1. Definition Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil:

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a natural oil derived from the seeds of the safflower plant. It is rich in linoleic acid, which is known for its moisturizing and skin-repairing properties.

2. Use:

Safflower seed oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient properties, making it an excellent ingredient for moisturizing and nourishing the skin. It is often found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like conditioners and hair masks.

3. Usage Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil:

Safflower seed oil can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or it can be incorporated into various cosmetic formulations. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. When using safflower seed oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to store the oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi F, Chiang NYZ. Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):14-17.

- Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;19(1):70.

- Meier L, Stange R, Michalsen A, Uehleke B. Clay jojoba oil facial mask for lesioned skin and mild acne--results of a prospective, observational pilot study. Forsch Komplementmed. 2012;19(2):75-79.

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

1. Definition Peg 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides:

Peg 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides is a mild surfactant derived from a combination of Caprylic and Capric acids and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and cleansing agent.

2. Use:

Peg 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes. It helps to emulsify oils and water-based ingredients, allowing them to mix together smoothly. It also acts as a gentle cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and impurities from the skin and hair.

3. Usage Peg 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides:

When using products containing Peg 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to it. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Peg 6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides for the first time.

4. References:

- "PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-6-capryliccapric-glycerides.

- "PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-6-capryliccapric-glycerides.

- "PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/peg-6-caprylic-capric-glycerides/.

1. Definition Peg 40 Glyceryl Cocoate:

Peg 40 Glyceryl Cocoate is a surfactant and emulsifying agent derived from coconut oil and polyethylene glycol. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for its ability to help mix oil and water-based ingredients.

2. Use:

Peg 40 Glyceryl Cocoate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, and body washes. It acts as a surfactant, helping to cleanse the skin and hair by breaking down oils and dirt, and as an emulsifier, helping to stabilize the mixture of oil and water-based ingredients in a product.

3. Usage Peg 40 Glyceryl Cocoate:

Peg 40 Glyceryl Cocoate is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic formulations, usually ranging from 1-5%. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for use provided by the manufacturer. It is also important to note that some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Peg compounds, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Peg 40 Glyceryl Cocoate.

4. References:

- "PEG-40 Glyceryl Cocoate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-40-glyceryl-cocoate.

- "PEG-40 Glyceryl Cocoate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-40-glyceryl-cocoate.

- "PEG-40 Glyceryl Cocoate." Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/cleansing-agents/peg-40-glyceryl-cocoate.

1. Definition Cyclopentasiloxane:

Cyclopentasiloxane is a type of silicone commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and colorless liquid that helps to improve the texture and spreadability of products.

2. Use:

Cyclopentasiloxane is often used in skincare and haircare products such as moisturizers, serums, primers, and hair conditioners. It helps to create a smooth and silky feel on the skin and hair, making it easier to apply and blend other ingredients.

3. Usage Cyclopentasiloxane:

When using products containing Cyclopentasiloxane, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to silicone-based ingredients. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience irritation or breakouts. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a product with Cyclopentasiloxane, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Ulery, B. D., Nair, L. S., & Laurencin, C. T. (2011). Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 49(12), 832-864.

- Lefebvre, M. A., Pham, D. M., Boussouira, B., & Bernard, D. (2015). Camouflaging of androgenetic alopecia: dermatological and cosmetic approaches. Skin Research and Technology, 21(4), 219-227.

- Mavon, A., Miquel, C., Lejeune, O., Payre, B., & Moret, N. (2015). In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo stratum corneum distribution of an organic and a mineral sunscreen. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(5), 266-275.

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.

1. Definition Cyclohexasiloxane:

Cyclohexasiloxane is a type of silicone compound commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and solvent. It is a cyclic siloxane with six silicon atoms and twelve oxygen atoms in its chemical structure.

2. Use:

Cyclohexasiloxane is used in cosmetics for its ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin and hair. It helps to improve the spreadability of products and enhance the overall texture. Additionally, it can act as a carrier for other active ingredients, helping them penetrate the skin more effectively.

