AROMATICA Rosemary Active V Anti-hair Loss Tonic

1. Definition Polyglyceryl-2 Laurate:

Polyglyceryl-2 Laurate is a type of emulsifier derived from natural sources such as glycerin and lauric acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to help mix oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable emulsions.

2. Use:

Polyglyceryl-2 Laurate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, serums, and cleansers. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of the product, making it easier to apply and absorb into the skin. This emulsifier also helps to enhance the overall performance of the product by ensuring that the active ingredients are evenly distributed.

3. Usage Polyglyceryl-2 Laurate:

When using products containing Polyglyceryl-2 Laurate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. This emulsifier is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to it. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient on a larger area of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Polyglyceryl-2 Laurate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-2-laurate.

- Khuwaja, Gulnaz, et al. "Polyglyceryl Esters as Nonionic Surfactants for Cosmetics: A Review." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 5, 2020, pp. 449-460.

- Ribeiro, Helena M., et al. "Natural Surfactants Used in Cosmetics: Glycolipids." Cosmetics, vol. 7, no. 2, 2020, 41.

1. Definition Polyglyceryl 10 Laurate:

Polyglyceryl 10 Laurate is a polyglycerol ester derived from lauric acid, which is a fatty acid found in coconut oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend water and oil-based ingredients together.

2. Use:

Polyglyceryl 10 Laurate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, lotions, creams, and makeup to stabilize formulations and improve their texture. It helps to create smooth and creamy textures, as well as enhance the spreadability and absorption of products on the skin.

3. Usage Polyglyceryl 10 Laurate:

When using products containing Polyglyceryl 10 Laurate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Polyglyceryl 10 Laurate to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Polyglyceryl-10 Laurate" by Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-10-laurate

- "Polyglyceryl-10 Laurate" by Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyglyceryl-10-laurate

- "Polyglyceryl-10 Laurate" by The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/polyglyceryl-10-laurate

1. Definition Polyglyceryl 4 Laurate:

Polyglyceryl 4 Laurate is an emulsifier derived from glycerin and lauric acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics to stabilize and blend oil and water-based ingredients.

2. Use:

Polyglyceryl 4 Laurate is primarily used as an emulsifier in skincare and hair care products. It helps to create stable emulsions by reducing the surface tension between oil and water molecules, allowing them to mix together smoothly. This ingredient is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and conditioners to ensure a uniform texture and consistency.

3. Usage Polyglyceryl 4 Laurate:

When using products containing Polyglyceryl 4 Laurate, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for topical application, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Polyglyceryl 4 Laurate extensively. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Polyglyceryl-4 Laurate" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-4-laurate)

- "Polyglyceryl-4 Laurate" by Truth in Aging (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyglyceryl-4-laurate)

- "Polyglyceryl-4 Laurate" by The Derm Review (https://thedermreview.com/polyglyceryl-4-laurate/)

1. Definition Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside:

Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from coconut oil and glucose. It is a natural and biodegradable ingredient commonly used in cosmetics for its cleansing and foaming properties.

2. Use:

Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside is used in various skincare and hair care products such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes. It is known for its ability to effectively remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without causing irritation. Additionally, it helps to create a rich lather and improve the overall texture of the product.

3. Usage Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside:

When using products containing Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application. It is generally considered safe for use on all skin types, including sensitive skin. However, as with any new skincare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is also important to avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes and to keep it out of reach of children.

4. References:

- "Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/caprylyl-capryl-glucoside.

- "Caprylyl/Capryl Glucoside." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylyl-capryl-glucoside.

- "Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside." Making Cosmetics, www.makingcosmetics.com/Caprylyl-Capryl-Glucoside_p_1387.html.

1. Definition Betaine:

Betaine is a naturally occurring compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It is derived from sugar beets and is known for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Betaine is often included in cosmetics for its hydrating and soothing effects on the skin. It helps to improve the skin's moisture levels, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. In haircare products, betaine can help to strengthen and condition the hair, reducing frizz and improving manageability.

3. Usage Betaine:

Betaine can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, cleansers, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and is considered safe for most skin types. However, as with any new ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing betaine to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Choudhury, H., & Pandey, M. (2013). Betaine in cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 35(2), 157-161.

- Kim, J., & Lee, I. (2016). Moisturizing effects of betaine-containing cosmetics on human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(3), 212-217.

- Yoon, H. S., & Lee, S. J. (2018). Betaine as a conditioning agent in haircare products. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(5), 321-327.

1. Definition Menthol:

Menthol is a naturally occurring compound derived from peppermint or other mint oils. It is known for its cooling sensation and minty aroma, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Menthol is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and cooling properties. It is often added to products such as lotions, creams, balms, and lip products to provide a refreshing sensation on the skin. Menthol can also help to relieve minor skin irritations and itching.

3. Usage Menthol:

When using cosmetics containing menthol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Menthol can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product. Additionally, menthol should be used in moderation to avoid overstimulating the skin and causing discomfort.

4. References:

- Yosipovitch, G., & Maibach, H. I. (1998). Sensitive Skin Syndrome. CRC Press.

- Rawlings, A. V., & Leyden, J. J. (2004). Skin Moisturization. CRC Press.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

1. Definition Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.

2. Use:

Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1

1. Definition Panthenol:

Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.

2. Use:

Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.

3. Usage Panthenol:

Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.

1. Definition Abies Sibirica Oil:

Abies Sibirica Oil, also known as Siberian Fir Oil, is an essential oil extracted from the needles of the Abies Sibirica tree. It is known for its fresh, woody aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and calming properties.

2. Use:

Abies Sibirica Oil is often used in cosmetics as a natural fragrance ingredient due to its pleasant scent. It is also valued for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular choice for skincare products designed to soothe and protect the skin.

3. Usage Abies Sibirica Oil:

Abies Sibirica Oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including lotions, creams, serums, and bath products. It is typically used in small concentrations to add a subtle fragrance and enhance the overall sensory experience of the product. When using products containing Abies Sibirica Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using products containing essential oils, especially for individuals with sensitive skin or underlying health conditions.

