Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents
1. Definition Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.
2. Use:
Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.
3. Usage Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol
- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol
Other Names: Hydrolyzed animal protein
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Film Forming, Nail Agents
1. Definition Hydrolyzed Collagen:
Hydrolyzed Collagen is a form of collagen that has been broken down into smaller, more easily absorbed peptides through a process called hydrolysis. This makes it easier for the skin to absorb and utilize the collagen, leading to potential benefits such as improved skin hydration, elasticity, and overall appearance.
2. Use:
Hydrolyzed Collagen is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its anti-aging properties. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and masks to help improve skin firmness, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, hydrolyzed collagen can also help strengthen hair and nails, making it a popular ingredient in hair care and nail products as well.
3. Usage Hydrolyzed Collagen:
When using products containing hydrolyzed collagen, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Generally, these products can be applied topically to the skin, hair, or nails as part of a regular skincare or beauty routine. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with known collagen allergies or sensitivities should consult with a dermatologist before using products containing hydrolyzed collagen.
4. References:
- Choi, F.D., Sung, C.T., Juhasz, M.L., & Mesinkovsk, N.A. (2019). Oral Collagen Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Dermatological Applications. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 18(1), 9-16.
- Asserin, J., Lati, E., Shioya, T., & Prawitt, J. (2015). The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 14(4), 291-301.
- Bolke, L., Schlippe, G., Gerß, J., & Voss, W. (2019). A Collagen Supplement Improves Skin Hydration, Elasticity, Roughness, and Density: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Blind Study. Nutrients, 11(10), 2494.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Serine:
Serine is an amino acid that is essential for the production of proteins and is a key component in the synthesis of various molecules in the body. In cosmetics, serine is often used for its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.
2. Use:
Serine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to help maintain skin hydration and improve skin texture. It is also known for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.
3. Usage Serine:
When using products containing serine, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Serine is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergic reactions. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional if you have any concerns about using products with serine.
4. References:
- Y. Katsuta, M. Iida, K. Hotta, S. Tsuboi, Y. Ogawa, "Involvement of serine proteases in the pathogenesis of rosacea: a preliminary study," Archives of Dermatological Research, vol. 300, no. 3, pp. 153-157, 2008.
- N. K. Jain, A. Roy, "Serine protease inhibitors in skin disorders," European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2000.
- S. P. Han, J. Y. Lee, H. S. Kim, "Effects of serine on skin barrier function and inflammation in atopic dermatitis," Journal of Dermatology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 123-131, 2015.
Other Names: Ethanol; Grain Alcohol; Ethyl Alcohol
Function: Solvent, Masking, Antifoaming Agent, Viscosity Controlling, Antimicrobial, Astringent
1. Definition Alcohol:
Alcohol in cosmetics refers to the various types of alcohols that are commonly used in skincare and beauty products. These alcohols can be derived from natural sources or synthetically produced and are often included in formulations for their ability to dissolve other ingredients, act as preservatives, and provide a lightweight texture.
2. Use:
Alcohol in cosmetics is commonly used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients in a formulation, such as essential oils, fragrances, and active ingredients. It can also act as a preservative to help extend the shelf life of a product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, certain types of alcohols, such as fatty alcohols, can provide emollient properties to help moisturize and soften the skin.
3. Usage Alcohol:
While alcohol can have beneficial properties in cosmetics, it is important to use products containing alcohol with caution. High concentrations of alcohol can be drying and irritating to the skin, especially for those with sensitive or dry skin. It is recommended to patch test products containing alcohol before full application and to monitor how your skin reacts to ensure it does not cause any adverse effects.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
Other Names: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing
1. Definition Allantoin:
Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.
3. Usage Allantoin:
Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.
- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.
Function: Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming
1. Definition Hydroxypropyl Chitosan:
Hydroxypropyl Chitosan is a modified form of chitosan, a natural polymer derived from chitin found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans. It is created by chemically modifying chitosan with hydroxypropyl groups, which enhances its solubility in water and improves its film-forming properties.
2. Use:
Hydroxypropyl Chitosan is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent, thickener, and stabilizer. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products, providing a smooth and silky feel when applied to the skin or hair. Additionally, it has moisturizing properties that can help to hydrate and protect the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums.
3. Usage Hydroxypropyl Chitosan:
When using products containing Hydroxypropyl Chitosan, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin. It is recommended to avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes, and to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- Rinaudo, M. (2006). Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 31(7), 603-632.
- Kean, T., Thanou, M. (2010). Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 62(1), 3-11.
- Muzzarelli, R. A. A. (2011). Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers. Marine Drugs, 9(5), 795-812.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour:
Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour is a cosmetic ingredient derived from wheat flour that has undergone hydrolysis, a process that breaks down the protein molecules into smaller fragments. This results in a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin.