3. Usage Cyclohexasiloxane:

Cyclohexasiloxane is typically found in various skincare and haircare products such as moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Some studies suggest that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of cyclohexasiloxane may have potential environmental and health concerns, so it is advisable to use products containing this ingredient in moderation.

4. References:

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2017). Safety assessment of cyclopentasiloxane and cyclohexasiloxane. International journal of toxicology, 36(1_suppl), 3S-19S.

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2015). Opinion on cyclohexasiloxane (cyclohexamethylsiloxane) (D6). SCCS/1549/14.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane, and cyclotetrasiloxane. International journal of toxicology, 27, 87-110.

1. Definition Sodium Coceth Sulfate:

Sodium Coceth Sulfate is a surfactant that is derived from coconut oil and is commonly used in cosmetics as a cleansing agent and emulsifier. It is a mild and gentle ingredient that helps to create a foamy lather and effectively remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Sodium Coceth Sulfate is often found in a variety of personal care products such as shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and toothpaste. It helps to create a rich and creamy texture in products, making them easier to apply and rinse off. Additionally, it can help to improve the overall cleansing power of a product, leaving the skin and hair feeling clean and refreshed.

3. Usage Sodium Coceth Sulfate:

When using products containing Sodium Coceth Sulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid getting the product in the eyes, as it may cause irritation. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23665969, Sodium Coceth Sulfate. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-Coceth-Sulfate

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. Sodium Coceth Sulfate. https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-coceth-sulfate

- Personal Care Council. Sodium Coceth Sulfate. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-coceth-sulfate/

1. Definition Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water is a natural ingredient derived from the juice of apples. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating, soothing, and brightening properties. It can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin, making it look more radiant and youthful.

3. Usage Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is typically applied to the skin after cleansing and before moisturizing. Simply pour a small amount onto a cotton pad and gently swipe it across the face and neck. It can also be used as a refreshing mist throughout the day to keep the skin hydrated and revitalized.

Precautions: While Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water is generally safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on the face to ensure there are no allergic reactions. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Kim, J. E., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Apple water extract and its major polyphenols suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress. Journal of Food Science, 82(5), 1234-1241.

- Hong, C. O., Rhee, C. H., & Won, Y. H. (2009). Inhibitory effects of apple water extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Food Science, 74(8), H233-H241.

- Yoon, J. S., Kwon, H. H., Min, S. U., Thiboutot, D. M., & Suh, D. H. (2013). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(2), 429-440.

1. Definition Alcohol:

Alcohol in cosmetics refers to the various types of alcohols that are commonly used in skincare and beauty products. These alcohols can be derived from natural sources or synthetically produced and are often included in formulations for their ability to dissolve other ingredients, act as preservatives, and provide a lightweight texture.

2. Use:

Alcohol in cosmetics is commonly used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients in a formulation, such as essential oils, fragrances, and active ingredients. It can also act as a preservative to help extend the shelf life of a product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, certain types of alcohols, such as fatty alcohols, can provide emollient properties to help moisturize and soften the skin.

3. Usage Alcohol:

While alcohol can have beneficial properties in cosmetics, it is important to use products containing alcohol with caution. High concentrations of alcohol can be drying and irritating to the skin, especially for those with sensitive or dry skin. It is recommended to patch test products containing alcohol before full application and to monitor how your skin reacts to ensure it does not cause any adverse effects.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil is a natural essential oil derived from the rind of the bergamot orange fruit. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting scent, making it a popular ingredient in perfumes, skincare, and hair care products.

2. Use:

Bergamot oil is valued for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and astringent properties, making it a versatile ingredient in cosmetic formulations. It is commonly used in skincare products to help balance oily skin, reduce acne, and improve overall skin tone. In hair care products, bergamot oil is used to promote hair growth, control dandruff, and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil:

When using bergamot oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a potent essential oil that can cause skin irritation if used undiluted. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing bergamot oil to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, bergamot oil is photosensitive, meaning it can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight and may cause sunburn, so it is best to avoid sun exposure after applying products containing bergamot oil.