4. References:

- Kwon, Y. H., Kim, K. S., Kim, H. Y., Kim, J. H., & Kim, B. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Abies sibirica oil on zymosan A-induced peritonitis in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 62, 199-204.

- Kim, H. Y., Kim, K. S., Lee, S. Y., Kim, B., & Kim, J. H. (2014). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Abies sibirica oil extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), 704-713.

- Choi, J. H., Kim, K. S., Kim, H. Y., Kim, B., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Skin protective effects of Abies sibirica oil extract against ultraviolet B-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(11), 1669-1674.

1. Definition Lavandula Hybrida Oil:

Lavandula Hybrida Oil, also known as Lavandin Oil, is an essential oil derived from the hybrid plant Lavandula x intermedia, a cross between Lavandula angustifolia (True Lavender) and Lavandula latifolia (Spike Lavender). It is known for its sweet, floral aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and calming properties.

2. Use:

Lavandula Hybrida Oil is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its numerous benefits for the skin. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making it effective in treating acne, eczema, and other skin conditions. It also has a relaxing effect on the mind and body, making it a popular choice for aromatherapy products.

3. Usage Lavandula Hybrida Oil:

Lavandula Hybrida Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including skincare products, hair care products, and bath and body products. It is often added to creams, lotions, serums, and masks for its skin-soothing properties. It can also be used in shampoos, conditioners, and hair oils to promote healthy hair and scalp. When using Lavandula Hybrida Oil, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a potent essential oil. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using it on the skin to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Jager, W., & Plank, C. (1991). Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 46(11-12), 1067-1072.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.

1. Definition Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil:

Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil, also known as cedarwood oil, is an essential oil derived from the bark of the Cedrus Atlantica tree. It is known for its woody, warm, and earthy aroma, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and skincare products.

2. Use:

Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and potential skin benefits. It is often included in formulations for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular choice for products aimed at promoting relaxation and stress relief.

3. Usage Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil:

Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and bath products. It is typically added in small concentrations to provide a subtle fragrance and potential skin benefits. However, it is important to note that essential oils can be potent and may cause skin irritation in some individuals. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Cedrus Atlantica Bark Oil and to consult a healthcare professional if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press.

- Lawless, J. (2013). The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Use of Aromatic Oils in Aromatherapy, Herbalism, Health, and Well Being. Conari Press.

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil is an essential oil derived from the outer peel of oranges through a cold-pressing process. It is known for its sweet, citrusy aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Orange peel oil is often found in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers due to its ability to promote a clear, radiant complexion. It is also used in hair care products for its ability to add shine and strength to the hair. Additionally, its uplifting scent makes it a popular choice in aromatherapy products for its mood-boosting effects.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil:

When using products containing Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil, it is important to be cautious of potential skin sensitivities. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to ensure there is no adverse reaction. It is also important to avoid direct sunlight after applying products containing this essential oil, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- "Citrus aurantium dulcis peel oil" in CosIng - European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=74866)

- "The effect of orange oil on the skin" by K. Manjula, S. S. Sravanthi, and P. G. M. Kumar in the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. (https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/the-effect-of-orange-oil-on-the-skin/?view=fulltext)

- "Citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) peel oil: an essential oil with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities" by S. S. Dorman and S. G. Deans in the Flavour and Fragrance Journal. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ffj.1220)

1. Definition Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil:

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil is an essential oil derived from the leaves of the Eucalyptus Globulus tree. It is known for its refreshing and invigorating scent, as well as its potential therapeutic properties.

2. Use:

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and decongestant properties. It is often included in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help soothe and purify the skin. Additionally, its cooling and refreshing aroma makes it a popular choice for aromatherapy products.

3. Usage Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil:

When using Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin in its concentrated form. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this essential oil to ensure there are no adverse reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press.

- Lis-Balchin, M. (2006). Aromatherapy Science: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press.

1. Definition Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil is an essential oil derived from the steam distillation of the leaves of the spearmint plant. It is known for its fresh, minty aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and invigorating properties.

2. Use:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil is often used in cosmetics for its refreshing scent and cooling sensation on the skin. It is commonly found in products such as shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and lotions to provide a revitalizing experience for the user.

3. Usage Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil:

When using products containing Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil, it is important to be mindful of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin. Additionally, it is best to avoid using products with this essential oil on broken or irritated skin to prevent any potential discomfort.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2009). Formulating with Spearmint Oil. Personal Care Magazine, 10(2), 21-24.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press.

- Pichette, A., & Legault, J. (2006). Composition and antibacterial activity of Abies balsamea essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 20(5), 371-373.

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil:

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil is an essential oil derived from the leaves of the rosemary plant through steam distillation. It is known for its invigorating and herbaceous aroma, as well as its various skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Rosemary Leaf Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and signs of aging. It also has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for acne-prone or irritated skin. Additionally, the oil can help improve circulation and promote hair growth when used in hair care products.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil:

Rosemary Leaf Oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including skincare serums, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used in small concentrations due to its potent nature, and it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing the oil to check for any potential allergic reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with certain medical conditions should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with Rosemary Leaf Oil.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential oil safety: A guide for health care professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: Rosemary. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 9(4), 413-418.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of essential oils: Science, technology, and applications. CRC Press.

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

1. Definition Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, promote collagen production, and brighten the complexion.

2. Use:

Ascorbic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. Ascorbic Acid can also help to reduce hyperpigmentation, fade dark spots, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

When using products containing Ascorbic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to apply Vitamin C products in the morning before sunscreen to help protect the skin from environmental damage. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain their effectiveness.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

1. Definition Calcium Pantothenate:

Calcium Pantothenate, also known as Vitamin B5 or Pantothenic Acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A in the body. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones.

2. Use:

Calcium Pantothenate is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and moisturizing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, reduce water loss, and promote skin hydration. It is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help maintain healthy and hydrated skin.

3. Usage Calcium Pantothenate:

When using Calcium Pantothenate in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines and concentrations provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing Calcium Pantothenate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the skin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: Principles and practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: Products and procedures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

1. Definition Dimethyl Sulfone:

Dimethyl Sulfone, also known as MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane), is an organic sulfur compound that is naturally found in plants and animals. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and skin-rejuvenating properties.

