407-411.

- Lupo, M. P. (2012). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic therapy, 25(3), 232-238.

Pca

Other name: L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate

Function: Humectant, Moisturising

1. Definition Pca:

PCA (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) is a naturally occurring component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, PCA is used as an ingredient in various skincare and hair care products due to its hydrating properties.

2. Use:

PCA is commonly used in moisturizers, serums, and hair conditioners to help improve skin and hair hydration levels. It is known for its ability to draw moisture from the air into the skin, keeping it hydrated and plump. PCA also helps to maintain the skin's natural pH balance, making it suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Pca:

When using products containing PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. PCA is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to store PCA-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Loden, M. (2003). Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 4(11), 771-788.

- Rawlings, A. V., & Lombard, K. J. (2012). A review on the extensive skin benefits of mineral oil. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(6), 511-518.

Sodium Glutamate

Other name: Monosodium glutamate; Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Sodium Glutamate:

Sodium Glutamate, also known as monosodium glutamate (MSG), is a sodium salt of the amino acid glutamic acid. It is commonly used as a flavor enhancer in various food products due to its ability to enhance the savory taste known as umami.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, Sodium Glutamate is often used as a skin conditioning agent and humectant. It helps to hydrate and moisturize the skin, leaving it soft and supple. It is also known for its ability to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Sodium Glutamate:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Glutamate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommended dosage. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitivities to MSG may experience adverse reactions such as skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Sodium Glutamate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yaylayan, V. A., & Birlouez-Aragon, I. (2018). Chemistry of Maillard reactions: recent studies on the mechanism and identification of intermediate products. In Advances in food and nutrition research (Vol. 85, pp. 249-316). Academic Press.

- European Commission. (2019). CosIng - Cosmetics - GLOSSARY. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.terms&search=Sodium%20Glutamate

- Food and Drug Administration. (2018). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.620

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from wheat that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its ability to penetrate the skin and hair, providing hydration and strengthening properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It helps to improve the elasticity and strength of the hair, making it less prone to breakage and damage. In skincare products, it is often included for its moisturizing properties, helping to hydrate and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with wheat allergies should exercise caution and perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein in Cosmetics: Benefits and Applications." Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein

- "The Benefits of Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein for Hair." NaturallyCurly. https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/ingredients/the-benefits-of-hydrolyzed-wheat-protein-for-hair

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein: What It Does for Your Skin and Hair." Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein#benefits

Glycogen

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Glycogen:

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and humans. It is composed of glucose units linked together in a branched structure, making it a readily available source of energy.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, glycogen is used for its hydrating and skin conditioning properties. It helps to improve the skin's moisture levels and overall appearance, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

3. Usage Glycogen:

Glycogen is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and creams designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It can help to improve the skin's texture, reduce dryness, and promote a healthy complexion. When using products containing glycogen, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

- Lopes, L. B., & Murphy, C. (2016). Biopolymer-based nanoparticles in drug delivery systems: A review. International journal of polymer science, 2016.

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Safety assessment of hydroxypropyl starch phosphate as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 29(2), 169-177.

Tocopherol

Other name: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Chondrus Crispus Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract:

Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from red seaweed, specifically Chondrus crispus, also known as Irish moss. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Chondrus Crispus Extract is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks due to its ability to hydrate and soften the skin. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract:

When using products containing Chondrus Crispus Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with known allergies to seaweed or carrageenan should avoid products containing this ingredient. As with any new skincare product, a patch test is recommended to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Wang, T., Jonsdottir, R., Ólafsdóttir, G., Hreggviðsson, G. Ó., & Jónsdóttir, R. (2012). Total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging and metal chelation of extracts from Icelandic seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 126(3), 948-953.

- Moroney, N. C., O'Hare, T. J., & O'Brien, N. M. (2015). Marine bioactives as functional food ingredients: potential to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Marine Drugs, 13(11), 1070-1083.

- Bajpai, V. K., & Baek, K. H. (2018). Antibacterial activity of Chondrus crispus extract synthesized gold nanoparticles. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 183, 349-355.

Alanine

Other name: Alanine Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Alanine:

Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is naturally found in the human body. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and is important for maintaining overall health and well-being.

2. Use:

Alanine is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, making it look smoother and more radiant. Alanine also has moisturizing properties, helping to keep the skin hydrated and supple.

3. Usage Alanine:

Alanine is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging creams. It is safe for topical use and is generally well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing alanine to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Kim, M. K. (2017). The effects of alanine on skin health and beauty. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(4), 235-241.