4. References:

- "Bergamot Oil: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/bergamot-oil#benefits

- "Bergamot Oil in Skincare: Benefits and Uses." Byrdie, www.byrdie.com/bergamot-oil-for-skin-4800962

- "Bergamot Essential Oil: Properties, Uses, and Benefits." AromaWeb, www.aromaweb.com/essential-oils/bergamot-oil.asp

1. Definition Protease:

Protease is a type of enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids. In cosmetics, protease is used to exfoliate the skin by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, revealing smoother and brighter skin.

2. Use:

Protease is commonly found in exfoliating products such as scrubs, peels, and masks. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin. Protease is also used in anti-aging products to promote cell turnover and collagen production, resulting in firmer and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Protease:

When using cosmetics containing protease, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Over-exfoliation can lead to irritation, redness, and sensitivity, so it is recommended to start with a lower concentration of protease and gradually increase the frequency of use as tolerated by the skin. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using exfoliating products to protect the skin from sun damage.

4. References:

- Korkina, L., & Mayer, W. (2014). Depletion of proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity in human cells interferes with the unfolded protein response and renders cells sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One, 9(2), e92067.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Rittié, L., & Fisher, G. J. (2002). UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 1(4), 705-720.

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract:

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the coconut tree. It is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Coconut Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and conditioning benefits. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling moisturized and supple. In hair care products, it can help to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair, making it softer and more manageable.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract:

Coconut Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient that can provide significant benefits even in small amounts. When using products containing Coconut Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron. "Cocos Nucifera Fruit Extract", Paula's Choice Skincare, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/plant-extracts/cocos-nucifera-fruit-extract.html

- "Coconut Fruit Extract", The Dermatology Review, https://thedermreview.com/coconut-fruit-extract/

- "Cocos Nucifera Fruit Extract", Skin Deep Cosmetics Database, Environmental Working Group, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706230-COCOS_NUCIFERA_%28COCONUT%29_FRUIT_EXTRACT/

1. Definition Propylene Glycol:

Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.

2. Use:

Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.

3. Usage Propylene Glycol:

When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group

- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council

1. Definition Glutathione:

Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria. It is composed of three amino acids - cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine - and plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative damage and maintaining overall health.

2. Use:

Glutathione is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-lightening properties. It inhibits the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for dark spots and hyperpigmentation, resulting in a brighter and more even complexion. It is also known for its anti-aging benefits, as it helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Glutathione:

Glutathione can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or in combination with other ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glutathione into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Wu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2018). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of glutathione on UVB-irradiated human skin. European Journal of Inflammation, 16(1), 1-6.

- Watanabe, F., Hashizume, E., Chan, G., & Kamimura, A. (2014). Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topical oxidized glutathione: a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy women. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 7, 267-274.

- Arjinpathana, N., Asawanonda, P., & Klahan, S. (2012). Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 23(2), 97-102.

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

1. Definition Lactobionic Acid:

Lactobionic Acid is a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) derived from lactose, a sugar found in milk. It is a gentle exfoliant and antioxidant that helps to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and hydrate the skin.

2. Use:

Lactobionic Acid is commonly used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to exfoliate the skin, promote cell turnover, and increase collagen production. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, as it is less irritating than other AHAs (alpha hydroxy acids) due to its larger molecular size.

3. Usage Lactobionic Acid:

Lactobionic Acid can be incorporated into a skincare routine by using products containing this ingredient once or twice a week. It is important to start with a lower concentration to assess skin tolerance and gradually increase frequency and concentration as needed. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using products with Lactobionic Acid to protect the skin from sun damage.

4. References:

- Obagi ZE, Basara ML, Yatskayer M, DeNoble L, Draelos ZD. An open-label clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a 20% lactobionic acid peel in the treatment of epidermal melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(6):1121-1126.

- Bae JH, Lee YJ, Park JK, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel lactobionic acid cream in the treatment of melasma. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019;30(1):33-38.

