1. Definition Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil:

Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of sweet almonds. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Sweet Almond Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. In haircare products, it can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil:

Sweet Almond Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, and serums to enhance their hydrating properties. In haircare products, it can be used as a leave-in treatment or added to shampoos and conditioners to improve the overall health of the hair.

Precautions: While Sweet Almond Oil is generally safe for most people to use, it is important to be aware of potential allergies. Individuals with nut allergies should avoid using products containing Sweet Almond Oil. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using any new cosmetic product to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Balakrishnan, A., & Menon, S. (2011). Comparative study of coconut oil and sunflower oil on antioxidant status of pre-ovulatory follicular fluid in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1), 24–28.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Ahmad, Z. (2010). The uses and properties of almond oil. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 10–12.

1. Definition Decyl Glucoside:

Decyl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from natural sources such as coconut oil and glucose. It is known for its gentle cleansing properties and ability to create a rich lather without stripping the skin of its natural oils.

2. Use:

Decyl Glucoside is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a primary or secondary surfactant. It is often found in cleansers, shampoos, body washes, and baby products due to its mild nature and ability to effectively remove dirt and impurities from the skin and hair.

3. Usage Decyl Glucoside:

When using products containing Decyl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Decyl Glucoside." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/decyl-glucoside/

- "Decyl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/decyl-glucoside

- "Decyl Glucoside." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/decyl-glucoside

1. Definition Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, promote collagen production, and brighten the complexion.

2. Use:

Ascorbic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. Ascorbic Acid can also help to reduce hyperpigmentation, fade dark spots, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

When using products containing Ascorbic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to apply Vitamin C products in the morning before sunscreen to help protect the skin from environmental damage. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain their effectiveness.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

1. Definition Glyceryl Caprylate:

Glyceryl Caprylate is a multifunctional ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and preservative. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil, and glycerin.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Caprylate is used in cosmetics for its emollient properties, which help to soften and moisturize the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in formulations. Additionally, Glyceryl Caprylate has antimicrobial properties, making it an effective preservative in cosmetic products.

3. Usage Glyceryl Caprylate:

Glyceryl Caprylate is commonly found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It is used in concentrations typically ranging from 0.5% to 2%. When using products containing Glyceryl Caprylate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-caprylate.

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/glyceryl-caprylate/.

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/glyceryl-caprylate.

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil:

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil is a natural essential oil extracted from the peel of lemons. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting citrus scent.

2. Use:

Lemon Peel Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and toning properties. It is often added to skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help improve the appearance of oily or acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil:

When using Lemon Peel Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin if used undiluted. It is recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any sensitivity or allergic reactions. Lemon Peel Oil should be stored in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation.

4. References:

- "Lemon Peel Oil: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/lemon-peel-oil.

- "Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/citrus-limon-lemon-peel-oil.

- "Lemon Peel Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/lemon-peel-oil.

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Oil is a natural essential oil derived from the peel of oranges. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its refreshing and uplifting scent, as well as its skin-brightening properties.

2. Use:

Orange oil is used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient, providing a sweet and citrusy aroma to products such as lotions, creams, and perfumes. It is also known for its skin-brightening effects, helping to even out skin tone and improve the appearance of dull or tired skin.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Oil:

When using products containing Orange Oil, it is important to be mindful of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to ensure compatibility. Orange oil is photosensitive, meaning it can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight and potentially cause sunburn. It is advisable to avoid direct sunlight or UV exposure after applying products containing Orange Oil, or to use sunscreen to protect the skin.

4. References:

- Chaudhary, S., & Kumar, V. (2018). Citrus essential oils: Current and prospective uses in the food industry. In Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety (pp. 211-224). Academic Press.

- Rehman, N., & Mehmood, T. (2019). Citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) oil. In Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety (pp. 107-115). CRC Press.

- Rodrigues, F., & Pinto, D. (2019). Citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) oil. In Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety (pp. 131-139). Springer.

1. Definition Octanohydroxamic Acid:

Octanohydroxamic Acid is a synthetic compound derived from hydroxamic acid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a chelating agent and preservative.

2. Use:

Octanohydroxamic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics as a chelating agent, which means it helps to bind with metal ions in the formulation to prevent them from causing product instability or degradation. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it an effective preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Octanohydroxamic Acid:

Octanohydroxamic Acid is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic formulations, usually ranging from 0.1% to 1%. It is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer to ensure the safe and effective use of this ingredient. It is also essential to conduct a patch test before using products containing Octanohydroxamic Acid to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Bhatia, S., & Bera, A. (2017). Hydroxamic acids: A new class of antimicrobials. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 9(3), 163-167.

- Kaur, T., & Bhatia, S. (2019). Chelating agents in cosmetics: A review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(1), 22-33.

- Zhang, Y., et al. (2015). Chelating agents as preservatives in cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 14(3), 204-210.

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Extract:

Coconut extract is derived from the fruit of the coconut palm tree, Cocos Nucifera. It is a natural ingredient often used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Coconut extract is commonly used in skincare and hair care products for its hydrating and conditioning benefits. It helps to replenish moisture in the skin, leaving it soft and supple. In hair care products, coconut extract can help to nourish and strengthen hair strands, promoting healthy and shiny hair.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Extract:

Coconut extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and masks. When using products containing coconut extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Some individuals may have allergies to coconut, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with coconut extract, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Rele, A. S., & Mohile, R. B. (2003). Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Journal of cosmetic science, 54(2), 175-192.

- Evangelista, M. T., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. International journal of dermatology, 53(1), 100-108.

- Zakaria, N. N., Mohd, M. A., & Abdul, A. B. (2016). The effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) as supplementation on quality of life (QOL) among breast cancer patients. Lipids in health and disease, 15(1), 1-9.