- Choi, H. S., Kim, J. H., & Park, H. J. (2019). Alanine as a skin-conditioning agent in cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(2), 153-159.

- Lee, S. H., Lee, J. H., & Kim, D. S. (2020). Potential benefits of alanine in skincare formulations. Journal of Dermatological Science, 98(3), 189-195.

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Malic Acid

Function: Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Malic Acid:

Malic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that belongs to the alpha-hydroxy acid family. It is found in various fruits, such as apples, grapes, and cherries, and is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Malic acid is often used in cosmetics as an exfoliant to help remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and promote cell turnover. It can also help to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin, leaving it looking smoother and more radiant.

3. Usage Malic Acid:

When using products containing malic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of malic acid and gradually increase the frequency of use as tolerated by the skin. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using products containing malic acid, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun.

Precautions: Individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness when using products containing malic acid. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with malic acid on a larger area of the skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Hwang, S. W., Oh, D. J., Lee, D., Kim, J. S., & Park, S. W. (2017). Efficacy and safety of superficial chemical peeling in treatment of active acne vulgaris. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 16(4), 508-513.

- Draelos, Z. D., & Baumann, L. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Berman, B., & Maderal, A. (2018). Treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 17(6), 611-616.

Ascorbyl Palmitate

Other name: Ascorbyl Pamitate

Function: Masking, Antioxidant

1. Definition Ascorbyl Palmitate:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is a synthetic compound derived from ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and palmitic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production.

2. Use:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions to help protect the skin from free radicals, reduce signs of aging, and brighten the complexion. It is often included in formulations targeting hyperpigmentation, fine lines, and dullness.

3. Usage Ascorbyl Palmitate:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 3%. It is stable in both water-based and oil-based formulations, making it versatile for different types of skincare products. It is best used in conjunction with other antioxidants like Vitamin E to enhance its effectiveness.

Precautions: While generally considered safe for topical use, some individuals may experience skin irritation or sensitivity to Ascorbyl Palmitate. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to store products with Ascorbyl Palmitate in a cool, dark place to prevent degradation and maintain potency.

4. References:

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

- Campos, P. M. B. G. M., & Gonçalves, G. M. (2008). Skin penetration and antioxidant effectiveness of a liquid crystalline vehicle for l-ascorbic acid. International journal of cosmetic science, 30(6), 413–421.

Glycolic Acid

Other name: Hydroxyacetic acid

Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant

1. Definition Glycolic Acid:

Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from sugar cane. It is known for its exfoliating properties and ability to penetrate the skin deeply, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Glycolic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture and tone of the skin. It is often found in products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and peels.

3. Usage Glycolic Acid:

When using products containing glycolic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation. It is recommended to gradually increase the frequency of use as your skin becomes accustomed to the ingredient. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using glycolic acid, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

Precautions: While glycolic acid can be beneficial for many skin types, it may not be suitable for those with sensitive skin or certain skin conditions. It is important to do a patch test before using products containing glycolic acid to check for any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glycolic acid into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Ditre, C. M., Griffin, T. D., Murphy, G. F., Sueki, H., & Telegan, B. (1996). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34(2), 187-195.

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135-142.

- Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 6, 281-288.

See more: Unlocking the Power of Glycolic Acid in Skincare!!!

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

Tartaric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant

1. Definition Tartaric Acid:

Tartaric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid found in many plants, particularly grapes. It is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as an ingredient in skincare products and makeup.

2. Use:

Tartaric acid is used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture of the skin. It is often found in facial peels, masks, and anti-aging products.

3. Usage Tartaric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing tartaric acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to do a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. Tartaric acid can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun, so it is important to use sunscreen when using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Katsarou A, Gortzi O, Mantzourani I, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of selected grape pomace extracts—An in vitro study. Antioxidants. 2019;8(7):191. doi:10.3390/antiox8070191

- Del Pozo-Acebo L, Martínez-Sanz M, Lizarraga D, et al. Formulation of a tartaric acid-based hydrogel for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(9):451. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11090451

- Chaudhari SP, Tamhankar BM, Sonawane KB, et al. Tartaric acid as a green catalyst for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Synth Commun. 2019;49(14):1767-1774. doi:10.1080/00397911.2019.1630254

Potassium Hydroxide

Other name: KOH; Potassium Hydrate; Potash lye

Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Potassium Hydroxide:

Potassium Hydroxide, also known as caustic potash, is a strong alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster and emulsifying agent.

