Full ingredients list RETIRIDES Tretinoin 0.025%

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
		Tretinoin (Antioxidant, Exfoliant)
1		Water (Solvent)
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Cetyl Alcohol (Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant)
1	B	Decyl Oleate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	B	Isopropyl Myristate (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Binding Agent, Binding)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Glyceryl Monostearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Fragrance, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Sodium Chloride (Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent)
2	A	Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive)	Bad for oily skin
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
1 3	B	Ceteareth 30 (Surfactant, Emulsifying, Cleansing)
1	A	Proline (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)
1 3	A	Peg 40 Stearate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 3	A	Urea (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent)
1		Collagen (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1	A	Sodium Citrate (Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating)
3 4	A	Methylparaben (Fragrance, Preservative)	Paraben
9	A	Propylparaben (Perfuming, Fragrance, Preservative)	Paraben
1		Tocopherol (Vitamin E)	Good for dry skin Anti Aging

Tretinoin

Other name: ll-trans Retinoic acid, ATRA, Vitamin A acid, Retin-A, Avita, Renova, Retinoic Acid

Function: Antioxidant, Exfoliant

1. Definition Tretinoin:

Tretinoin is a derivative of vitamin A that is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging and acne-fighting properties. It works by increasing cell turnover and promoting collagen production, resulting in smoother, clearer, and more youthful-looking skin.

2. Use:

Tretinoin is primarily used in cosmetics to treat acne, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve overall skin texture and tone. It is often found in prescription-strength products, such as tretinoin creams or gels, that are applied topically to the skin.

3. Usage Tretinoin:

When using tretinoin in cosmetics, it is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional or dermatologist. It is typically applied once daily in the evening, after cleansing the skin. It is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to minimize irritation and side effects, such as redness, peeling, and sensitivity to sunlight. It is also recommended to use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from sun damage.

4. References:

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327

- Fisher, G. J., Talwar, H. S., Lin, J., Lin, P., McPhillips, F., Wang, Z., Li, X., Datta, S., Kang, S., & Voorhees, J. J. (1996). Retinoic acid inhibits induction of c-Jun protein in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin in vivo. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 35(6), 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90029-5

- Kang, S., Duell, E. A., Fisher, G. J., Datta, S. C., Wang, Z. Q., Reddy, A. P., Tavakkol, A., Yi, J. Y., Griffiths, C. E., & Elder, J. T. (1995). Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 105(4), 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12323560

See more: Tretinoin

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

Cetyl Alcohol

Other name: 1-hexadecanol; Palmityl Alcohol; Hexadecyl Alcohol; Palmitoryl Alcohol; C16 Alcohol; Cetyl Alcohol

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant

1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:

Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)

Decyl Oleate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Decyl Oleate:

Decyl Oleate is an ester derived from oleic acid and decyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin-conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Decyl Oleate is used in a variety of skincare and haircare products such as creams, lotions, and conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and moisturized. Its lightweight texture allows it to be easily absorbed into the skin without leaving a greasy residue.

3. Usage Decyl Oleate:

Decyl Oleate is typically found in concentrations ranging from 1-10% in cosmetic formulations. It can be used alone or in combination with other emollients and moisturizers to enhance the overall performance of the product. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Decyl Oleate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Decyl Oleate" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/decyl-oleate

- "Decyl Oleate" TruthInAging.com, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/decyl-oleate

- "Decyl Oleate in Cosmetics" Personal Care Magazine, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/31404/decyl-oleate-in-cosmetics

Isopropyl Myristate

Other name: IPM

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Isopropyl Myristate:

Isopropyl Myristate is a synthetic oil commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent. It is derived from isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.

2. Use:

Isopropyl Myristate is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in lotions, creams, and makeup products. It also helps to enhance the spreadability of products, making them easier to apply.

3. Usage Isopropyl Myristate:

Isopropyl Myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it can cause irritation for some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is important to patch test products containing Isopropyl Myristate before using them on a larger area of skin. It is also recommended to avoid using products with Isopropyl Myristate on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Isopropyl Myristate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopropyl-myristate.

- Sagar, Ashok, et al. "Isopropyl Myristate: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, vol. 13, no. 2, 2012, pp. 93-97.

- "Isopropyl Myristate." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/isopropyl-myristate/.

Glyceryl Monostearate

Other name: GMS; Smoothex 40V; Glycerin monostearate; Glycerol monostearate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Fragrance, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Monostearate:

Glyceryl Monostearate is a type of fatty acid ester derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Monostearate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken emulsions, such as lotions and creams. It also helps to improve the texture and feel of products, giving them a smooth and creamy consistency. Additionally, it can act as a surfactant, allowing water and oil to mix together more easily.

3. Usage Glyceryl Monostearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Monostearate, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Monostearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-monostearate

- "Glyceryl Monostearate in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/glyceryl-monostearate/

- "Understanding Glyceryl Monostearate in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/19138/understanding-glyceryl-monostearate-in-cosmetics

Sodium Chloride

Other name: NaCl; Natrum muriaticum

Function: Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Sodium Chloride:

Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.

2. Use:

Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.

- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.

Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive

1. Definition Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol:

Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol is a derivative of lanolin, a natural substance derived from sheep's wool. It is created by acetylating lanolin alcohol, which is a mixture of alcohols derived from lanolin. This process involves adding acetic anhydride to lanolin alcohol to produce Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol.

2. Use:

Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It helps to soften and moisturize the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and lip balms. Its emollient properties help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and hydrated.

3. Usage Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol:

Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations of 1-5% in skincare products. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid using products containing Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2013.