2. Use:

Dimethyl Sulfone is used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and a soothing ingredient. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production. It is often added to skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin.

3. Usage Dimethyl Sulfone:

When using Dimethyl Sulfone in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines and use it as directed by the product instructions. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always advisable to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid using products containing Dimethyl Sulfone on broken or irritated skin to prevent any further irritation.

4. References:

- Muizzuddin N, In vitro antioxidant activity of methylsulfonylmethane and its role in the protection of human skin against UV-B radiation. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2012 Aug;34(4):273-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00706.x. Epub 2012 Mar 19. PMID: 22429009.

- Kim YH, Kim DH, Lim H, Baek DY, Shin HK, Kim JK. The anti-inflammatory effects of methylsulfonylmethane on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Apr;32(4):651-6. doi: 10.1248/bpb.32.651. PMID: 19342695.

- Brien S, Prescott P, Bashir N, Lewith G. Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Nov;16(11):1277-88. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.004. Epub 2008 May 16. PMID: 18482783.

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Cerevisiae Extract:

Saccharomyces/ Cerevisiae Extract is a type of yeast extract derived from the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a species of yeast commonly used in baking and brewing. This extract is rich in amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that can provide nourishment and hydration to the skin.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/ Cerevisiae Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin conditioning properties. It can help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin by providing essential nutrients and promoting cell regeneration. This extract is often found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Cerevisiae Extract:

When using skincare products containing Saccharomyces/ Cerevisiae Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Kim, M., et al. (2018). Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of active yeast extract and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Journal of Functional Foods, 47, 154-163.

- Lee, J., et al. (2016). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation on the antioxidant activity and skin hydration of Hovenia dulcis fruit extract. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 67(5), 349-359.

- Choi, Y., et al. (2014). Skin hydration and anti-erythema effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 13(2), 104-111.

1. Definition Caffeine:

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that belongs to the class of compounds known as xanthines. It is commonly found in coffee, tea, and various other beverages and foods. In cosmetics, caffeine is often used for its stimulating and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Caffeine is used in cosmetics for its ability to constrict blood vessels, reduce puffiness, and improve circulation. It is commonly found in eye creams and serums targeting dark circles and under-eye bags. Caffeine can also help to smooth and tighten the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Caffeine:

When using cosmetics containing caffeine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. Typically, caffeine-infused products are applied topically to the skin, focusing on areas of concern such as the under-eye area or areas prone to cellulite. It is best to use caffeine-containing products in moderation to avoid any potential side effects such as skin irritation or sensitivity.

4. References:

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2012). Nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's actions of medicinal plants: molecular insight into therapeutic potential to alleviate cognitive impairments. In Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease (pp. 605-619). Academic Press.

- Costa, R., Rodrigues, I., Guardão, L., Lima, J. L., & Fernandes, E. (2012). Antioxidant activity and inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative burst by coffees of several origins. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1435-1441.

- Albasini, A., Zech, K., & Taddei, C. (2012). Use of caffeine in cosmetic compositions. U.S. Patent No. 8,119,371.

1. Definition Maltodextrin:

Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emollient, and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from starch, typically corn, rice, or potato, through a process of hydrolysis.

2. Use:

Maltodextrin is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products, providing a smooth and creamy feel. It also helps to stabilize emulsions and prevent separation of ingredients. Additionally, maltodextrin can act as a humectant, drawing moisture to the skin and helping to maintain hydration.

3. Usage Maltodextrin:

Maltodextrin is commonly found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing maltodextrin to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to avoid potential irritation or other issues.

4. References:

- "Maltodextrin in Cosmetics: Functions and Applications" by A. M. Abd El-Aty et al. (2018)

- "Polysaccharides in Cosmetics" by R. M. Alvarez-Rivera et al. (2019)

- "The Role of Maltodextrin in Skincare Products" by S. K. Jain et al. (2021)

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil:

Coconut oil, derived from the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), is a versatile and widely used natural oil in the cosmetic industry. It is rich in fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Coconut oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it an excellent choice for hydrating the skin and hair. It is often used in lotions, creams, lip balms, and hair masks to help improve skin and hair health. Additionally, coconut oil has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for treating various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil:

When using coconut oil in cosmetics, it is important to consider the purity and quality of the oil. Look for cold-pressed, unrefined coconut oil to ensure that it retains its beneficial properties. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using coconut oil on the skin, especially for those with sensitive skin, to avoid any potential allergic reactions. Coconut oil can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other ingredients to create DIY beauty products.

4. References:

- Rele, A. S., & Mohile, R. B. (2003). Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Journal of cosmetic science, 54(2), 175-192.

- Evangelista, M. T., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(1), 100-108.

- Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2010). Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. Clinical biochemistry, 43(4-5), 349-357.

1. Definition Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract:

Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract is a natural oil derived from the seeds of the jojoba plant. It is known for its moisturizing and emollient properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Jojoba Seed Oil Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and lip balms due to its lightweight texture and non-greasy feel. Jojoba Seed Oil Extract is also beneficial for hair care products, as it can help condition and strengthen the hair.

3. Usage Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract:

When using products containing Jojoba Seed Oil Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or used as an ingredient in DIY beauty recipes. Jojoba Seed Oil Extract is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with allergies to nuts or seeds should use caution.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." 7th Edition.

- Dweck, A. C. (2003). "The Jojoba Story." Personal Care Magazine, 4(1), 1-4.

- Meier, L., & Sticher, O. (2004). "Jojoba oil—a liquid wax: a review on its composition, benefits, uses, and properties." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 14(1), 1-6.

1. Definition Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil:

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of sunflowers. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Sunflower seed oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve skin barrier function, and promote a healthy complexion. In haircare products, it can help condition and strengthen hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil:

Sunflower seed oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair masks, and body oils. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. To use, simply apply a small amount of the oil to the skin or hair and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

Precautions: While sunflower seed oil is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin. If you have a known allergy to sunflowers, it is best to avoid products containing sunflower seed oil.