2. Use:
Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It is known to help improve the skin's elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and provide nourishment to the hair.
3. Usage Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour:
Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, masks, shampoos, and conditioners. When using products containing this ingredient, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with wheat allergies should avoid products containing Hydrolyzed Wheat Flour.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Other Names: L-Sodium Lactate
Function: Humectant, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant, Keratolytic
1. Definition Sodium Lactate:
Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of natural Lactic Acid, a humectant and pH regulator commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a slightly salty taste.
2. Use:
Sodium Lactate is primarily used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient in lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by smoothing out rough patches and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
3. Usage Sodium Lactate:
When using products containing Sodium Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Lactate to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to store products containing Sodium Lactate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.
4. References:
- S. Wang, J. Li, R. Dong, J. Zhao, L. Zhang, "Sodium Lactate: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018.
- M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, M. M. El-Mehasseb, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.
- M. M. El-Mehasseb, M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Royal Jelly Extract:
Royal Jelly Extract is a natural substance produced by worker honeybees to feed the queen bee. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Royal Jelly Extract is known for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties. It helps to nourish and rejuvenate the skin, promoting a smoother, firmer complexion. It can also help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, making it a valuable ingredient in anti-aging skincare products.
3. Usage Royal Jelly Extract:
Royal Jelly Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or as part of a skincare routine. It is important to patch test any new skincare product containing Royal Jelly Extract to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Royal Jelly Extract into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.
4. References:
- Lee, S. H., & Lee, H. J. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of royal jelly on ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced contact dermatitis in mice. Laboratory Animal Research, 32(4), 204-209.
- Park, H. M., Hwang, E., Lee, K. G., Han, S. M., Cho, Y., Kim, S. Y., ... & Kim, S. J. (2011). Royal jelly protects against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts via enhancing collagen production. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(9), 899-906.
- Ramadan, M. F., & Al-Ghamdi, A. (2012). Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of royal jelly: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(1), 39-52.
Other Names: Tannins; Food grade Tannins; Tannin Acid
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Cosmetic Astringent
1. Definition Tannic Acid:
Tannic acid is a type of polyphenol compound found in various plant sources, such as oak bark, nutgalls, and tea leaves. It is known for its astringent properties and ability to tighten and tone the skin.
2. Use:
Tannic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of the skin. It is often included in skincare products such as toners, serums, and masks to help minimize the appearance of pores, reduce inflammation, and promote a more even skin tone.
3. Usage Tannic Acid:
When using cosmetics containing tannic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility and avoid any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid using products containing tannic acid near the eyes or mucous membranes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- Akhtar, N., Zaman, M. S., Khan, B. A., Amir, M. N., Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., & Khan, H. M. S. (2011). Tannins: Major Sources, Properties and Applications. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47(1), 1-16.
- Sroka, Z., & Cisowski, W. (2003). Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 41(6), 753-758.
- Sarikurkcu, C., Zengin, G., & Oskay, M. (2010). UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS based phytochemical profiling of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(2), 367-372.
Other Names: Avena Sativa Kernel Extract; Oat Kernel Extract
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Abrasive
1. Definition Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract:
Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract is derived from the oat plant and is known for its soothing and moisturizing properties. It is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to calm irritated skin and provide hydration.
2. Use:
Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract is used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and emollient properties. It is often included in products designed for sensitive skin, such as creams, lotions, and serums, to help reduce redness, itching, and dryness. This ingredient is also known to help improve the skin's barrier function and protect against environmental stressors.
3. Usage Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract:
When using products containing Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no adverse reactions. This ingredient is generally considered safe for most skin types, but individuals with oat allergies should avoid products containing oat-derived ingredients. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products with this extract.
4. References:
- Baumann, Leslie. "Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients." McGraw Hill Professional, 2015.
- Draelos, Zoe Diana. "Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures." John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
- Sur, Rituparna. "Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs vs. Cosmetics." CRC Press, 2016.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:
Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is a type of algae extract derived from the green freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris. It is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its numerous skin benefits. It is known for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which help to nourish and protect the skin. Additionally, it can help to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health.
3. Usage Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:
Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is typically included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in formulations designed to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin, as well as in products targeting specific skin concerns such as aging or inflammation. When using products containing Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to regular use to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Kim, S. K., & Thomas, N. V. (2011). Chlorella: a powerful skin care ingredient. In Marine Cosmeceuticals (pp. 235-245). CRC Press.
- Gellen, A., & Marques, M. R. (2018). Chlorella vulgaris extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in aged skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 706-711.
- Karkos, P. D., Leong, S. C., Karkos, C. D., Sivaji, N., & Assimakopoulos, D. A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.