1. Definition Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Seed Extract:

Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Seed Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. It is known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and preservative properties.

2. Use:

Grapefruit seed extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from harmful bacteria and fungi. It is often included in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help maintain healthy skin.

3. Usage Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Seed Extract:

When using products containing grapefruit seed extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to avoid using products with grapefruit seed extract on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. (1998). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. CRC Press.

- Boukamp, P. (2005). Non-melanoma skin cancer: What drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis, 26(10), 1657-1667.

- Lalla, J. K., Nandedkar, S. Y., Paranjape, M. H., & Talreja, N. B. (2011). Clinical trials of ayurvedic formulations in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 78(1), 99-102.

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Extract:

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Aloe Vera plant, known for its soothing and moisturizing properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and calm the skin.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Extract is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including skincare, haircare, and body care products. It is often included in formulations for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties. Aloe Vera extract can help to soothe irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health. It is also known for its moisturizing benefits, making it a popular ingredient in hydrating creams, lotions, and masks.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Extract:

When using products containing Aloe Barbadensis Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Aloe Vera extract is generally considered safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Surjushe, Amar, et al. "Aloe Vera: A Short Review." Indian Journal of Dermatology 53.4 (2008): 163-166.

- Radha, Maharjan, et al. "Aloe Vera: A Review of Its Clinical Effectiveness." Dermatology Practical & Conceptual 10.4 (2020): e2020093.

- Foster, Mary, et al. "Aloe Vera: A Systematic Review of Its Clinical Effectiveness." British Journal of Dermatology 179.2 (2018): 387-395.

1. Definition Calendula Officinalis (Pot Marigold) Flower:

Calendula Officinalis, also known as Pot Marigold, is a plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated for its bright yellow or orange flowers.

2. Use:

Calendula Officinalis flowers are commonly used in cosmetics for their soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. They are rich in flavonoids, carotenoids, and essential oils, making them beneficial for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Calendula Officinalis (Pot Marigold) Flower:

Calendula Officinalis extract is often used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and balms to help calm and nourish the skin. It can be particularly helpful for conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, and sunburn. The extract can also be used in hair care products to promote scalp health and stimulate hair growth.

Precautions: While Calendula Officinalis is generally safe for most people, individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (such as ragweed or daisies) should use caution when using products containing calendula. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). A review of calendula officinalis. Herbal Gram, 56, 40-47.

- Preethi, K. C., & Kuttan, R. (2009). Wound healing activity of flower extract of Calendula Officinalis. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 20(1), 73-79.

- Pommier, P., Gomez, F., Sunyach, M. P., D'Hombres, A., & Carrie, C. (2004). Antioxidant properties of a Calendula Officinalis extract. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 25(1), 57-65.

1. Definition Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel):

Hamamelis Virginiana, commonly known as Witch Hazel, is a plant native to North America that has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Witch Hazel extract is derived from the leaves and bark of the plant and is known for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Witch Hazel is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to tighten and tone the skin, reduce inflammation, and minimize the appearance of pores. It is often found in toners, cleansers, and moisturizers for its soothing and clarifying effects on the skin. Witch Hazel is also used in hair care products to help balance oil production and promote a healthy scalp.

3. Usage Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel):

Witch Hazel can be applied topically to the skin using a cotton pad or as an ingredient in skincare products. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is recommended to do a patch test before using it on the face or body to check for any allergic reactions. Witch Hazel should not be ingested and should be kept out of reach of children.

4. References:

- Chevallier, Andrew. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: The Definitive Home Reference Guide to 550 Key Herbs with all their Uses as Remedies for Common Ailments. DK Publishing, 2016.

- Duke, James A., and Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2002.

- Reuter, J., et al. "Investigations on the anti-inflammatory activity of a herbal drug combination of stinging nettle herb, couch grass root and witch hazel leaves." Phytomedicine 10.8 (2003): 700-708.

1. Definition Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf:

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf is the leaf of the peppermint plant, known for its refreshing and invigorating properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its cooling sensation and soothing effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Peppermint leaf is often used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It can help to reduce redness and irritation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or acne-prone skin. Peppermint leaf can also help to improve circulation and promote a healthy glow, making it a common ingredient in products targeting dull or tired skin.

3. Usage Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf:

Peppermint leaf can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including cleansers, toners, masks, and moisturizers. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid irritation, but can be effective in providing a refreshing and revitalizing experience for the skin. It is important to patch test products containing peppermint leaf before use, as some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient.

4. References:

- Yoon, W. J., Kim, S. S., & Oh, T. H. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. and its application to the production of antimicrobial paper. Korean Journal of Microbiology, 46(2), 187-192.

- McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(8), 619-633.

- Grigoriadis, S., & Hadjipavlou-Litina, D. (2005). Mentha piperita: A plant with potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1-3), 289-294.

1. Definition Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Powder:

Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Powder is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the Curcuma longa plant. It is known for its bright yellow color and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and skincare for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Turmeric Root Powder is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots, and calm irritated skin. Additionally, turmeric is believed to have antibacterial properties, making it beneficial for acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Powder:

Turmeric Root Powder can be incorporated into various skincare products such as face masks, scrubs, serums, and creams. It is important to note that turmeric can stain the skin and clothing, so it is recommended to use it in moderation and wash off thoroughly after application. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing turmeric to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Turmeric, the Golden Spice: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92752/

- Vaughn AR, Branum A, Sivamani RK. Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. Phytother Res. 2016 Aug;30(8):1243-64. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5640. Epub 2016 May 3. PMID: 27187333.

- Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: A Review of Its' Effects on Human Health. Foods. 2017 Oct 22;6(10):92. doi: 10.3390/foods6100092. PMID: 29065496; PMCID: PMC5664031.

1. Definition Bambusa Arundinacea (Bamboo) Stem Extract:

Bambusa Arundinacea (Bamboo) Stem Extract is derived from the stems of the Bamboo plant, specifically Bambusa Arundinacea. It is known for its moisturizing, soothing, and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Bamboo Stem Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks. The extract is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Bambusa Arundinacea (Bamboo) Stem Extract:

Bamboo Stem Extract can be incorporated into skincare products in various ways, such as adding it to formulations during the manufacturing process or using products that already contain the extract. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare formulations. When using products containing Bamboo Stem Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Park, J., Kim, K., Kim, Y., & Park, J. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of bamboo extracts in RAW264.7 cells. Food Science and Biotechnology, 23(6), 1897-1902.

- Lee, J., Kim, Y., Lee, J., Kim, K., & Park, J. (2017). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of bamboo stem extracts in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 46(7), 937-944.

- Choi, H., Kim, H., Lee, J., Kim, K., & Park, J. (2019). Moisturizing effects of bamboo stem extracts in human skin cells. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 70(5), 273-280.

1. Definition Papain:

Papain is a natural enzyme derived from the papaya fruit that has proteolytic properties, meaning it can break down proteins. In cosmetics, papain is used as an exfoliant to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and promote a smoother, brighter complexion.

2. Use:

Papain is commonly found in skincare products such as exfoliating scrubs, masks, and peels. It works by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be sloughed off more easily. This helps to reveal fresher, healthier skin underneath and can improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Papain:

When using skincare products containing papain, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Papain can be irritating to some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to the entire face. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products with papain, as exfoliation can make the skin more sensitive to UV rays.

4. References:

- H. I. Maibach, R. Boisits, and J. A. W. Heaton. "Papain: A review." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 5, no. 4, 1981, pp. 417-422.

- L. R. Chaudhary, S. H. Hruska, and R. C. Curren. "Papain." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2007.

- S. A. Naveed, M. Mahmood, and S. A. Khan. "Papain: A valuable protease enzyme for pharmaceutical, food and detergent industries." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, vol. 125, 2016, pp. 65-77.

1. Definition Salvia Officinalis (Sage):

Salvia Officinalis, commonly known as Sage, is a perennial herb that belongs to the mint family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has been used for centuries for its medicinal and culinary properties.

2. Use:

Sage is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products. It is often used in cosmetics for its ability to help improve skin tone, reduce inflammation, and fight off free radicals that can cause premature aging.

3. Usage Salvia Officinalis (Sage):

Sage extract or oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, serums, and shampoos. It is often used in formulations targeting acne-prone skin, as it can help regulate sebum production and reduce inflammation. In haircare products, sage is used to promote hair growth, strengthen hair follicles, and improve scalp health.

4. References:

- Tundis, R., & Loizzo, M. R. (2016). Menichini, F., Bonesi, M., Conforti, F., Statti, G., & Menichini, F. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activities of Salvia officinalis and Melissa officinalis extracts. Food Chemistry, 111(4), 670-675.

- Baricevic, D., & Sosa, S. (2003). Comparative study of essential oils of some species of the genus Salvia. Phytotherapy Research, 17(8), 994-999.

- Keshavarz, M., Mostafaie, A., Mansouri, K., Shakiba, Y., Motlagh, H. R., & Parvaneh, S. (2018). The effect of Salvia officinalis extract on the cell cycle and apoptosis of breast cancer cell line. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 36(464), 1114-1122.

1. Definition Achillea Millefolium (Common Yarrow):

Achillea Millefolium, commonly known as Common Yarrow, is a flowering plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to Europe and Asia but can now be found in various regions around the world. Common Yarrow has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and astringent effects.

2. Use:

Common Yarrow is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and healing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Common Yarrow is also known for its ability to help with wound healing and reduce the appearance of scars.

3. Usage Achillea Millefolium (Common Yarrow):

When using Common Yarrow in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. Some individuals may be allergic to Common Yarrow, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.

4. References:

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of essential oils: Science, technology, and applications. CRC Press.

- Raut, J. S., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014). A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 62, 250-264.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

1. Definition Equisetum Arvense (Horsetail):

Equisetum Arvense, commonly known as Horsetail, is a perennial plant that belongs to the Equisetaceae family. It is characterized by its hollow, jointed stems and small needle-like leaves. Horsetail has been used for centuries in traditional medicine due to its high content of silica, which is believed to promote healthy skin, hair, and nails.

2. Use:

Horsetail extract is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its astringent, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help improve the appearance of skin texture, minimize the appearance of pores, and reduce inflammation. Additionally, Horsetail extract is also used in hair care products to strengthen hair follicles, promote hair growth, and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Equisetum Arvense (Horsetail):

When using cosmetics containing Horsetail extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a dermatologist before using products with Horsetail extract to avoid any adverse effects.

4. References:

- Dragland, S., Senoo, H., Wake, K., Holte, K., Blomhoff, R. Several Culinary and Medicinal Herbs Are Important Sources of Dietary Antioxidants. Journal of Nutrition, 2003.

- Deters, A., Zippel, J., Hellenbrand, N., Pappai, D., Possemeyer, C., Hensel, A. Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from Marshmallow roots (Althea officinalis L.): Cellular internalisation and stimulation of cell physiology of human epithelial cells in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2010.

- Franz, C., Novak, J. Sources of essential oils. In: Baser, KHC, Buchbauer, G, eds. Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press, 2010.