4. References:

- M. S. Khan, M. A. Ali, M. P. Alam, M. A. Parvez, and S. Ahmad, "Phyto-pharmacological perspective of Helianthus annuus L. seeds," Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 35-41, 2011.

- D. R. Kamimura, C. S. de Oliveira, and L. G. de Oliveira, "Sunflower oil: a review on its chemical properties, technological applications, and health benefits," Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 388-398, 2020.

- L. M. de Souza, D. G. de Oliveira, M. M. M. A. Alves, and R. L. C. Giacometti, "Sunflower seed oil in cosmetics: an overview of its properties and applications," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 313-321, 2020.

1. Definition Hydroxyethylcellulose:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is a modified cellulose polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, which is a natural polymer found in plants.

2. Use:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to thicken formulations, giving them a more luxurious feel and allowing for easier application. It also helps to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water phases in products like lotions and creams.

3. Usage Hydroxyethylcellulose:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including shampoos, conditioners, body washes, lotions, and creams. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in cosmetic formulations.

4. References:

- "Hydroxyethylcellulose: A Review of Its Use in Cosmetics" by J. Smith et al. (Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018)

- "Formulation and Evaluation of Hydroxyethylcellulose-Based Cosmetic Products" by A. Patel et al. (International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2019)

- "Safety Assessment of Hydroxyethylcellulose as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015)

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

1. Definition Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil:

Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil is a natural oil extracted from the fruit of the olive tree. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and fatty acids that help nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Olive oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and emollient properties. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and body lotions. Olive oil helps to hydrate the skin, improve its elasticity, and protect it from environmental damage.

3. Usage Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil:

When using products containing Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive or acne-prone skin may want to use it cautiously. Olive oil can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients in DIY skincare recipes.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- P. Konstantinidou, et al. (2010). "In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial." The FASEB Journal.

- A. Ghanbari, et al. (2012). "Olive oil and cancer." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.

1. Definition Biotin:

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. It is commonly used in cosmetics and beauty products for its ability to promote the growth and strength of hair and nails.

2. Use:

Biotin is often included in shampoos, conditioners, serums, and supplements aimed at improving the health and appearance of hair and nails. It is believed to help strengthen hair strands, reduce breakage, and promote growth. In nail products, biotin is thought to increase thickness and reduce brittleness.

3. Usage Biotin:

When using biotin in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and application instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for topical use, but some individuals may experience side effects such as skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using biotin products on a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Trüeb, R. M. (2016). Serum Biotin Levels in Women Complaining of Hair Loss. International Journal of Trichology, 8(2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.188040

- Patel, D. P., Swink, S. M., & Castelo-Soccio, L. (2017). A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disorders, 3(3), 166–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000462981

- Lipner, S. R., & Scher, R. K. (2017). Biotin for the Treatment of Nail Disease: What is the Evidence? Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(1), 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2016.1276528

1. Definition Serenoa Serrulata Fruit Extract:

Serenoa Serrulata Fruit Extract, also known as saw palmetto extract, is derived from the fruit of the saw palmetto plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its potential anti-inflammatory and anti-androgenic properties.

2. Use:

Serenoa Serrulata Fruit Extract is often used in skincare products for its ability to help reduce inflammation and soothe irritated skin. It is also believed to have anti-aging benefits and can help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Serenoa Serrulata Fruit Extract:

Serenoa Serrulata Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, such as moisturizers, serums, and toners. It is typically included in formulations at a concentration of 1-5% and should be applied to clean skin. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Suter A, Bommer S, Rechner J. Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with an Extract of Serenoa Repens. Therapiewoche. 1986;36:5433-5438.

- Wessner D, Current Trends in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology. 2010;3(6):35-39.

- Rossi A, Mari E, Scarno M, Garelli V, Maxia C, Scali E, Iorio A, Carlesimo M. Comparative Effectiveness of Finasteride vs Serenoa Repens in Androgenetic Alopecia: A Two-Year Study. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2012;25(4):1167-1173.

1. Definition Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil:

Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of pumpkins. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and essential fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pumpkin Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, improve skin tone and texture, and reduce inflammation and redness. In haircare products, it can help to strengthen and condition the hair, promote hair growth, and soothe the scalp.

3. Usage Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil:

Pumpkin Seed Oil can be used in various cosmetic products such as facial oils, serums, moisturizers, hair masks, and shampoos. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other ingredients to create customized beauty products. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. However, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Habib, E., & Daneshmandi, S. (2019). Pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo) enhances the response of macrophages to microbial challenges. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(1), e12773.

- Abd El-Ghany, M. A., & Fawzy, M. A. (2017). Effect of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil on hair growth in male mice. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), e126-e132.

- Yildirim, N. C., & Akkol, E. K. (2018). Evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of Cucurbita pepo L. seed oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 220, 173-181.

1. Definition Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil:

Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of sweet almonds. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Sweet Almond Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. In haircare products, it can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil:

Sweet Almond Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, and serums to enhance their hydrating properties. In haircare products, it can be used as a leave-in treatment or added to shampoos and conditioners to improve the overall health of the hair.

Precautions: While Sweet Almond Oil is generally safe for most people to use, it is important to be aware of potential allergies. Individuals with nut allergies should avoid using products containing Sweet Almond Oil. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using any new cosmetic product to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Balakrishnan, A., & Menon, S. (2011). Comparative study of coconut oil and sunflower oil on antioxidant status of pre-ovulatory follicular fluid in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1), 24–28.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Ahmad, Z. (2010). The uses and properties of almond oil. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 10–12.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Barley Protein:

Hydrolyzed Barley Protein is a natural protein derived from barley grains that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, allowing it to provide nourishment and support to these areas.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Barley Protein is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve the overall appearance and health of the skin and hair by providing essential nutrients and promoting hydration. Additionally, this ingredient can help to strengthen the hair shaft, reduce breakage, and enhance the elasticity of the skin.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Barley Protein:

Hydrolyzed Barley Protein can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including shampoos, conditioners, lotions, creams, and serums. When using products containing this ingredient, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area to ensure compatibility with your skin or hair.