Other Names: KEIHI EKISU
Function: Masking, Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Extract:
Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Extract is derived from the bark of the Cinnamomum cassia tree, also known as Chinese cinnamon. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
2. Use:
Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Extract is often included in skincare products for its ability to help improve the appearance of skin by reducing inflammation, fighting free radicals, and preventing acne breakouts. It is also used in hair care products to promote scalp health and stimulate hair growth.
3. Usage Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Extract:
When using products containing Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. It is recommended to use products with this extract as directed by the manufacturer and to avoid using them in excessive amounts to prevent skin irritation.
4. References:
- Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. (2008). Anti-biofilm activities of cinnamaldehyde against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(10), 1719-1722.
- Wang, W., Li, N., Luo, M., Zu, Y., & Efferth, T. (2012). Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main components. Molecules, 17(3), 2704-2713.
- Kim, D. S., Kim, J. H., Lee, G. H., Kim, H. T., & Lee, J. S. (2011). Anti-inflammatory effects of Cinnamomum cassia bark extract in LPS-induced mouse macrophage cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 40(11), 1542-1549.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Placental Protein:
Placental Protein is a substance derived from the placenta of mammals, including humans, that is rich in amino acids, peptides, growth factors, and other bioactive compounds. It is known for its potential benefits in promoting skin health and rejuvenation.
2. Use:
Placental Protein is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-renewing properties. It is believed to help improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health. Placental Protein is often included in serums, creams, and masks targeting mature or damaged skin.
3. Usage Placental Protein:
When using skincare products containing Placental Protein, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional before incorporating Placental Protein into your routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or underlying skin conditions.
4. References:
- Kim, S., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2017). Placenta extract promote cutaneous wound healing in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 196, 327-334.
- Kwon, H., Choi, Y., Kim, M., & Park, S. (2019). Anti-wrinkle effects of human placenta extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(3), 905-911.
- Lee, J., Kim, S., & Kim, J. (2020). Placental extract ameliorates skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis by modulating lamellar body biogenesis. Journal of Dermatological Science, 97(2), 102-109.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Carbonyl diamide; Carbamide
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Urea:
Urea is a naturally occurring substance found in the human body and is also synthetically produced for use in various cosmetic products. It is a humectant that helps to draw moisture into the skin and is known for its hydrating properties.
2. Use:
Urea is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and lotions due to its ability to help improve skin hydration. It is especially beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin, as it can help to soften and smooth the skin's surface.
3. Usage Urea:
When using skincare products containing urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential skin irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying urea-containing products to a larger area of the skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.
Other Names: Trimethylglycine
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Betaine:
Betaine is a naturally occurring compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It is derived from sugar beets and is known for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Betaine is often included in cosmetics for its hydrating and soothing effects on the skin. It helps to improve the skin's moisture levels, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. In haircare products, betaine can help to strengthen and condition the hair, reducing frizz and improving manageability.
3. Usage Betaine:
Betaine can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, cleansers, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and is considered safe for most skin types. However, as with any new ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing betaine to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Choudhury, H., & Pandey, M. (2013). Betaine in cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 35(2), 157-161.
- Kim, J., & Lee, I. (2016). Moisturizing effects of betaine-containing cosmetics on human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(3), 212-217.
- Yoon, H. S., & Lee, S. J. (2018). Betaine as a conditioning agent in haircare products. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(5), 321-327.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Sodium Acid Citrate
Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating
1. Definition Sodium Citrate:
Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.
2. Use:
Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.
3. Usage Sodium Citrate:
When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.
- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.
- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.
Other Names: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Panthenol:
Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.
2. Use:
Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.
3. Usage Panthenol:
Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.
Other Names: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid
Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant
1. Definition Lactic Acid:
Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.
2. Use:
Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.
3. Usage Lactic Acid:
When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.
Function: Solvent to dissolve substances insoluble in water, Surfactant, Cleansing
1. Definition Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate:
Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate is a water-soluble silicone surfactant commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from dimethicone, a type of silicone that is known for its skin conditioning properties.
2. Use:
Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and facial cleansers. It is primarily used as a surfactant, which means it helps to lower the surface tension of a liquid and allows it to spread more easily. This ingredient helps to create a rich lather in cleansing products and can also help to improve the texture and feel of the product on the skin or hair.
3. Usage Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate:
When using products containing Disodium Peg 12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients. If you experience any irritation or allergic reaction, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Disodium Peg-12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate" by The Personal Care Products Council
- "Ingredient Focus: Disodium Peg-12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate" by Cosmeticsinfo.org
- "Safety Assessment of Disodium Peg-12 Dimethicone Sulfosuccinate" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel
Other Names: Octoxyglycerin
Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.
2. Use:
Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.
- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.