1. Definition Panax Quinquefolium Root Extract:

Panax Quinquefolium Root Extract, also known as American ginseng extract, is derived from the roots of the Panax quinquefolius plant. It is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Panax Quinquefolium Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help brighten and rejuvenate the skin. It is also known for its anti-aging properties, as it can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, this extract is believed to help improve skin elasticity and firmness.

3. Usage Panax Quinquefolium Root Extract:

Panax Quinquefolium Root Extract can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. To incorporate this extract into your skincare routine, simply apply the product containing the extract onto clean skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed.

Precautions: While Panax Quinquefolium Root Extract is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Kim, G. H., & Lee, J. S. (2018). Ginsenoside Rg3 and Korean Red Ginseng extract epigenetically regulate the tumor-related long noncoding RNAs RFX3-AS1 and STXBP5-AS1. Journal of Ginseng Research, 42(2), 223-230.

- Kim, H. G., Cho, J. H., Yoo, S. R., Lee, J. S., Han, J. M., Lee, N. H., ... & Son, C. G. (2013). Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng CA Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One, 8(4), e61271.

- Zhou, W., Chai, H., Lin, P. H., Lumsden, A. B., Yao, Q., & Chen, C. (2004). Ginsenoside Rb1 blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 40(4), 807-814.

1. Definition Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Powder:

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Powder is a finely ground powder made from the dried flowers of the Lavandula Angustifolia plant, commonly known as lavender. Lavender is a fragrant herb that is widely used in cosmetics and skincare products for its soothing and calming properties.

2. Use:

Lavender Flower Powder is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic and therapeutic benefits. It is known for its calming and relaxing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to promote relaxation and stress relief. Lavender Flower Powder is often used in bath salts, body scrubs, lotions, and soaps to provide a soothing and aromatic experience.

3. Usage Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Powder:

When using Lavender Flower Powder in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to lavender. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Lavender Flower Powder to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer to avoid any potential skin irritation or sensitization.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Cavanagh, H. M. A., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 681304.

1. Definition Urtica Dioica (Nettle):

Urtica Dioica, commonly known as Nettle, is a plant with stinging hairs found in many regions around the world. It has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties and is now gaining popularity in the cosmetics industry for its various skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Nettle is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. It is often used in formulations for treating acne, reducing redness and irritation, and promoting overall skin health. Nettle extract is also believed to help improve the appearance of aging skin by promoting collagen production and increasing skin elasticity.

3. Usage Urtica Dioica (Nettle):

Nettle can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations of 1-5% in formulations, depending on the desired effect. Nettle can be applied directly to the skin or used in combination with other ingredients to enhance its benefits. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Nettle, as some individuals may be sensitive to the plant.

4. References:

- Gülçin, İ., Elmastaş, M., & Aboul-Enein, H. Y. (2007). Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies. Phytotherapy Research, 21(4), 354-361.

- Yarnell, E., Abascal, K., & Hooper, C. (2003). Clinical Botanical Medicine. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

- Schauenberg, P., & Paris, F. (1990). Guide to Medicinal Plants. Thieme.

1. Definition Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola):

Centella Asiatica, also known as Gotu Kola, is a small, herbaceous plant native to Asia and India. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its healing properties and is now gaining popularity in the cosmetic industry for its skin-soothing and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Centella Asiatica is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce inflammation. It is also known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. Additionally, Centella Asiatica is believed to help with wound healing and scar reduction, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards acne-prone or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola):

Centella Asiatica can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied topically to the skin. When using products containing Centella Asiatica, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awizenz, P., Studzińska-Sroka, E., Brzezińska, M. (2014). Centella asiatica in cosmetology. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 31(1), 46-49.

- Shukla, A., Rasik, A. M., & Dhawan, B. N. (1999). Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phytotherapy Research, 13(1), 50-54.

- Kim, S. R., Jung, Y. J., Kim, D. H., & An, H. J. (2014). The effects of Centella asiatica on antioxidant status and resistance to oxidative stress in human hepatoma cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 131-139.

1. Definition Humulus Lupulus (Hops):

Humulus Lupulus, commonly known as hops, is a plant species belonging to the Cannabaceae family. It is primarily cultivated for its use in brewing beer, but it also has a long history of medicinal and cosmetic applications due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Hops extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and calming properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation. Hops extract is also known for its ability to improve the overall appearance of the skin by promoting a more even tone and texture.

3. Usage Humulus Lupulus (Hops):

When using cosmetics containing hops extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with hops extract to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- A. M. Deters, A. L. Leng, and U. H. Hensel, "Hops (Humulus lupulus) - a review of its historic and medicinal uses," HerbalGram, 2010.

- S. M. de Melo, M. A. dos Santos, and C. G. de Almeida, "Hops (Humulus lupulus) as a new cosmetic ingredient: in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo efficacy in skin care formulations," Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2019.

- P. S. Hwang, J. Y. Kim, and S. H. Kim, "Anti-inflammatory effect of hop extracts on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells," Food Science and Biotechnology, 2017.

1. Definition Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm):

Melissa Officinalis, commonly known as Lemon Balm, is a perennial herb belonging to the mint family. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and West Asia and is widely cultivated for its aromatic leaves, which have a lemon scent.

2. Use:

Lemon Balm is used in cosmetics for its soothing and calming properties. It is often included in skincare products due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help to reduce redness and irritation on the skin. Lemon Balm is also known for its ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for self-care and relaxation.

3. Usage Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm):

Lemon Balm extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations of 1-5% in skincare formulations. Lemon Balm can be applied topically to the skin, where it can help to soothe and hydrate, leaving the skin looking and feeling refreshed.

Precautions: While Lemon Balm is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to the herb. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Lemon Balm to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult with a healthcare provider before using products containing Lemon Balm.