- "Lanolin Alcohol" The Derm Review, 2020.

- "Safety Assessment of Lanolin and its Derivatives" International Journal of Toxicology, 2001.

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Ceteareth 30

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Cleansing

1. Definition Ceteareth 30:

Ceteareth 30 is a type of emulsifying agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a blend of cetyl and stearyl alcohols with approximately 30 units of ethylene oxide added to the molecule.

2. Use:

Ceteareth 30 is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, which helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together to create a stable and uniform product. It is often found in creams, lotions, and other emulsion-based formulations.

3. Usage Ceteareth 30:

When using products containing Ceteareth 30, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Third Edition, edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, Howard I. Maibach

- "Ceteareth-30" in the Personal Care Products Council's International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition

- "Safety Assessment of Ceteareth-30 as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

Proline

Other name: Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Proline:

Proline is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in collagen production and skin elasticity. It is naturally found in the human body and is also commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Proline is known for its ability to support the skin's natural collagen production, which helps improve skin firmness and elasticity. It also has hydrating properties that can help maintain skin moisture levels and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, proline can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products.

3. Usage Proline:

Proline is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before using products containing proline to ensure there are no adverse reactions. When using proline-based products, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency to achieve the best results.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, "Vitamin C in dermatology," Indian Dermatology Online Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013.

- L. Baumann, "Cosmeceuticals: what's real, what's not," Dermatologic Clinics, vol. 22, no. 4, 2004.

- T. T. Nguyen, et al., "Collagenase 2 (MMP-8) and collagenase 3 (MMP-13) in adult periodontitis: molecular forms and levels in gingival crevicular fluid and immunolocalisation in gingival tissue," Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 31, no. 12, 2004.

Peg 40 Stearate

Other name: Polyoxyl 40 Stearate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Peg 40 Stearate:

Peg 40 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol derivative of stearic acid that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform formulations.

2. Use:

Peg 40 Stearate is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin. Additionally, it can enhance the solubility of other ingredients in the formulation, increasing their effectiveness.

3. Usage Peg 40 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 40 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use but may cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "PEG-40 Stearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-40-stearate

- "PEG-40 Stearate" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-40-stearate

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" by FDA, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/polyethylene-glycol-peg-compounds-cosmetics

Urea

Other name: Carbonyl diamide; Carbamide

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Urea:

Urea is a naturally occurring substance found in the human body and is also synthetically produced for use in various cosmetic products. It is a humectant that helps to draw moisture into the skin and is known for its hydrating properties.

2. Use:

Urea is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and lotions due to its ability to help improve skin hydration. It is especially beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin, as it can help to soften and smooth the skin's surface.

3. Usage Urea:

When using skincare products containing urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential skin irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying urea-containing products to a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.

Collagen

Other name: Marine Collagen

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Collagen:

Collagen is a protein that naturally occurs in the body and is responsible for providing structure and elasticity to the skin, hair, nails, and joints. In cosmetics, collagen is often derived from animal sources such as fish or cow skin and is used as an ingredient in skincare products to help improve the appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Collagen in cosmetics is primarily used to promote skin hydration, improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and enhance overall skin firmness. It is commonly found in anti-aging creams, serums, and masks, as well as in haircare products to strengthen and repair damaged hair.

3. Usage Collagen:

When using cosmetics containing collagen, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before applying the product to the entire face or body to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, collagen-based products should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Choi, F. D., Sung, C. T., Juhasz, M. L., & Mesinkovsk, N. A. (2019). Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 18(1), 9-16.

- Asserin, J., Lati, E., Shioya, T., & Prawitt, J. (2015). The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 14(4), 291-301.

- Proksch, E., Schunck, M., Zague, V., Segger, D., Degwert, J., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral Intake of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides Reduces Skin Wrinkles and Increases Dermal Matrix Synthesis. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(3), 113-119.

Sodium Citrate

Other name: Sodium Acid Citrate

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

Methylparaben

Other name: Methyl Paraben; Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Nipagin M; Methyl Hydroxybenzoate; Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.

2. Use:

Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.

- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.

Propylparaben

Other name: Propyl Paraben; Propyl parahydroxybenzoate; Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; Nipasol M; Propyl Hydroxybenzoate

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It belongs to the family of parabens, which are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.

2. Use:

Propylparaben is added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting microbial contamination.

3. Usage Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.3% in cosmetics. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. While considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies, some individuals may be sensitive to parabens and experience allergic reactions. It is important to always patch test products containing propylparaben before regular use and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43(7):985-1015. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of propylparaben. Int J Toxicol. 2008;27 Suppl 4:1-82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on parabens. European Commission. 2011.

Tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Other name: tocopherols; tocopherol; vit e; α-tocopherol; alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol (Vitamin E):

Tocopherol, commonly known as Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble antioxidant that is essential for maintaining healthy skin and protecting it from damage caused by free radicals.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is widely used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help to protect the skin from environmental stressors such as pollution and UV radiation. It is also known for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

3. Usage Tocopherol (Vitamin E):

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens. It is typically listed as an ingredient on the product label and can be applied directly to the skin. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to tocopherol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lin, F.-H., Lin, J.-Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., … & Fisher, G. J. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832.

- Thiele, J. J., Hsieh, S. N., Briviba, K., Sies, H. (1999). Protein oxidation in human stratum corneum: susceptibility of keratins to oxidation in vitro and presence of a keratin oxidation gradient in vivo. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 113(3), 335-339.

- Nachbar, F., Korting, H. C. (1995). The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 73(1), 7-17.