- Kim JH, Kim DH, Byun HJ, Park SH, Moon SH, Shin J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lactobionic acid cream in the treatment of melasma. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020;31(3):250-255.

1. Definition Panthenol:

Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.

2. Use:

Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.

3. Usage Panthenol:

Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.

1. Definition Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.

2. Use:

Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1

1. Definition Polyglutamic Acid:

Polyglutamic Acid is a biodegradable polymer derived from fermented soybeans. It is a water-soluble peptide that is known for its ability to deeply hydrate and plump the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Polyglutamic Acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective hydrating agent. Additionally, it can improve the skin's elasticity and smooth out fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Polyglutamic Acid:

Polyglutamic Acid can be found in various skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. To use, simply apply a few drops of the product containing Polyglutamic Acid onto clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Ko, H. C., Park, J. Y., & Han, S. H. (2016). The effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid on hair growth. Biomaterials research, 20, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-016-0085-5

- Tsai, T. H., Huang, C. H., Lin, Y. C., Huang, Y. C., & Yang, L. J. (2018). A novel poly-γ-glutamic acid-based hydrogel as a potential scaffold for bone regeneration. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 91, 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.028

- Lee, H. J., Park, J. H., Seo, I. H., Park, J. K., Kim, S. J., & Jang, J. W. (2020). Poly-γ-glutamic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. International journal of biological macromolecules, 152, 1000-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.016

1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:

Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.

2. Use:

Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.

3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:

When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.

4. References:

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

1. Definition Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, promote collagen production, and brighten the complexion.

2. Use:

Ascorbic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. Ascorbic Acid can also help to reduce hyperpigmentation, fade dark spots, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

When using products containing Ascorbic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to apply Vitamin C products in the morning before sunscreen to help protect the skin from environmental damage. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain their effectiveness.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

1. Definition Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract:

Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the dried calyx of the Hibiscus sabdariffa plant, also known as Roselle. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract is known for its anti-aging properties, as it helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. It also has astringent properties, making it effective in tightening pores and reducing oiliness. In haircare products, Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract can help strengthen hair follicles, promote hair growth, and prevent hair loss.

3. Usage Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract:

Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including serums, moisturizers, toners, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used at a concentration of 1-5% in skincare products and 0.5-2% in haircare products. To use products containing Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin or hair and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Chaudhuri, R. K., Bojanowski, K. (2014). Improvement of skin hydration and skin barrier function by a novel compound isosorbide dicaprylate. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 13(2), 98-105.

- Ali, B. H., Al Wabel, N. A., Blunden, G. (2005). Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: a review. Phytotherapy Research, 19(5), 369-375.

1. Definition Malic Acid:

Malic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that belongs to the alpha-hydroxy acid family. It is found in various fruits, such as apples, grapes, and cherries, and is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Malic acid is often used in cosmetics as an exfoliant to help remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and promote cell turnover. It can also help to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin, leaving it looking smoother and more radiant.

3. Usage Malic Acid:

When using products containing malic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of malic acid and gradually increase the frequency of use as tolerated by the skin. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using products containing malic acid, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun.

Precautions: Individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness when using products containing malic acid. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with malic acid on a larger area of the skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Hwang, S. W., Oh, D. J., Lee, D., Kim, J. S., & Park, S. W. (2017). Efficacy and safety of superficial chemical peeling in treatment of active acne vulgaris. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 16(4), 508-513.

- Draelos, Z. D., & Baumann, L. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Berman, B., & Maderal, A. (2018). Treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 17(6), 611-616.

1. Definition Tartaric Acid:

Tartaric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid found in many plants, particularly grapes. It is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as an ingredient in skincare products and makeup.

2. Use:

Tartaric acid is used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture of the skin. It is often found in facial peels, masks, and anti-aging products.