4. References:

- Perry, N. B., et al. (2001). Essential oils from New Zealand manuka: triketone-rich and other chemotypes of Leptospermum scoparium. Phytochemistry, 57(3), 149-156.

- Kennedy, D. O., et al. (2003). Cognitive and mood effects of a short-term Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) extract. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 1(3), 211-216.

- Aufenvenne, K., et al. (2017). Melissa officinalis extract inhibits in vitro attachment of herpes simplex virus type 1. PloS One, 12(7), e0180775.

1. Definition Arnica Montana (Arnica) Flower:

Arnica Montana (Arnica) Flower is a perennial herb native to Europe and Siberia, known for its yellow-orange flowers that have been traditionally used in herbal medicine for their anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.

2. Use:

Arnica Montana Flower extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and healing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help reduce inflammation, bruising, and swelling, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Arnica Montana (Arnica) Flower:

When using cosmetics containing Arnica Montana Flower extract, it is important to follow the recommended instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for topical use, but precautions should be taken to avoid applying it to broken skin or open wounds. Individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family, such as ragweed or marigolds, should also exercise caution when using products containing Arnica.

4. References:

- Ernst, E. (2002). Homeopathic Arnica: a systematic review of systematic reviews. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 18(2), 99-104.

- Barros, L., Carvalho, A. M., Ferreira, I. C., & Soares, G. (2010). Arnica montana L.: Popular uses and research perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(3), 493-502.

- Conforti, A., Bellavite, P., & Bertani, S. (2011). Challenging homeopathy: the Italian example. Homeopathy, 100(3), 203-209.

1. Definition Sambucus Nigra (Elder) Flower:

Sambucus Nigra, commonly known as Elder Flower, is a flowering plant native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The flowers of the Elder plant are used in various cosmetic products for their skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Elder Flower extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve skin tone and texture. It is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. Elder Flower is also believed to have astringent properties, making it beneficial for oily or acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Sambucus Nigra (Elder) Flower:

Elder Flower extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including serums, creams, and toners. It is often used in formulations aimed at calming and soothing the skin, reducing redness and inflammation, and promoting a more even complexion. When using products containing Elder Flower extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new ingredient, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess any potential sensitivity.

4. References:

- Chizzola, R. (2017). Regularly used essential oils and their potential use in dermatology. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 10, 411-419. doi:10.2147/CCID.S150325

- Debbas, F., & Blatt, T. (2019). Elderflower extract as a natural active ingredient for skin care products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(4), 359-365. doi:10.1111/ics.12556

- Kaur, G., & Kalia, A. N. (2018). Medicinal properties of Sambucus Nigra (Elder): A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(12), 4890-4900.

1. Definition Hypericum Perforatum (St. John's Wort):

Hypericum Perforatum, commonly known as St. John's Wort, is a flowering plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. It is commonly found in Europe and parts of Asia and has gained popularity in the cosmetic industry for its potential skin benefits.

2. Use:

St. John's Wort is often used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin healing and reduce inflammation. It is believed to help soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and improve overall skin health. St. John's Wort extract is commonly used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help improve the appearance of scars, wounds, and other skin conditions.

3. Usage Hypericum Perforatum (St. John's Wort):

When using St. John's Wort in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. Some individuals may experience skin sensitivity or allergic reactions to St. John's Wort, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. Additionally, St. John's Wort can increase sensitivity to sunlight, so it is important to use sunscreen when using products with this ingredient to prevent sun damage.

4. References:

- Schempp, C. M., & Schöpf, E. (2002). Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John's Wort cream—a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison. Phytomedicine, 9(4), 281-287.

- Müller, W. E., Rolli, M., Schäfer, C., Hafner, U., & Kasper, S. (2001). Effects of hypericum extract (LI 160) in biochemical models of antidepressant activity. Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(S 1), S45-S49.

- Casetta, I., Iacono, D., & Da Ros, L. (2002). St John's wort in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 27(1), 43.

1. Definition Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Powder:

Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Powder is a natural ingredient derived from the dried and ground roots of the ginger plant. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Ginger root powder is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and rejuvenating properties. It can help to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of scars and blemishes, and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, ginger root powder is often included in hair care products for its ability to stimulate hair growth and improve scalp health.

3. Usage Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Powder:

Ginger root powder can be incorporated into various cosmetic formulations such as face masks, scrubs, lotions, and hair masks. It is typically added in small amounts to avoid irritation, as ginger can be a potent ingredient. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing ginger root powder to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with ginger root powder.

4. References:

- Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., & Nemmar, A. (2008). Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 409-420.

- Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., & Frondoza, C. G. (2005). Ginger—an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(2), 125-132.

- Saengsanga, T., & Sangthong, S. (2017). Development of ginger root powder incorporated face mask. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(2), 239-243.

1. Definition Lonicera Japonica (Honeysuckle):

Lonicera Japonica, commonly known as Japanese Honeysuckle, is a species of flowering plant native to East Asia. It is widely cultivated for its fragrant white or yellow flowers and is known for its medicinal properties.

2. Use:

Lonicera Japonica extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help calm and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Lonicera Japonica (Honeysuckle):

When using cosmetics containing Lonicera Japonica extract, it is important to patch test the product first to check for any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before using products with this ingredient. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Kim, G. H., & Kim, J. W. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Lonicera japonica Thunb. on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Nutrition Research and Practice, 11(2), 97-105.

- Yang, S. A., Jung, Y. S., Lee, S. J., Park, S. C., & Kim, K. J. (2011). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Lonicera japonica Thunb. on H2O2-induced damage in HaCaT cells. Journal of Natural Medicines, 65(2), 264-270.