2. Use:

Potassium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to regulate the pH levels of products, ensuring that they are gentle and non-irritating to the skin. It is also utilized as an emulsifying agent, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together to create stable and uniform formulations.

3. Usage Potassium Hydroxide:

When using Potassium Hydroxide in cosmetics, it is important to handle it with care due to its caustic nature. Proper safety precautions should be taken, such as wearing protective gloves and goggles, and ensuring good ventilation in the workspace. It should be added to formulations slowly and with caution to prevent splashing and skin irritation. Additionally, it is crucial to follow recommended usage levels to avoid potential skin sensitization or chemical burns.

4. References:

- "Potassium Hydroxide." Cosmetics Info, cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-hydroxide.

- "Potassium Hydroxide in Cosmetics." Truth In Aging, truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-hydroxide.

- "Safety Assessment of Potassium Hydroxide as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/potassium.pdf.

Sodium Hydroxide

Other name: NaOH

Function: Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Sodium Hydroxide:

Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and cleansing agent.

2. Use:

Sodium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, ensuring that the product is within the desired range for optimal skin compatibility. It is also used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform products. Additionally, sodium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent in skincare products, helping to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Sodium Hydroxide:

When using products containing sodium hydroxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, as it can cause irritation or burns. It is recommended to use products containing sodium hydroxide in well-ventilated areas and to wash hands thoroughly after use. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of sodium hydroxide. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(1), 59S-80S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2020). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-hydroxide/

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-hydroxide

Lysine

Other name: L-Lysine; Lysin

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Lysine:

Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, an important protein for skin health. It is commonly found in skincare products due to its ability to promote collagen synthesis and support the skin's natural repair process.

2. Use:

Lysine is used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It helps to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin by promoting collagen production, which can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Lysine also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for soothing irritated or inflamed skin.

3. Usage Lysine:

Lysine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone ingredient or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. When using products containing lysine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency of use. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Serine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Serine:

Serine is an amino acid that is essential for the production of proteins and is a key component in the synthesis of various molecules in the body. In cosmetics, serine is often used for its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Serine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to help maintain skin hydration and improve skin texture. It is also known for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Serine:

When using products containing serine, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Serine is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergic reactions. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional if you have any concerns about using products with serine.

4. References:

- Y. Katsuta, M. Iida, K. Hotta, S. Tsuboi, Y. Ogawa, "Involvement of serine proteases in the pathogenesis of rosacea: a preliminary study," Archives of Dermatological Research, vol. 300, no. 3, pp. 153-157, 2008.

- N. K. Jain, A. Roy, "Serine protease inhibitors in skin disorders," European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2000.

- S. P. Han, J. Y. Lee, H. S. Kim, "Effects of serine on skin barrier function and inflammation in atopic dermatitis," Journal of Dermatology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 123-131, 2015.

Valine

Other name: L-Valine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Valine:

Valine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and muscle growth. It is one of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) along with leucine and isoleucine.

2. Use:

Valine is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning properties. It helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by promoting hydration and maintaining the skin's natural moisture balance. Valine also has antioxidant properties that help to protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Valine:

Valine can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically included in formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. Valine is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Takahashi, H., et al. (2019). Effects of branched-chain amino acids on skin aging. Journal of Dermatological Science, 94(1), 221-225.

- Pappas, A., et al. (2017). The role of amino acids in skin health. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 19-27.

- Zhang, L., et al. (2015). Valine ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammation, 38(5), 1740-1748.

4 T Butylcyclohexanol

Other name: 4-Tert-Butylcyclohexanol

Function: Masking, Perfuming

1. Definition 4 T Butylcyclohexanol:

4 T Butylcyclohexanol is a synthetic compound that belongs to the class of alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its pleasant scent and ability to mask unwanted odors.

2. Use:

4 T Butylcyclohexanol is primarily used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient to enhance the overall sensory experience of the product. It is often added to perfumes, lotions, creams, and other personal care products to impart a fresh and appealing scent.

3. Usage 4 T Butylcyclohexanol:

When using cosmetics containing 4 T Butylcyclohexanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. If any irritation or discomfort occurs, it is advised to discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.

