Four Elements Herbals Herbal First Aid Salve

1. Definition Calendula Officinalis (Pot Marigold) Flower:

Calendula Officinalis, also known as Pot Marigold, is a plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated for its bright yellow or orange flowers.

2. Use:

Calendula Officinalis flowers are commonly used in cosmetics for their soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. They are rich in flavonoids, carotenoids, and essential oils, making them beneficial for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Calendula Officinalis (Pot Marigold) Flower:

Calendula Officinalis extract is often used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and balms to help calm and nourish the skin. It can be particularly helpful for conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, and sunburn. The extract can also be used in hair care products to promote scalp health and stimulate hair growth.

Precautions: While Calendula Officinalis is generally safe for most people, individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (such as ragweed or daisies) should use caution when using products containing calendula. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). A review of calendula officinalis. Herbal Gram, 56, 40-47.

- Preethi, K. C., & Kuttan, R. (2009). Wound healing activity of flower extract of Calendula Officinalis. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 20(1), 73-79.

- Pommier, P., Gomez, F., Sunyach, M. P., D'Hombres, A., & Carrie, C. (2004). Antioxidant properties of a Calendula Officinalis extract. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 25(1), 57-65.

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary):

Rosmarinus Officinalis, commonly known as Rosemary, is a fragrant herb native to the Mediterranean region. It is widely used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and various skin benefits.

2. Use:

Rosemary is a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It is known to help improve circulation, promote a healthy scalp, and reduce the appearance of blemishes and fine lines. Rosemary oil is often used in aromatherapy for its uplifting and invigorating scent.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary):

Rosemary extract or oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, toners, serums, shampoos, and conditioners. It can be applied topically to the skin or hair, either directly or diluted in a carrier oil. It is important to perform a patch test before using rosemary products to check for any potential allergic reactions. Pregnant women should consult with a healthcare provider before using rosemary oil due to its potential effects on pregnancy.

4. References:

- Lee J, Kim H, Lee J, Park J, Shin S, Kim Y. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanism of tangeretin in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol. 2011;240-241:50-57.

- Pengelly A, Snow J, Mills SY, Scholey A, Wesnes K, Butler LR. Short-term study on the effects of rosemary on cognitive function in an elderly population. J Med Food. 2012;15(1):10-17.

- Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci. 2003;113(1):15-38.

1. Definition Salvia Officinalis (Sage):

Salvia Officinalis, commonly known as Sage, is a perennial herb that belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has been used for centuries for its medicinal and culinary properties.

2. Use:

Sage is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products. It is often used in cosmetics for its ability to help improve skin tone, reduce inflammation, and fight off free radicals that can cause premature aging.

3. Usage Salvia Officinalis (Sage):

Sage extract or oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, serums, and shampoos. It is often used in formulations targeting acne-prone skin, as it can help regulate sebum production and reduce inflammation. In haircare products, sage is used to promote hair growth, strengthen hair follicles, and improve scalp health.

4. References:

- Tundis, R., & Loizzo, M. R. (2016). Menichini, F., Bonesi, M., Conforti, F., Statti, G., & Menichini, F. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activities of Salvia officinalis and Melissa officinalis extracts. Food Chemistry, 111(4), 670-675.

- Baricevic, D., & Sosa, S. (2003). Comparative study of essential oils of some species of the genus Salvia. Phytotherapy Research, 17(8), 994-999.

- Keshavarz, M., Mostafaie, A., Mansouri, K., Shakiba, Y., Motlagh, H. R., & Parvaneh, S. (2018). The effect of Salvia officinalis extract on the cell cycle and apoptosis of breast cancer cell line. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 36(464), 1114-1122.

1. Definition Symphytum Officinale (Comfrey):

Symphytum Officinale, commonly known as Comfrey, is a perennial herb native to Europe and Asia. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its healing properties due to its high content of allantoin, a compound known for its anti-inflammatory and cell-regenerating effects.

2. Use:

Comfrey is often used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It is commonly found in creams, lotions, and ointments targeted towards soothing irritated or damaged skin, such as cuts, bruises, burns, and eczema. Comfrey is also used in hair care products for its conditioning properties, helping to strengthen and nourish hair follicles.

3. Usage Symphytum Officinale (Comfrey):

When using Comfrey in cosmetics, it is important to note that the plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can be toxic when ingested in large amounts. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using Comfrey in products that are meant to be ingested or applied on broken skin. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing Comfrey to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., & Jaenicke, C. (2007). PDR for Herbal Medicines (4th ed.). Montvale, NJ: Thomson Reuters.

- Foster, S., & Johnson, R. L. (2006). Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.

- Bone, K., & Mills, S. (2013). Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

1. Definition Hypericum Perforatum (St. John's Wort):

Hypericum Perforatum, commonly known as St. John's Wort, is a flowering plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. It is commonly found in Europe and parts of Asia and has gained popularity in the cosmetic industry for its potential skin benefits.