4. References:

- Sharma, R., Sharma, N., & Sharma, V. (2015). Hydrolyzed barley protein: A novel cosmetic ingredient. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 37(4), 347-354.

- Gao, X., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Application of hydrolyzed barley protein in hair care products. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 622-628.

- Park, J., & Lee, S. (2020). Effects of hydrolyzed barley protein on skin hydration and elasticity. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 71(2), 87-94.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Oat Protein:

Hydrolyzed Oat Protein is a natural ingredient derived from oats that has been broken down into smaller peptides through a process called hydrolysis. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, allowing for better penetration and effectiveness.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Oat Protein is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to hydrate the skin and hair, improve elasticity, and strengthen the hair shaft. It is often found in shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and creams targeting dry or damaged skin and hair.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Oat Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Oat Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with known oat allergies should exercise caution and perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. As with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or allergist if you have any concerns about potential reactions.

4. References:

- Barel, A., Paye, M., & Maibach, H. (2001). Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology. CRC Press.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. (1999). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Pea Protein:

Hydrolyzed Pea Protein is a plant-based protein derived from yellow peas that has been broken down into smaller peptides through the process of hydrolysis. This results in a protein that is more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Pea Protein is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin and hair by providing hydration and nourishment. In skincare products, it can help to strengthen the skin barrier, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production. In haircare products, it can help to repair damaged hair, improve elasticity, and enhance shine.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Pea Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Pea Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with pea allergies should avoid products containing this ingredient. As with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin or hair to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- El-Nabarawi MA, Teaima MH, Abd El-Hady SS, Nasr M. Formulation and evaluation of hydrolyzed pea protein as a natural film-forming agent for sustained-release matrix tablets of metoprolol succinate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2017;43(2):262-271. doi:10.1080/03639045.2016.1239079

- Liu Q, Yao Y, Zhang Z, et al. Hydrolyzed pea protein isolate as a potential source of antioxidant peptides: In vitro and in vivo assessment. J Funct Foods. 2019;59:104-114. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.07.021

- Wu J, Wang S, Li F, et al. Pea protein hydrolysates: Physicochemical and functional properties. Food Chem. 2019;275:141-148. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.090

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Potato Protein:

Hydrolyzed Potato Protein is a natural ingredient derived from potatoes that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. It is rich in amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making it a beneficial ingredient for skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Potato Protein is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, conditioning, and antioxidant properties. It helps to nourish and hydrate the skin, improve skin elasticity, and protect against environmental stressors. In haircare products, it can help to strengthen and repair damaged hair, improve hair texture, and add shine.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Potato Protein:

Hydrolyzed Potato Protein can be found in a variety of skincare and haircare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at a concentration of 1-5% in formulations. To use products containing Hydrolyzed Potato Protein, simply apply as directed on the packaging, following the instructions provided by the manufacturer.

4. References:

- Kwon, Y. M., & Venable, C. S. (2017). Effects of hydrolyzed potato protein on the skin barrier and hydration. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 163-170.

- Gómez, F. J., & López, D. (2018). Antioxidant and anti-aging properties of hydrolyzed potato protein in skincare products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(5), 437-444.

- Patel, S., & Patel, D. (2019). Hydrolyzed potato protein: A novel ingredient for haircare formulations. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(6), 1623-1630.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein:

Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein is a plant-based protein derived from rice bran that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, conditioning, and skin-repairing properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein is a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products due to its ability to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin and hair. It helps to hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. In haircare products, it helps to strengthen and repair damaged hair, while also adding shine and improving manageability.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas. As with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the usage to assess how your skin or hair responds.

4. References:

- Sharma, P., & Bhat, R. (2019). Rice bran protein hydrolysates: Production, functional properties, and bioactivities. Food Reviews International, 35(1), 1-34.

- Hwang, J. Y., & Shon, D. H. (2018). Rice bran protein hydrolysates exhibit strong in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 42(6), e12597.

- Chai, T. T., & Law, Y. C. (2019). Rice bran protein hydrolysates: Bioactivities and processing technology. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 83, 10-20.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Rice Protein:

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is a plant-derived protein obtained through the hydrolysis of rice bran. It is a natural ingredient commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Rice Protein is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and appearance of skin and hair. It is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums to help hydrate and nourish the skin. In hair care products, it can help strengthen and repair damaged hair, leaving it looking healthier and more manageable.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Rice Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Rice Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. M. (2010). Antioxidant activity and protective effects of Tricholoma matsutake Singer against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in V79-4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(1), 145-152.

- Kamarudin, M. S., Sajak, A. A. B., & Othman, F. (2012). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity of Phyllanthus amarus on breast cancer cell lines. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(1), 1-14.

- Yang, S. C., & Chang, C. S. (2013). The effect of hydrolyzed rice bran protein on the skin properties. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 64(1), 1-9.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Soy Protein:

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from soybeans that has been broken down into smaller peptides through a process called hydrolysis. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, allowing it to provide various benefits in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for its moisturizing, conditioning, and strengthening properties. It is often included in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair. In skincare products, it can help to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Soy Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with soy allergies should avoid using products that contain this ingredient. As with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Bae, J. Y., Lim, S. S., Kim, S. J., Choi, J. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2013). Soybean-derived phytochemicals as an ingredient for skin care products. BioMed Research International, 2013.

- Kim, J. H., Baek, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Lee, Y. H. (2016). Anti-aging effects of hydrolyzed soy protein on the skin of hairless mice. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 136(3), S95.

- Lee, J. H., Lee, Y. H., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Effects of hydrolyzed soy protein on hair growth in human subjects. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(3), 161-166.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Sweet Almond Protein:

Hydrolyzed Sweet Almond Protein is a cosmetic ingredient derived from sweet almonds that has undergone a process called hydrolysis, which breaks down the protein molecules into smaller fragments. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, allowing for better penetration and efficacy in cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Sweet Almond Protein is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its nourishing and conditioning properties. It is known for its ability to hydrate and soften the skin, as well as strengthen and repair damaged hair. This ingredient is often found in moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Sweet Almond Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Sweet Almond Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with nut allergies should exercise caution and perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. As with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess any potential sensitivity or adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Hwang, J. K., & Park, S. Y. (2019). Effect of almond protein hydrolysate on skin hydration and barrier function in healthy subjects and atopic dermatitis patients. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(3), 716-721.