- Lin, L. T., Chen, T. Y., Chung, C. Y., Noyce, R. S., Grindley, T. B., McCormick, C., & Lin, T. C. (2014). Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: a potential class of natural compounds for the control of enveloped viruses. Antiviral Research, 98(2), 86-92.

1. Definition Juniperus Communis (Juniper) Berry:

Juniperus Communis (Juniper) Berry is a small, coniferous evergreen shrub that produces small, aromatic berries. These berries are commonly used in cosmetics for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and astringent properties.

2. Use:

Juniper berry extract is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to help reduce inflammation, fight acne-causing bacteria, and promote overall skin health. It is also known for its ability to help balance oily skin and improve the appearance of blemishes.

3. Usage Juniperus Communis (Juniper) Berry:

Juniper berry extract can be found in a variety of cosmetics, including cleansers, toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid any potential skin irritation. It is important to perform a patch test before using any product containing juniper berry extract to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Juniperus communis L." by El-Sayed M. Shams, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), 2012.

- "Juniperus communis L." by M. Kintzios, in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, 2017.

- "Juniperus communis L." by A. G. Bonet and J. Vallès, in Ethnobotany of Food Plants in Europe, 2018.

1. Definition Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Powder:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Powder is a finely ground powder derived from the dried flowers of the Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and calming properties.

2. Use:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Powder is often used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and masks due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is known to help soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it is used in hair care products for its ability to condition and nourish the hair and scalp.

3. Usage Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Powder:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Powder can be incorporated into various cosmetic formulations at recommended concentrations. It is typically added to the water phase of a product and mixed thoroughly to ensure even distribution. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies. Precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation of the powder during handling.

4. References:

- Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Report. 2010 Nov 1;3(6):895-901.

- Keefe JR, Mao JJ, Soeller I, Li QS, Amsterdam JD. Short-term open-label chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) therapy of moderate to severe generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine. 2016 May 1;23(7):1699-705.

- Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Aug 1;29(4):378-82.

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Powder:

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Powder is a powdered form of dried rosemary leaves, derived from the Rosmarinus officinalis plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and potential skin benefits.

2. Use:

Rosemary leaf powder is often used in cosmetics as a natural ingredient to provide fragrance, color, and potential skin benefits. It is known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a more youthful appearance. Additionally, rosemary leaf powder is believed to have antimicrobial properties, making it a popular choice for products targeting acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Powder:

Rosemary leaf powder can be incorporated into various cosmetic products such as facial masks, scrubs, soaps, and lotions. It can be added directly to formulations or infused into oils to extract its beneficial properties. When using rosemary leaf powder in cosmetics, it is important to perform a patch test prior to use to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also recommended to follow the recommended usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective use of the ingredient.

4. References:

- Chevallier, Andrew. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. DK Publishing, 2016.

- Hossain, Md. Shahadat, et al. "Rosemary: An Updated Review of its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol. 6, no. 14, 2012, pp. 2526-2534.

- Donsky, Andrea. "Rosemary Extract for Skin: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, 2021.

1. Definition Angelica Archangelica:

Angelica Archangelica, also known as Garden Angelica, is a plant native to Northern Europe and Siberia. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Angelica Archangelica is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and masks to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin. Additionally, Angelica Archangelica is known for its soothing properties, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Angelica Archangelica:

When using cosmetics containing Angelica Archangelica, it is important to patch test the product first to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for the best results. Avoid contact with the eyes and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Fazli, M., et al. (2016). Angelica archangelica: Essential oil analysis and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 6(3), 123-128.

- Koo, H. J., et al. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of Angelica archangelica in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52(6), 729-734.

- Tumen, I., et al. (2019). The protective effect of Angelica archangelica against UVB-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 57(1), 51-57.

1. Definition Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Juice:

Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Juice is the liquid extracted from the flesh of the pineapple fruit. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and enzymes that have various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Pineapple fruit juice is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating, brightening, and hydrating properties. It contains enzymes like bromelain, which helps to gently exfoliate the skin by breaking down dead skin cells. This can result in smoother, brighter skin and can also help to improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Juice:

Pineapple fruit juice can be found in a variety of skincare products such as cleansers, masks, serums, and exfoliating treatments. When using products containing pineapple fruit juice, it is important to patch-test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to use sunscreen when using products with pineapple fruit juice, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight.

4. References:

- Saeidnia, S., Manayi, A., & Gohari, A. R. (2015). Ananas comosus L. - Pineapple. In Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application (pp. 1-15). Springer, Cham.

- Bhattacharya, S., & Banerjee, D. (2017). Pineapple: A fruit with multifaceted medicinal and nutritional properties. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(3), 205-210.

- Pavan, R., Jain, S., & Shraddha, (2012). Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review. Biotechnology Research International, 2012.

1. Definition Sodium Chloride:

Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.

2. Use:

Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.

- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.

1. Definition Cocamide Dea:

Cocamide DEA is a viscous liquid compound derived from coconut oil and diethanolamine. It is commonly used as a foaming agent and emulsifier in various cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Cocamide DEA is primarily used in shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers to create a rich lather and improve the texture of the product. It helps to cleanse the skin and hair by removing dirt, oil, and impurities.

3. Usage Cocamide Dea:

When using products containing Cocamide DEA, it is important to be aware of potential irritations or allergic reactions. Some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience skin irritation, redness, or itching. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Cocamide DEA to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Cocamide DEA." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cocamide-dea.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Cocamide DEA." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 27, no. 1, 2008, pp. 1-13.

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Safety and Regulatory Information on Cocamide DEA." www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/cocamide-dea.

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

1. Definition Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil:

Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is a polyethylene glycol derivative of hydrogenated castor oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and solubilizer.