3. Usage Tartaric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing tartaric acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to do a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. Tartaric acid can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun, so it is important to use sunscreen when using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Katsarou A, Gortzi O, Mantzourani I, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of selected grape pomace extracts—An in vitro study. Antioxidants. 2019;8(7):191. doi:10.3390/antiox8070191

- Del Pozo-Acebo L, Martínez-Sanz M, Lizarraga D, et al. Formulation of a tartaric acid-based hydrogel for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(9):451. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics11090451

- Chaudhari SP, Tamhankar BM, Sonawane KB, et al. Tartaric acid as a green catalyst for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles. Synth Commun. 2019;49(14):1767-1774. doi:10.1080/00397911.2019.1630254

1. Definition Crataegus Monogyna Flower Extract:

Crataegus Monogyna Flower Extract is an extract derived from the flowers of the hawthorn tree, scientifically known as Crataegus monogyna. It is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds that have potential skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Crataegus Monogyna Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from free radicals, which can cause premature aging and damage. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness. The extract is also believed to improve skin tone and texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Crataegus Monogyna Flower Extract:

Crataegus Monogyna Flower Extract can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5% in formulations. To use products containing this extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a moisturizer to lock in the benefits of the extract.

4. References:

- Furtado, E. C., de Oliveira, A. P., de Oliveira, R. M., de Oliveira, A. M., & Carvalho, D. A. (2018). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Crataegus monogyna extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 124, 662-667.

- Sadowska, A., & Mączka, W. (2019). The influence of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. flower extract on skin cells. Industrial Crops and Products, 129, 339-344.

- Miron, T. L., Plaza, M., Bahrim, G., & Ibáñez, E. (2014). Herrero. Chemical composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. fruit extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 88, 372-379.

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

1. Definition Viola Tricolor Extract:

Viola Tricolor Extract, also known as wild pansy extract, is derived from the flowers of the Viola tricolor plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Viola Tricolor Extract is often used in skincare products for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin. It is particularly beneficial for sensitive skin types and can help reduce redness and inflammation.

3. Usage Viola Tricolor Extract:

Viola Tricolor Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically added to formulations in small concentrations to provide its soothing benefits without causing irritation. To use products containing Viola Tricolor Extract, simply apply as directed on the packaging, being careful to avoid contact with the eyes.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Hong, J. E., Kim, D. H., & Lee, J. G. (2016). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin-Moisturizing Effects of a Viola Tricolor Extract. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 67(5), 365-375.

- Kaur, S., & Sharma, A. (2018). Viola tricolor L.: A Review on Its Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23), 42-47.

- Wölfle, U., Seelinger, G., Bauer, G., Meinke, M. C., Lademann, J., & Schempp, C. M. (2014). Reactive molecule species and antioxidative mechanisms in normal skin and skin aging. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(6), 316-332.

1. Definition Cocamidopropyl Betaine:

Cocamidopropyl Betaine is a surfactant derived from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a cleansing agent and foam booster.

2. Use:

Cocamidopropyl Betaine is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and hand soaps. It helps to create a rich lather, effectively removing dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair.

3. Usage Cocamidopropyl Betaine:

When using products containing Cocamidopropyl Betaine, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. While it is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience irritation or reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 10632, Cocamidopropyl Betaine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cocamidopropyl-betaine

- Environmental Working Group. Cocamidopropyl Betaine. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/701520-COCAMIDOPROPYL_BETAINE/

- Personal Care Products Council. Cocamidopropyl Betaine. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/cocamidopropyl-betaine/

1. Definition Sodium Laureth Sulfate:

Sodium Laureth Sulfate is a surfactant and detergent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a type of sulfate that helps to create a foaming lather and cleanse the skin or hair by removing dirt and oils.

2. Use:

Sodium Laureth Sulfate is often found in products such as shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and toothpaste. It is used to create a rich lather that effectively removes dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin or hair.