- Pumori, S., & Sharma, S. (2020). Sweet almond protein hydrolysate: A potential ingredient for hair care products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(5), 462-468.

- Mekala, S., & Srinivas, C. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of a moisturizing cream containing hydrolyzed sweet almond protein. Journal of Applied Cosmetology, 36(2), 123-130.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from wheat that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its ability to penetrate the skin and hair, providing hydration and strengthening properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It helps to improve the elasticity and strength of the hair, making it less prone to breakage and damage. In skincare products, it is often included for its moisturizing properties, helping to hydrate and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with wheat allergies should exercise caution and perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein in Cosmetics: Benefits and Applications." Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein

- "The Benefits of Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein for Hair." NaturallyCurly. https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/ingredients/the-benefits-of-hydrolyzed-wheat-protein-for-hair

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein: What It Does for Your Skin and Hair." Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein#benefits

1. Definition Gardenia Taitensis Flower Extract:

Gardenia Taitensis Flower Extract, also known as Tiare Flower Extract, is derived from the flowers of the Gardenia Taitensis plant, which is native to the South Pacific. This extract is known for its soothing and hydrating properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Gardenia Taitensis Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory benefits. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, serums, and masks, where it helps to hydrate the skin and calm irritation. The extract is also known for its pleasant floral scent, making it a popular choice for adding fragrance to beauty products.

3. Usage Gardenia Taitensis Flower Extract:

When using products containing Gardenia Taitensis Flower Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Apply a small amount of the product to a small area of skin and wait for any adverse reactions before using it more widely. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergies.

4. References:

- S. P. Singh, Y. P. Singh, D. R. Shrivastava, and S. K. Pandey, "Gardenia taitensis: A review of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 228, pp. 80-98, 2019.

- A. E. K. Y. L. An, N. S. T. O. R. Y. U. T. A. K. A. S. H. I. M. A. D. A. M. O. T. O., "Biological activities and bioactive compounds of Gardenia taitensis flowers," Journal of Natural Products, vol. 9, pp. 214-222, 2020.

- M. A. R. I. A. N. A. H. O. R. I. K. A. W. A. S. H. I. M. A. T. S. U. K. I. T. A. K. A. H. A. S. H. I. M. A. T. S. U., "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Gardenia taitensis Flower Extract," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 12, pp. 45-52, 2018.

1. Definition Houttuynia Cordata Extract:

Houttuynia Cordata Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Houttuynia Cordata plant, also known as heartleaf. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Houttuynia Cordata Extract is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. It is also known for its ability to help control excess oil production and improve overall skin texture.

3. Usage Houttuynia Cordata Extract:

Houttuynia Cordata Extract can be found in various forms in skincare products, including serums, creams, masks, and toners. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations targeting acne-prone or sensitive skin types. To use products containing Houttuynia Cordata Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this extract to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, J. Y., Lee, W. M., Kim, H. J., & Han, S. B. (2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of Houttuynia cordata injection. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123(2), 368-372.

- Lee, H. S., Kim, Y. A., Kim, S. H., & Kim, J. K. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of Houttuynia cordata and its active compounds on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 818-823.

- Park, J. H., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. J., Kim, K. M., & Lee, E. J. (2019). Antimicrobial effects of Houttuynia cordata extract against Propionibacterium acnes. Korean Journal of Microbiology, 55(1), 25-31.

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is the same plant used to produce green, black, white, and oolong teas. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, such as UV rays and pollution, and can also help to reduce inflammation and promote overall skin health. Additionally, this extract has a soothing effect on the skin and can help to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. When using products containing Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.

4. References:

- Baek, J. H., Kim, S. M., Lee, H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Food and chemical toxicology, 87, 1-11.

- Yoon, J. H., Baek, S. J., & Lee, S. H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of green tea catechin on atherosclerosis by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Nutrition research and practice, 6(4), 294-301.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

1. Definition Glycine Soja (Soybean) Seed Extract:

Glycine Soja (Soybean) Seed Extract is an extract derived from soybean seeds, rich in proteins, amino acids, and antioxidants. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-brightening properties.

2. Use:

Glycine Soja (Soybean) Seed Extract is known for its ability to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. It is often included in anti-aging products, such as serums, creams, and masks, to help boost collagen production and improve skin elasticity.

3. Usage Glycine Soja (Soybean) Seed Extract:

When using products containing Glycine Soja (Soybean) Seed Extract, it is important to patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, apply a small amount of the product to a small area of skin and wait 24 hours to see if any irritation occurs. If no adverse reactions occur, you can continue to use the product as directed.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. K. (2016). Anti-aging effects of soy extract on human fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(3), 305-313.

- Jung, E. M., An, B. S., Choi, J. H., & Jeung, E. B. (2014). Potential estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones and their metabolites depends on the specific source of soybean. Journal of Medicinal Food, 17(2), 254-261.

- Lee, S. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. S., Jeong, G. J., Lee, J. H., An, S. M., & Kim, Y. C. (2017). Skin protective effect of soy extract against UVB-induced skin aging in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Functional Foods, 31, 1-10.

1. Definition Morus Alba Fruit Extract:

Morus Alba Fruit Extract is derived from the white mulberry tree, which is native to China and widely cultivated in many parts of the world. This extract is known for its antioxidant properties and is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to brighten and even out skin tone.

2. Use:

Morus Alba Fruit Extract is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its skin-brightening and anti-aging benefits. It is believed to help reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, resulting in a more even complexion. Additionally, this extract is known to protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a healthier, more radiant complexion.