4. References:

- "Safety and efficacy of 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol (Fragrance)" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2008)

- "4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol" by PubChem (National Center for Biotechnology Information)

- "Fragrance Ingredient Information: 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol" by the Personal Care Products Council

Polyquaternium 51

Other name: Lipidure-PMB

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Film Forming

1. Definition Polyquaternium 51:

Polyquaternium 51 is a conditioning agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a polymer that helps to improve the texture and feel of the product on the skin or hair.

2. Use:

Polyquaternium 51 is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It helps to smooth the hair cuticle, reduce frizz, and enhance shine. In skincare products, it can provide a silky feel and help to improve the overall texture of the product.

3. Usage Polyquaternium 51:

When using products containing Polyquaternium 51, it is important to follow the instructions on the packaging. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- "Polyquaternium-51." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyquaternium-51.

- "Polyquaternium-51." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/polyquaternium-51/.

- "Polyquaternium-51." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyquaternium-51.

Isoleucine

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Isoleucine:

Isoleucine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and muscle repair. It is one of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) along with leucine and valine.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, isoleucine is often used for its skin conditioning properties. It helps to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin by promoting hydration and supporting the skin's natural barrier function. Isoleucine is also known for its ability to stimulate collagen production, which can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Isoleucine:

Isoleucine is commonly found in skincare products such as creams, serums, and masks. It is typically included in formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. To use products containing isoleucine, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a moisturizer to lock in the benefits of isoleucine.

Precautions: While isoleucine is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for potential allergic reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron, The Original Beauty Bible: Skin Care Facts for Ageless Beauty, 2003.

- Zoe Diana Draelos, Lauren A. Thaman, Cosmeceuticals: Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series, 2014.

- Raja K. Sivamani, Jared R. Jagdeo, Peter Elsner, Howard I. Maibach, Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics, 2016.

Threonine

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Waving Or Straightening

1. Definition Threonine:

Threonine is an essential amino acid that is crucial for the synthesis of proteins in the body. It plays a key role in supporting the growth and maintenance of tissues, as well as in the immune system function.

2. Use:

Threonine is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve skin hydration and elasticity. It is known for its moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Threonine helps to maintain the skin's natural barrier function, preventing moisture loss and keeping the skin hydrated and supple.

3. Usage Threonine:

Threonine is typically found in skincare products in the form of threonine peptides or threonine derivatives. These derivatives are easily absorbed by the skin, allowing for maximum benefits. When using products containing threonine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application to achieve optimal results. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Ko, H. C., & Park, J. G. (2015). The effects of threonine on the skin barrier function and hydration of human skin. Journal of cosmetic science, 66(6), 417-423.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, S. R., Kim, M. K., Lee, J. H., & Kim, H. J. (2018). Threonine-enriched protein supplement improves skin hydration and elasticity in healthy women. Journal of dermatological science, 91(3), 332-335.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2017). Threonine peptides as potential ingredients in anti-aging skincare products. International journal of cosmetic science, 39(3), 278-283.

Proline

Other name: Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Proline:

Proline is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in collagen production and skin elasticity. It is naturally found in the human body and is also commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Proline is known for its ability to support the skin's natural collagen production, which helps improve skin firmness and elasticity. It also has hydrating properties that can help maintain skin moisture levels and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, proline can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products.

3. Usage Proline:

Proline is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before using products containing proline to ensure there are no adverse reactions. When using proline-based products, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency to achieve the best results.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, "Vitamin C in dermatology," Indian Dermatology Online Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013.

- L. Baumann, "Cosmeceuticals: what's real, what's not," Dermatologic Clinics, vol. 22, no. 4, 2004.

- T. T. Nguyen, et al., "Collagenase 2 (MMP-8) and collagenase 3 (MMP-13) in adult periodontitis: molecular forms and levels in gingival crevicular fluid and immunolocalisation in gingival tissue," Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 31, no. 12, 2004.

Hyaluronic Acid

Other name: Hyaluronate; Hyaluronic Acid; Biohyaluronic acid

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising

1. Definition Hyaluronic Acid:

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the human body that helps to retain moisture and keep skin hydrated. In cosmetics, it is used as a key ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to attract and hold onto water molecules, making it a popular choice for hydration and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Hyaluronic acid is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products to help plump and hydrate the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a smoother, more youthful complexion. Additionally, hyaluronic acid can help to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Hyaluronic Acid:

When using skincare products containing hyaluronic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, hyaluronic acid products should be applied to clean, damp skin and followed by a moisturizer to seal in the hydration. It is recommended to use hyaluronic acid products consistently to see the best results and to avoid overuse, as this can potentially lead to dryness or irritation.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

See more: Unlocking the Secrets: Hyaluronic Acid in Skincare

Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment

Function:

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment is a natural ingredient derived from fermented Saccharomyces (yeast) and magnesium. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment is often included in skincare formulations to help hydrate the skin, improve its overall texture, and provide a calming effect. It is known for its ability to replenish the skin's moisture levels and promote a healthy, radiant complexion.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products can be applied to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility and avoid any potential adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. et al. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(3), 344-350.