3. Usage Sodium Laureth Sulfate:

While Sodium Laureth Sulfate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some people may experience skin irritation or sensitivity to this ingredient. It is important to patch test products containing Sodium Laureth Sulfate before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting products containing this ingredient in your eyes, as it can cause irritation.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23665879, Sodium Laureth Sulfate. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-laureth-sulfate

- Environmental Working Group. Sodium Laureth Sulfate. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706089-SODIUM_LAURETH_SULFATE/

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. Sodium Laureth Sulfate. http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-laureth-sulfate

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

1. Definition Sodium Lauroamphoacetate:

Sodium Lauroamphoacetate is a mild surfactant derived from coconut oil. It is a water-soluble amphoteric surfactant that is often used in cosmetics for its gentle cleansing properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Lauroamphoacetate is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without stripping away natural oils. Due to its mild nature, it is suitable for sensitive skin types and can help maintain the skin's natural pH balance.

3. Usage Sodium Lauroamphoacetate:

When using products containing Sodium Lauroamphoacetate, it is important to follow the directions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, a small amount of the product is applied to wet skin or hair, massaged gently to create a lather, and then rinsed thoroughly with water. Avoid getting the product in your eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Rieger, M. M., & Rhein, L. D. (2006). Surfactants in Cosmetics. Surfactant Science Series, 130. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420027971

- Lodeiro, C., Capelo, J. L., & Santos, H. M. (2013). Surfactants in Cosmetics. In Chemical Analysis of Non-antimicrobial Cosmetics (pp. 95-116). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-398456-2.00006-2

- Schueller, R., Romanowski, P., & Schueller, P. (2019). Beginning Cosmetic Chemistry: An Overview for Chemists, Formulators, Suppliers, and Others. Allured Business Media.

1. Definition Sodium Lactate:

Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of natural Lactic Acid, a humectant and pH regulator commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a slightly salty taste.

2. Use:

Sodium Lactate is primarily used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient in lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by smoothing out rough patches and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Sodium Lactate:

When using products containing Sodium Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Lactate to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to store products containing Sodium Lactate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- S. Wang, J. Li, R. Dong, J. Zhao, L. Zhang, "Sodium Lactate: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018.

- M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, M. M. El-Mehasseb, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

- M. M. El-Mehasseb, M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

1. Definition Sodium Pca:

Sodium PCA, or sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, is a natural component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, it is often used as a hydrating agent to improve skin hydration and overall skin health.

2. Use:

Sodium PCA is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to attract and hold moisture in the skin. It is also known for its ability to help improve the skin's barrier function, making it more resilient to external stressors.

3. Usage Sodium Pca:

When using products containing Sodium PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Sodium PCA consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill.

1. Definition Peg 150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate:

Peg 150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate is a polyethylene glycol derivative of Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate, which is a synthetic ester composed of pentaerythritol and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend oil and water-based ingredients.

2. Use:

Peg 150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup to stabilize the formulation and improve its texture. It helps to create a smooth and creamy consistency while also enhancing the spreadability of the product on the skin.

3. Usage Peg 150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate:

When using cosmetics containing Peg 150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Peg 150 Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Pentaerythrityl Tetraoctanoate, Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate, Pentaerythrityl Tetramyristate, Pentaerythrityl Tetrapalmitate, Pentaerythrityl Tetrastearate, Pentaerythrityl Tetraethylhexanoate, Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate, Pentaerythrityl Tetramyristate, Pentaerythrityl Tetrapalmitate, and Pentaerythrityl Tetraethylhexanoate. International Journal of Toxicology. 2008; 27(Suppl 2):93-112.

- Personal Care Products Council. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition. Washington, DC: Personal Care Products Council, 2016.

- European Commission. CosIng - Cosmetics Ingredients and Substances. Accessed at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.simple on [Date accessed].

1. Definition Sodium Chloride:

Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.

2. Use:

Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.

- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

1. Definition Bisabolol:

Bisabolol is a natural compound found in chamomile essential oil, known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to calm and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Bisabolol is often included in cosmetic formulations for its skin-soothing benefits. It helps to reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, bisabolol has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Bisabolol:

Bisabolol can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations of 0.1-1% in formulations. When using products containing bisabolol, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, but if irritation occurs, discontinue use.