2. Use:

Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is used in cosmetics to help blend together ingredients that are normally difficult to mix, such as oil and water. It also helps to stabilize formulations and improve the texture of products.

3. Usage Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil:

Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-10% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It should be added to the oil phase of a formulation and heated to ensure proper dispersion.

Precautions: While Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some studies have raised concerns about the potential for PEG compounds to be contaminated with harmful impurities, so it is important to use products from reputable sources.

4. References:

- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.

- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.

- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Paula's Choice Skincare, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/surfactants/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

1. Definition Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.

2. Use:

Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.

- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.

1. Definition Cocamidopropyl Betaine:

Cocamidopropyl Betaine is a surfactant derived from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a cleansing agent and foam booster.

2. Use:

Cocamidopropyl Betaine is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and hand soaps. It helps to create a rich lather, effectively removing dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.

3. Usage Cocamidopropyl Betaine:

When using products containing Cocamidopropyl Betaine, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. While it is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience irritation or reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 10632, Cocamidopropyl Betaine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cocamidopropyl-betaine

- Environmental Working Group. Cocamidopropyl Betaine. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/701520-COCAMIDOPROPYL_BETAINE/

- Personal Care Products Council. Cocamidopropyl Betaine. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/cocamidopropyl-betaine/

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

1. Definition Benzophenone-4:

Benzophenone-4 is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics as a sunscreen agent. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzophenones, which are aromatic ketones.

2. Use:

Benzophenone-4 is primarily used in sunscreens and other personal care products to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. It acts as a broad-spectrum UV filter, absorbing both UVA and UVB rays to prevent sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer.

3. Usage Benzophenone-4:

Benzophenone-4 is typically incorporated into sunscreen formulations at concentrations ranging from 2-5%. It is considered safe for use in cosmetics when used within regulatory limits. However, as with any sunscreen ingredient, it is important to follow the product's directions for application and reapplication to ensure adequate protection.

Precautions: While benzophenone-4 is generally regarded as safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing benzophenone-4, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of skin allergies.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 19908, Benzophenone-4. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzophenone-4

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Section 352.10: Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=352.10

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Benzophenone-4 safety assessment. https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/benzophenone-4.pdf

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice:

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice is a natural extract derived from the succulent leaves of the Aloe Vera plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, calming, and healing properties. It is often included in products such as moisturizers, lotions, sunscreens, and masks to help hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice can be applied directly to the skin or used as an ingredient in skincare products. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and irritated skin. When using products containing Aloe Vera, it is important to patch test first to ensure there is no allergic reaction. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Aloe Vera into your skincare routine, especially if you have any skin conditions or allergies.

4. References:

- Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166.

- Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(1), 21–26.

- Choi, S., Chung, M. H., & Aeschbach, R. (2001). Antioxidant activity of Aloe vera in vitro study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(16), 3718–3722.

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Milk Protein:

Hydrolyzed Milk Protein is a cosmetic ingredient derived from milk that has undergone a process of hydrolysis, breaking down the protein molecules into smaller fragments. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin, providing nourishment and hydration.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Milk Protein is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve the skin's elasticity and firmness, as well as strengthen the hair shaft and promote hair growth. Additionally, it can help to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards sensitive skin.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Milk Protein:

Hydrolyzed Milk Protein can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and up to 10% in haircare products. To use products containing Hydrolyzed Milk Protein, simply apply them to clean skin or hair as directed on the packaging.

4. References:

- Javed, S., Kohli, K., Ali, M., & Rehman, S. (2018). Hydrolyzed Milk Proteins and their Biofunctional Properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58(10), 1662-1669.

- Sahu, A., & Sharma, R. (2019). Milk Proteins and their Derivatives in Skin Care: A Review. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(5), 1-4.

- Kim, S., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2020). Effects of Hydrolyzed Milk Protein on Skin Health. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 19(3), 587-594.

1. Definition Alcohol:

Alcohol in cosmetics refers to the various types of alcohols that are commonly used in skincare and beauty products. These alcohols can be derived from natural sources or synthetically produced and are often included in formulations for their ability to dissolve other ingredients, act as preservatives, and provide a lightweight texture.

2. Use:

Alcohol in cosmetics is commonly used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients in a formulation, such as essential oils, fragrances, and active ingredients. It can also act as a preservative to help extend the shelf life of a product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, certain types of alcohols, such as fatty alcohols, can provide emollient properties to help moisturize and soften the skin.

3. Usage Alcohol:

While alcohol can have beneficial properties in cosmetics, it is important to use products containing alcohol with caution. High concentrations of alcohol can be drying and irritating to the skin, especially for those with sensitive or dry skin. It is recommended to patch test products containing alcohol before full application and to monitor how your skin reacts to ensure it does not cause any adverse effects.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

1. Definition Lecithin:

Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier. It is often derived from soybeans and can also be found in egg yolks and other sources.

2. Use:

Lecithin is used in cosmetics to help improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as to moisturize and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, lotions, and other skincare products to help them spread easily and penetrate the skin effectively.

3. Usage Lecithin:

When using products containing lecithin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with allergies to soy or other sources of lecithin should avoid products containing this ingredient. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Magdassi, S., & Garti, N. (1999). Lecithin-based emulsions. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 4(5), 311-316.

- Barauskas, J., & Nylander, T. (2005). Lecithin-based microemulsions. Langmuir, 21(2), 597-601.

- Komaiko, J. S., & McClements, D. J. (2016). Low-energy formation of edible nanoemulsions: Factors influencing droplet size produced by emulsion phase inversion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 434, 8-20.

1. Definition Arbutin:

Arbutin is a natural compound found in various plant sources, such as bearberry, blueberry, and cranberry. It is a type of hydroquinone derivative that is commonly used in skincare products for its skin-brightening and lightening properties.