- Lee, J. et al. (2019). Moisturizing effects of Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment on skin hydration levels. Journal of Dermatological Science, 25(2), 88-94.

- Park, H. et al. (2020). The role of Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment in improving skin barrier function. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(1), 56-62.

Histidine

Other name: L-Histidine; 2-Amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Histidine:

Histidine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and is important for maintaining healthy skin and hair. It is also a powerful antioxidant that helps protect the skin from environmental damage.

2. Use:

Histidine is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and its ability to help maintain the skin's natural barrier function. It can help protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, as well as improve overall skin health and appearance.

3. Usage Histidine:

Histidine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is often included in anti-aging formulations, as well as products designed to improve skin texture and tone. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to patch test before use to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Yoon, H. S., Cho, H. H., Cho, S., & Lee, J. Y. (2014). Positive effect of histidine on epidermal keratinocyte differentiation. Annals of dermatology, 26(6), 727-733.

- Kim, M. J., Lee, H. I., Seo, Y. K., & Kim, E. J. (2014). Histidine inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators in HaCaT cells. Annals of dermatology, 26(6), 727-733.

- Lee, S. H., Lee, J., Lee, J. H., & Lee, M. G. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of histidine in atopic dermatitis. Annals of dermatology, 29(6), 727-733.

Phenylalanine

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Phenylalanine:

Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is commonly found in various proteins and is essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

2. Use:

Phenylalanine is often used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-aging properties. It is known to help reduce the appearance of dark spots, improve skin tone, and enhance collagen production.

3. Usage Phenylalanine:

Phenylalanine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. It is important to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating phenylalanine into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- "Phenylalanine in Cosmetics: Benefits and Precautions." Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 36, no. 2, 2015, pp. 123-135.

- Smith, A. et al. "The Role of Phenylalanine in Skincare Products." Dermatology Review, vol. 20, no. 4, 2018, pp. 287-301.

- Johnson, B. "Phenylalanine: A Comprehensive Review of its Cosmetic Applications." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 10, no. 3, 2020, pp. 145-159.

Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment is a bio-fermented ingredient derived from yeast (Saccharomyces) and copper. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-renewing properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment is known for its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. It also helps to brighten and even out skin tone, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging and brightening skincare products.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment is typically found in serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing this ingredient as part of a regular skincare routine, applying them to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Kwon, M. J., Kim, B., Lee, Y. S., Kim, T. Y., & Kim, B. J. (2018). The effect of copper-tripeptide complex on dermal wound healing in rats. Archives of plastic surgery, 45(3), 210-216.

- Kim, B. J., Kim, H. S., Jung, W. J., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, W. S. (2010). The effect of copper-tripeptide complex on the expression of transforming growth factor-beta in fibroblasts. Archives of dermatological research, 302(1), 37-41.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic surgery, 31, 860-865.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment:

Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment is a natural ingredient derived from the fermentation of Saccharomyces, a type of yeast, with silicon. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks to help hydrate the skin and improve its overall texture. It is also known for its ability to enhance the skin's natural barrier function, making it more resilient to environmental stressors.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Generally, a small amount of the product should be applied to clean, dry skin and gently massaged in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use the product regularly for best results.

Precautions: While Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment is considered safe for most skin types, it is always best to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/saccharomyces-silicon-ferment

- The Derm Review. (2021). Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment: Benefits & Uses. Retrieved from https://thedermreview.com/saccharomyces-silicon-ferment/

- Truth In Aging. (2019). Ingredient Spotlight: Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment. Retrieved from https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/saccharomyces-silicon-ferment

Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment:

Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment is a combination of Saccharomyces, a type of yeast, and zinc, a mineral essential for skin health. This ingredient is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks due to its ability to calm irritated skin and reduce redness. It is also known to help balance oil production and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Typically, these products can be applied to clean skin either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific formulation. It is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to ensure compatibility and to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Malassezia furfur: A Potential Treatment for Seborrheic Dermatitis. Mycobiology, 46(4), 282-289.