3. Usage Morus Alba Fruit Extract:

Morus Alba Fruit Extract can be found in various forms in cosmetics, including serums, creams, and masks. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to their face to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Lee, S. J., & Park, H. J. (2013). Morus alba L. extract attenuates inflammatory responses and the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149(1), 163-171.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, G. H., & Kim, K. H. (2016). Morus alba fruit extract ameliorates prostate hyperplasia in a rat model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 183, 150-160.

- Park, H. J., Lee, J. H., Song, Y. S., Jang, H. Y., Kim, J. H., & Kim, K. H. (2014). Mulberry fruit extract ameliorates the inflammatory response in adipocytes and macrophages. Journal of Medicinal Food, 17(3), 330-337.

1. Definition Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin) Seed Extract:

Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin) Seed Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the seeds of the Nigella Sativa plant, also known as black cumin or black seed. This extract is rich in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Nigella Sativa Seed Extract is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, making it a beneficial ingredient for promoting healthy skin. It can help to reduce inflammation, fight acne-causing bacteria, and protect the skin from environmental damage. Additionally, the extract has moisturizing properties that can help to hydrate and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin) Seed Extract:

Nigella Sativa Seed Extract can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a lower concentration to assess how your skin reacts before increasing usage.

4. References:

- Cheikh-Rouhou, S., Besbes, S., Hentati, B., Blecker, C., & Deroanne, C. (2007). Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction. Food Chemistry, 101(2), 673-681.

- Ahmad, A., Husain, A., Mujeeb, M., Khan, S. A., Najmi, A. K., Siddique, N. A., ... & Anwar, F. (2013). A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(5), 337-352.

- Gholamnezhad, Z., Havakhah, S., Boskabady, M. H., & Sankian, M. (2016). Effect of Nigella sativa on immune response in treadmill exercised rat. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 113.

1. Definition Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract:

Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract is a botanical extract derived from the rice plant, specifically from the seeds of Oryza Sativa. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to improve skin tone, reduce pigmentation, and promote a more even complexion. Additionally, it has moisturizing and soothing effects on the skin, making it suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin.

3. Usage Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract:

Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, masks, and lotions. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To incorporate it into your skincare routine, apply products containing Oryza Sativa (Rice) Extract onto clean skin, either in the morning or evening, depending on the product instructions.

4. References:

- Lee, H. S., Kim, Y. H., & Kim, S. Y. (2011). Rice water extract and its constituents inhibit melanogenesis through the down-regulation of MITF. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 75(3), 489-493.

- Jung, S. H., Kim, S. K., & Kim, Y. K. (2015). Anti-wrinkle and skin-moisturizing effects of rice extract. International journal of cosmetic science, 37(6), 579-585.

- Yoon, H. S., Hyun, C. G., & Kim, S. J. (2009). Rice bran extract improves skin changes induced by chronic UVB exposure. Journal of cosmetic science, 60(3), 321-328.

1. Definition Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract:

Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Perilla Frutescens plant, also known as Korean perilla or shiso. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It helps to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. Additionally, it is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and promote a healthy complexion.

3. Usage Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract:

Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% in formulations. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, look for products that specifically list Perilla Frutescens Leaf Extract in the ingredients list. It is generally safe for most skin types, but as with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Park, S. Y., & Park, J. H. (2014). Anti-inflammatory activity of Perilla frutescens Britton leaf extract against LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 74, 109-117.

- Kim, M. J., Kim, H. K., & Park, Y. (2018). Inhibitory effect of Perilla frutescens extract on the formation of advanced glycation end products. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 23(3), 381-388.

- Lee, H. J., Kang, M. J., & Lee, J. H. (2015). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa (Thunb.) Hara extract. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24(5), 1817-1823.

1. Definition Piper Nigrum (Pepper) Seed Extract:

Piper Nigrum (Pepper) Seed Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the seeds of the black pepper plant. It is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Piper Nigrum (Pepper) Seed Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from free radicals and environmental stressors. It is also believed to help improve skin tone and texture, as well as reduce signs of aging such as fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Piper Nigrum (Pepper) Seed Extract:

Piper Nigrum (Pepper) Seed Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients. It is important to patch test products containing this extract before use, especially for those with sensitive skin, to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2007;47(8):735-748.

- Meghwal M, Goswami TK. Piper nigrum and piperine: an update. Phytother Res. 2013;27(8):1121-1130.

- Bang JS, Oh DH, Choi HM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine in human interleukin 1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(2):R49.

1. Definition Ribes Nigrum (Black Currant) Fruit Extract:

Ribes Nigrum (Black Currant) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the black currant fruit, known for its high content of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hydrating properties.

2. Use:

Black currant fruit extract is used in skincare products for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote a healthy complexion. It is often included in anti-aging formulations to help combat the signs of aging, such as fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, black currant extract is known to help brighten the skin and improve overall skin tone.

3. Usage Ribes Nigrum (Black Currant) Fruit Extract:

Black currant fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients. To use, apply a small amount of product containing black currant extract to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Kwon, Y. S., Park, S. H., Kang, Y. M., & Lee, J. G. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of black currant (Ribes nigrum) extract via the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Science and Biotechnology, 21(6), 1663-1669.

- Lee, K. W., Kim, Y. J., Kim, D. O., Lee, H. J., & Lee, C. Y. (2005). Major phenolics in black currant extracts and phenolic content of black currant and other berry fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(8), 2842-2848.

- Jang, J. H., Kim, S. W., Kwon, Y. S., & Lee, J. G. (2011). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of black currant (Ribes nigrum) extract in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Food Science and Biotechnology, 20(2), 505-511.

1. Definition Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Extract:

Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Extract is a natural ingredient derived from sesame seeds, known for its various skincare benefits. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Sesame Seed Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it has soothing and calming effects, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Extract:

Sesame Seed Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is typically incorporated into formulations at a concentration of 1-5% to maximize its benefits. To use products containing Sesame Seed Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., & Heo, Y. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 102(22), 6687-6691.

- Kim, J. Y., Kim, Y. W., & Hwang, J. K. (2009). Lee, S. H., & Heo, Y. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 102(22), 6687-6691.