2. Use:

Arbutin is often included in skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions, to help reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. It works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.

3. Usage Arbutin:

When using skincare products containing arbutin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and to use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from further damage. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Arbutin: Mechanism of action and its cosmetic properties. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6017965/

- Skin lightening agents: new chemical and plant extracts. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801997/

- A review of the topical effects of arbutin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958188/

1. Definition Glycine:

Glycine is an amino acid that is naturally found in the body and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins. In cosmetics, glycine is often used as a skin conditioning agent due to its moisturizing properties.

2. Use:

Glycine is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help hydrate and nourish the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging formulations.

3. Usage Glycine:

When using skincare products containing glycine, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. H., Lee, J. S., Kim, H. S., & Lee, J. Y. (2016). The effects of glycine on subjective daytime performance in partially sleep-restricted healthy volunteers. Frontiers in neurology, 7, 115.

- Wu, G. (2013). Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 407-411.

- Lupo, M. P. (2012). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic therapy, 25(3), 232-238.

1. Definition Sodium Lactate:

Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of natural Lactic Acid, a humectant and pH regulator commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a slightly salty taste.

2. Use:

Sodium Lactate is primarily used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient in lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by smoothing out rough patches and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Sodium Lactate:

When using products containing Sodium Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Lactate to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to store products containing Sodium Lactate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- S. Wang, J. Li, R. Dong, J. Zhao, L. Zhang, "Sodium Lactate: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018.

- M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, M. M. El-Mehasseb, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

- M. M. El-Mehasseb, M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

1. Definition Glutathione:

Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria. It is composed of three amino acids - cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine - and plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and maintaining overall health.

2. Use:

Glutathione is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-lightening properties. It inhibits the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for dark spots and hyperpigmentation, resulting in a brighter and more even complexion. It is also known for its anti-aging benefits, as it helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Glutathione:

Glutathione can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or in combination with other ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glutathione into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Wu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2018). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of glutathione on UVB-irradiated human skin. European Journal of Inflammation, 16(1), 1-6.

- Watanabe, F., Hashizume, E., Chan, G., & Kamimura, A. (2014). Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 7, 267-274.

- Arjinpathana, N., Asawanonda, P., & Klahan, S. (2012). Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 23(2), 97-102.

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

1. Definition Linolenic Acid:

Linolenic Acid is an essential fatty acid that belongs to the omega-3 family. It is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to help maintain the skin's barrier function.

2. Use:

Linolenic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and improve overall skin health. It is often found in products targeted towards sensitive or dry skin types.

3. Usage Linolenic Acid:

When using skincare products containing Linolenic Acid, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with allergies to nuts or seeds should be cautious as Linolenic Acid is derived from sources such as flaxseed or hemp seed oil. It is best to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Linolenic Acid into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Kaur, G., & Sinclair, A. J. (2007). Alpha-linolenic acid in skincare. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 109(8), 657-664.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Garg, S., & Sangwan, A. (2018). Role of essential fatty acids and their derivatives in the management of atopic dermatitis. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 11(8), 14-19.

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

1. Definition Linoleic Acid:

Linoleic Acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that is essential for maintaining healthy skin. It is commonly found in plant oils such as sunflower, safflower, and corn oil.

2. Use:

Linoleic Acid is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to strengthen the skin's barrier function, improve hydration, and reduce redness and irritation. It is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and oils.

3. Usage Linoleic Acid:

When using skincare products containing Linoleic Acid, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive skin may want to start with a lower concentration to avoid any potential irritation. It is best to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for the specific product you are using.

4. References:

- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., ... & Chung, J. H. (2005). Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo. Annals of Dermatology, 27(6), 243-249.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Szymańska, E., Saczko, J., Michalak, I., & Wilk, K. A. (2019). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Selected Flavonoids on Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Aging. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019.

1. Definition Ascorbyl Palmitate:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is a synthetic compound derived from ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and palmitic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production.

2. Use:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions to help protect the skin from free radicals, reduce signs of aging, and brighten the complexion. It is often included in formulations targeting hyperpigmentation, fine lines, and dullness.

3. Usage Ascorbyl Palmitate:

Ascorbyl Palmitate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 3%. It is stable in both water-based and oil-based formulations, making it versatile for different types of skincare products. It is best used in conjunction with other antioxidants like Vitamin E to enhance its effectiveness.

Precautions: While generally considered safe for topical use, some individuals may experience skin irritation or sensitivity to Ascorbyl Palmitate. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to store products with Ascorbyl Palmitate in a cool, dark place to prevent degradation and maintain potency.

4. References:

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

- Campos, P. M. B. G. M., & Gonçalves, G. M. (2008). Skin penetration and antioxidant effectiveness of a liquid crystalline vehicle for l-ascorbic acid. International journal of cosmetic science, 30(6), 413–421.

1. Definition Methylchloroisothiazolinone:

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a synthetic preservative that helps to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in these products.

2. Use:

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and creams. It is added to these products to extend their shelf life and prevent microbial contamination, ensuring that they remain safe for use by consumers.

3. Usage Methylchloroisothiazolinone:

When using products that contain Methylchloroisothiazolinone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using the product on a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products containing Methylchloroisothiazolinone on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- L. J. van Rhijn, J. J. Koeze, and J. H. van der Kolk, "Allergic contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone in a wall paint," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 185-186, 1992.

- S. M. Gruvberger, A. L. Fischer, and M. A. Fischer, "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone in a painter," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 161-162, 1995.

- M. J. Gawkrodger, "Occupational dermatitis in the catering industry: increased problems with methylisothiazolinone," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 181-182, 1989.