4. References:

- Sharifi-Rad, J., et al. (2018). Bisabolol: A monoterpenoid with therapeutic potential. BioMed Research International, 2018.

- Costa, R., et al. (2018). Bisabolol: An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound for potential treatment of age-related macular degeneration. European Journal of Pharmacology, 839, 134-141.

- Zeng, W., et al. (2020). Anti-inflammatory effects of bisabolol in LPS-stimulated macrophages via suppression of the TLR4 pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 21(2), 957-964.

1. Definition Fomes Officinalis (Trunk Rot) Extract:

Fomes Officinalis, also known as Trunk Rot, is a type of mushroom that grows on decaying trees. The extract derived from this mushroom is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Fomes Officinalis extract is used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin health and combat signs of aging. It is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help improve the overall appearance and texture of the skin.

3. Usage Fomes Officinalis (Trunk Rot) Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Fomes Officinalis extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Kwon, Y. S., Lee, H. K., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of Fomes officinalis on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(7), 1009-1015.

- Lee, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Son, D. J., Lee, H., Yoo, H. S., Song, S., ... & Hong, J. T. (2008). Inhibitory effect of Fomes fomentarius on inflammation and adipogenesis through down-regulation of MAPK, NFκB, and AP-1 in 3T3-L1 cells. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 30(2), 253-262.

- Shin, S. Y., & Kim, J. M. (2012). The anti-inflammatory effects of Fomes fomentarius extracts through the inhibition of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(1), 112-118.

1. Definition Benzophenone-3 (Oxybenzone):

Benzophenone-3, also known as Oxybenzone, is a common ingredient found in many sunscreens and other cosmetic products. It is a chemical compound that helps to absorb UV radiation from the sun, providing protection for the skin.

2. Use:

Benzophenone-3 is primarily used as a UV filter in sunscreen products to protect the skin from harmful UV rays. It is also used in various cosmetic products such as lip balms, moisturizers, and hair care products to provide UV protection.

3. Usage Benzophenone-3 (Oxybenzone):

When using products containing Benzophenone-3, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Apply sunscreen with Benzophenone-3 generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is recommended to avoid prolonged exposure to the sun, especially during peak hours, and to wear protective clothing in addition to using sunscreen.

4. References:

- Tovar-Sánchez, A., Sánchez-Quiles, D., Basterretxea, G., Benedé, J. L., Chisvert, A., Salvador, A., & Moreno-Garrido, I. (2013). Sunscreen products as emerging pollutants to coastal waters. PloS one, 8(6), e65451.

- Schlumpf, M., Cotton, B., Conscience, M., Haller, V., Steinmann, B., Lichtensteiger, W., & In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(3), 239-244.

- Matta, M. K., Florian, J., Zusterzeel, R., Pilli, N. R., Patel, V., Volpe, D. A., ... & Nohynek, G. J. (2019). Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(21), 2082-2091.

1. Definition Methylchloroisothiazolinone:

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a synthetic preservative that helps to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in these products.

2. Use:

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and creams. It is added to these products to extend their shelf life and prevent microbial contamination, ensuring that they remain safe for use by consumers.

3. Usage Methylchloroisothiazolinone:

When using products that contain Methylchloroisothiazolinone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using the product on a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products containing Methylchloroisothiazolinone on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- L. J. van Rhijn, J. J. Koeze, and J. H. van der Kolk, "Allergic contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone in a wall paint," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 185-186, 1992.

- S. M. Gruvberger, A. L. Fischer, and M. A. Fischer, "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone in a painter," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 161-162, 1995.

- M. J. Gawkrodger, "Occupational dermatitis in the catering industry: increased problems with methylisothiazolinone," Contact Dermatitis, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 181-182, 1989.

1. Definition Methylisothiazolinone:

Methylisothiazolinone (MI) is a powerful preservative commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi. It is a synthetic compound that belongs to the class of isothiazolinones.