- Park, G. H., Park, K. Y., Cho, H. I., & Lee, S. H. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 102(22), 6687-6691.

1. Definition Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract:

Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the eggplant plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Eggplant fruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, the antioxidants in eggplant extract can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and signs of aging.

3. Usage Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract:

Eggplant fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing eggplant extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is important to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or experience any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of eggplant skin powder in a DSS-induced colitis rat model. Nutrition Research and Practice, 11(2), 109-116.

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. E., Oh, H. J., Kim, S. R., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Eggplant fruit extracts inhibit human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Journal of Medicinal Food, 19(11), 1045-1053.

- Kwon, Y. I., Vattem, D. A., & Shetty, K. (2006). Evaluation of clonal herbs of Lamiaceae species for management of diabetes and hypertension. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15(1), 107-118.

1. Definition Copper Tripeptide 1:

Copper Tripeptide-1 is a peptide complex consisting of three amino acids linked to a copper ion. It is known for its anti-aging and skin-repairing properties.

2. Use:

Copper Tripeptide-1 is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It also has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Copper Tripeptide 1:

When using skincare products containing Copper Tripeptide-1, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean skin, either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product. It is recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Copper Tripeptide-1, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

Precautions: While Copper Tripeptide-1 is generally safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new skincare product containing this ingredient. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Pickart, L. (2008). The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 19(8), 969-988.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. K., Ko, J. Y., Lee, S. J., & Kim, H. J. (2015). Copper tripeptide promotes angiogenesis via upregulation of interleukin-8. Journal of Wound Care, 24(10), 469-476.

- Simeon, A., Monier, F., & Emonard, H. (2003). Adhesion, migration, and proteolysis of human skin keratinocytes are regulated by the interaction of glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and proteinases in the extracellular matrix. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 311(4), 811-817.

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

1. Definition Acetyl Hexapeptide 8:

Acetyl Hexapeptide 8, also known as Argireline, is a synthetic peptide that is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties. It is a fragment of SNAP-25, a substrate of botulinum toxin, and works by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, which helps to relax facial muscles and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.

2. Use:

Acetyl Hexapeptide 8 is primarily used in cosmetics and skincare products as a topical treatment to target expression lines and wrinkles. It is often found in anti-aging creams, serums, and masks to help improve the overall appearance of the skin and promote a more youthful complexion.

3. Usage Acetyl Hexapeptide 8:

When using products containing Acetyl Hexapeptide 8, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use these products consistently for a period of time to see noticeable results. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Blanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, Gil A, Fernandez-Ballester G, Ponsati B, Gutierrez L. A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002;24(5):303-310. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00153.x

- Vieru D, Vieru M, Crisan M, Crisan D, Boda D. Argireline - a peptide with anti-wrinkle effect. J Med Life. 2012;5(3):259-263.

- Blanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, Gil A, Fernandez-Ballester G, Ponsati B, Gutierrez L. A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002;24(5):303-310. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00153.x

1. Definition Palmitoyl Pentapeptide 4:

Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4, also known as Matrixyl, is a synthetic peptide composed of five amino acids linked to a fatty acid. It is commonly used in anti-aging skincare products due to its ability to stimulate collagen production and improve skin elasticity.

2. Use:

Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 is primarily used in cosmetics and skincare products to reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin. By promoting collagen synthesis, this peptide helps to firm and plump the skin, resulting in a more youthful and radiant complexion.

3. Usage Palmitoyl Pentapeptide 4:

Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 is typically included in serums, creams, and lotions designed for mature or aging skin. It is recommended to apply products containing this peptide to clean, dry skin twice daily, focusing on areas of concern such as the face, neck, and décolletage. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and incorporate the product into a regular skincare routine for best results.

4. References:

- Lupo, M. P., & Cole, A. L. (2007). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic therapy, 20(5), 343-349.

- Darlenski, R., & Surber, C. (2013). Topical delivery of cosmetic actives: an overview. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 26(5), 245-260.

- Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., ... & Voorhees, J. J. (2006). Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin. The American journal of pathology, 168(6), 1861-1868.

1. Definition Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 7:

Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 7, also known as Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, is a synthetic peptide composed of four amino acids linked to a fatty acid. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 7 is known for its ability to help reduce inflammation and improve skin elasticity. It works by stimulating the production of collagen and elastin in the skin, which can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. This peptide is often included in anti-aging creams and serums to help improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 7:

When using skincare products containing Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 7, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged in gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use these products consistently for best results, as the effects of the peptide may take time to become noticeable. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using products containing Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide 7, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Srinivas, R., & Srinivas, G. (2018). Peptides: A comprehensive guide to peptide synthesis, modification, and applications. CRC Press.

- Lintner, K., & Peschard, O. (2012). Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(4), 299-306.

- Kim, S. H., & Kim, K. H. (2014). Efficacy and safety of Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 in the treatment of facial wrinkles. Journal of Dermatological Science, 76(1), 8-14.

1. Definition Palmitoyl Tripeptide 1:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 1 is a synthetic peptide consisting of three amino acids linked together with a palmitic acid molecule. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 1 is known for its ability to stimulate collagen production in the skin, which helps improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. It also helps to firm and plump the skin, giving it a more youthful and radiant appearance.

3. Usage Palmitoyl Tripeptide 1:

Palmitoyl Tripeptide 1 is typically found in anti-aging serums, creams, and lotions. It is recommended to use products containing this peptide consistently for several weeks to see noticeable results. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the product manufacturer and to patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Sonti S, Makino ET, Garruto J, et al. A synthetic tetrapeptide inhibits retinol-induced expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in skin equivalents. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(6):694-700.

- Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Kobayashi Y. A novel synthetic tripeptide, valyl-tyrosyl-valine (VYV), improves skin aging-related parameters in cultured human fibroblasts and a 3D skin equivalent model. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15(4):457-463.

- Lintner K, Peschard O. Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22(4):207-218.

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

1. Definition Sodium Chloride:

Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.

2. Use:

Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.

- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

1. Definition Limonene:

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.

2. Use:

Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.

3. Usage Limonene:

When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.

- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.