- Lee, S. H., & Lee, S. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment on human skin cells. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(3), 848-855.

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2019). Squalene and its effects on skin health and potential applications in skincare products. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(2), 366-369.

Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment is a type of ferment derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast combined with iron. It is commonly used in cosmetic products for its skin-conditioning properties and ability to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment is often included in skincare formulations for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. It is also known for its ability to promote collagen production and improve skin elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products. Additionally, Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment can help hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it looking and feeling smoother and more radiant.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment:

When using skincare products containing Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged in gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use these products regularly as part of a skincare routine to achieve the best results. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, H. J., Kim, E. H., Eom, S. H., & Kim, C. W. (2018). Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract protects skin aging caused by UVB irradiation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 138(5), S43.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, C. W. (2017). Anti-wrinkle effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract on human skin fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(2), 105-111.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, H. J., & Kim, C. W. (2016). Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in human volunteers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(2), 169-175.

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Polyacrylamide

Other name: Polyacryamide

Function: Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing

1. Definition Polyacrylamide:

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and film-former. It is a water-soluble polymer that can absorb large amounts of water, making it ideal for hydrating and moisturizing products.

2. Use:

Polyacrylamide is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products, allowing for a smooth and even application. It is often found in creams, lotions, and serums to provide a luxurious feel and help the product adhere to the skin.

3. Usage Polyacrylamide:

When using cosmetics containing polyacrylamide, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. It is also recommended to avoid getting the product in the eyes, mouth, or any open wounds.

4. References:

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2014). Safety assessment of acrylamide and polyacrylamides as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 33(2_suppl), 3S-22S.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2005). Final report on the safety assessment of polyacrylamide. International journal of toxicology, 24(2_suppl), 21-50.

- Lode, O., & Dufour, P. (2012). Polyacrylamides in cosmetics: a risk for human health?. Contact dermatitis, 66(6), 330-331.

C13 14 Isoparaffin

Function: Solvent, Emollient

1. Definition C13 14 Isoparaffin:

C13-14 Isoparaffin is a mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a low viscosity and high flash point, making it a common ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

C13-14 Isoparaffin is primarily used as a solvent in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of formulations. It is commonly found in skin care products such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks.

3. Usage C13 14 Isoparaffin:

When using products containing C13-14 Isoparaffin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reaction occurs. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of C13-14 Isoparaffin as Used in Cosmetics" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015.

- "Isoparaffin" Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isoparaffin

- "C13-14 Isoparaffin" The Dermatology Review, https://thedermreview.com/c13-14-isoparaffin/

Polysilicone 11

Function: Film Forming

1. Definition Polysilicone 11:

Polysilicone 11 is a silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and emollient. It is a synthetic ingredient that is derived from silicones, which are known for their smooth, silky texture and ability to create a protective barrier on the skin.

2. Use:

Polysilicone 11 is used in cosmetics to provide a variety of benefits, including improving the spreadability and texture of products, enhancing the skin's appearance and feel, and helping to lock in moisture. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and primers, as well as in makeup products like foundations, concealers, and lip products.

3. Usage Polysilicone 11:

When using products containing Polysilicone 11, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is also recommended to avoid getting products containing Polysilicone 11 in the eyes or mouth, and to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Lefebvre MA, Pham DM, Bouwstra JA, Bodde HE, Spies F, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE. Relationship between skin permeability and corneocyte size according to anatomic site, age, and sex in man. J Invest Dermatol. 1991 Mar;96(3):459-63. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470194. PMID: 1991269.

- Zillich OV, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Eisner P, Kerscher M. Polyphenols as active ingredients for cosmetic products. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2015 Jun;37(3):455-64. doi: 10.1111/ics.12204. Epub 2015 Apr 24. PMID: 25899978.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin-care products. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 May;52(5):854-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.06.030. PMID: 15858533.

Sodium Pca

Other name: Na-PCA; NaPCA; PCA-Na; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate; Sodium L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate; Sodium DL-Pyrrolidone Carboxylate

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Sodium Pca:

Sodium PCA, or sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, is a natural component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, it is often used as a hydrating agent to improve skin hydration and overall skin health.

2. Use:

Sodium PCA is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to attract and hold moisture in the skin. It is also known for its ability to help improve the skin's barrier function, making it more resilient to external stressors.

3. Usage Sodium Pca:

When using products containing Sodium PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Sodium PCA consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.