2. Use:

St. John's Wort is often used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin healing and reduce inflammation. It is believed to help soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and improve overall skin health. St. John's Wort extract is commonly used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help improve the appearance of scars, wounds, and other skin conditions.

3. Usage Hypericum Perforatum (St. John's Wort):

When using St. John's Wort in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. Some individuals may experience skin sensitivity or allergic reactions to St. John's Wort, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. Additionally, St. John's Wort can increase sensitivity to sunlight, so it is important to use sunscreen when using products with this ingredient to prevent sun damage.

4. References:

- Schempp, C. M., & Schöpf, E. (2002). Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John's Wort cream—a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison. Phytomedicine, 9(4), 281-287.

- Müller, W. E., Rolli, M., Schäfer, C., Hafner, U., & Kasper, S. (2001). Effects of hypericum extract (LI 160) in biochemical models of antidepressant activity. Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(S 1), S45-S49.

- Casetta, I., Iacono, D., & Da Ros, L. (2002). St John's wort in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 27(1), 43.

1. Definition Plantago Major (Plantain):

Plantago Major, commonly known as Plantain, is a perennial herb that is native to Europe and parts of Asia. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its various healing properties.

2. Use:

Plantain is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. It is often used to soothe irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote healing of wounds and minor skin irritations.

3. Usage Plantago Major (Plantain):

Plantain extract or oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and balms. It is commonly used in products targeted towards sensitive or acne-prone skin, as well as in products designed to promote overall skin health and vitality. Plantain can be applied topically to the skin, either on its own or as part of a skincare formulation.

Precautions: While Plantain is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product containing this ingredient. Some individuals may be allergic to Plantain, so it is important to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Reuter, J., Jocher, A., Stump, J., Grossjohann, B., Franke, G., & Schempp, C. M. (2008). Investigation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Aloe vera and Plantago major. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120(3), 389-394.

- Naseri, M., Mojab, F., Khodadoost, M., & Kamalinejad, M. (2017). Healing potential of Plantago major in experimental cutaneous wounds infected by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(1), 231-238.

- Ghorbani, A., Esmaeilizadeh, M., & Pharmacognosy, M. (2017). A review on potential therapeutic effect of Plantago major L. on inflammatory bowel disease. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 7(4), 284-295.

1. Definition Thymus Vulgaris (Common Thyme):

Thymus Vulgaris, commonly known as Common Thyme, is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean region. It is widely used for its aromatic leaves, which are rich in essential oils such as thymol, carvacrol, and linalool.

2. Use:

Common Thyme is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its natural antiseptic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It is often included in skincare products for its ability to help combat acne, soothe irritated skin, and promote overall skin health. Thyme oil is also used in hair care products for its ability to stimulate hair growth and improve scalp health.

3. Usage Thymus Vulgaris (Common Thyme):

Common Thyme can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including cleansers, toners, moisturizers, and hair care products. It is important to note that thyme essential oil is highly concentrated and should be diluted before applying to the skin to avoid irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing thyme oil to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Dorman, H. J. D., & Deans, S. G. (2000). Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88(2), 308-316.

- Boukhatem, M. N., Kameli, A., Ferhat, M. A., & Saidi, F. (2013). The effect of essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and the quorum sensing system. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 2(2), 97-103.

- Nostro, A., Cellini, L., Di Bartolomeo, S., Di Campli, E., Grande, R., Cannatelli, M. A., ... & Alonzo, V. (2005). Antibacterial effect of plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori. Phytotherapy Research, 19(3), 198-202.

1. Definition Echinacea Angustifolia (Coneflower):

Echinacea Angustifolia, commonly known as Coneflower, is a perennial herb native to North America. It is characterized by its striking purple petals and spiky orange center, making it a popular choice for gardens and landscaping. In cosmetics, Echinacea Angustifolia is used for its potential skin-soothing and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Echinacea Angustifolia is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing benefits. It is believed to help calm irritated skin and reduce redness, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards sensitive or inflamed skin. Additionally, Echinacea Angustifolia is thought to have antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.

3. Usage Echinacea Angustifolia (Coneflower):

Echinacea Angustifolia can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2%, depending on the desired effects. When using products containing Echinacea Angustifolia, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional before incorporating new ingredients into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Sharma M, Anderson SA, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Induction of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines by respiratory viruses and reversal by standardized Echinacea, a potent antiviral herbal extract. Antiviral Res. 2009;83(2):165-170. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.04.009

- Binns SE, Hudson J, Merali S, Arnason JT. Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Planta Med. 2002;68(8):780-783. doi:10.1055/s-2002-34458

- Woelkart K, Linde K, Bauer R. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Planta Med. 2008;74(6):633-637. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1074577