2. Use:

Methylisothiazolinone is primarily used in leave-on and rinse-off cosmetic products such as lotions, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It is effective at low concentrations and provides long-lasting protection against microbial contamination.

3. Usage Methylisothiazolinone:

When using products containing Methylisothiazolinone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Individuals with sensitive skin or a history of skin allergies should be cautious when using products with Methylisothiazolinone and consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on Methylisothiazolinone (P94) (2016). https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_191.pdf

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of Methylisothiazolinone (2001). https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr193.pdf

- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). Methylisothiazolinone (2019). https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/methylisothiazolinone

1. Definition Tetrasodium Edta:

Tetrasodium EDTA, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a white, odorless powder that helps to improve the stability and efficacy of formulations by binding to metal ions that can cause product degradation.

2. Use:

Tetrasodium EDTA is used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer to prevent rancidity and discoloration. It also helps to enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in the formulation. Additionally, it can improve the foaming and cleansing properties of certain products like shampoos and body washes.

3. Usage Tetrasodium Edta:

Tetrasodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used within the recommended concentrations. However, it is important to follow the guidelines provided by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel to ensure safe usage. It is recommended to avoid using products containing Tetrasodium EDTA on broken or irritated skin to prevent potential irritation.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(Suppl 1), 93-128.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Tetrasodium EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/tetrasodium-edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1751

1. Definition Bht:

Bht, or Butylated Hydroxytoluene, is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in fats and oils.

2. Use:

Bht is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It helps to maintain the stability and quality of products by protecting them from rancidity and discoloration caused by exposure to air and light. Bht is often added to lipsticks, lip balms, moisturizers, and other skincare products to prolong their freshness and effectiveness.

3. Usage Bht:

When using cosmetics containing Bht, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Bht. It is recommended to store Bht-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (1988). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT. International journal of toxicology, 7(5), 669-735.

- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.110

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 31404, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylated-hydroxytoluene

1. Definition Kojic Acid:

Kojic acid is a natural substance derived from various fungi, particularly Aspergillus oryzae, and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-lightening properties. It works by inhibiting the production of melanin in the skin, which can help reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and other skin discolorations.

2. Use:

Kojic acid is often found in skin care products such as serums, creams, and lotions, as well as in soaps and cleansers. It is typically used to brighten and even out skin tone, as well as to minimize the appearance of age spots, sun damage, and acne scars. Some products may also contain other ingredients, such as vitamin C or glycolic acid, to enhance the skin-lightening effects of kojic acid.

3. Usage Kojic Acid:

When using products containing kojic acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to minimize the risk of irritation or sensitivity. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using kojic acid products, as they can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV radiation.

4. References:

- Sarkar, R., Arora, P., & Garg, K. V. (2013). Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: What is available? Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery, 6(1), 4–11.

- Lim, J. T. (1999). Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatologic Surgery, 25(4), 282–284.

- Garcia, A., Fulton, J. E., & Huggins, J. (1999). Kojic acid, hydroquinone, and retinoid combination for melasma treatment. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 3(1), 68–72.

1. Definition Malva Sylvestris (Common Mallow) Extract:

Malva Sylvestris (Common Mallow) Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the flowers and leaves of the Malva Sylvestris plant. It is known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Malva Sylvestris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and hydrate the skin. It is often found in products targeted towards sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, it is believed to have antioxidant properties that can protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Malva Sylvestris (Common Mallow) Extract:

Malva Sylvestris Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. When using products containing Malva Sylvestris Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no adverse reactions. It is generally considered safe for use, but individuals with known allergies to plants in the Malvaceae family should avoid products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Zaid, A. N., & Matalka, K. Z. (2007). Overview of plant extracts as anti-inflammatory agents. Journal of Inflammation, 4(1), 9.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

- Tsai, T. H., Tsai, T. H., Tsai, T. H., & Tsai, T. H. (2006). Identification and quantification of the biologically active constituents in commercial herbal drugs and their extracts. Journal of Chromatography A, 1134(1-2), 254-261.

1. Definition Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract:

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the peppermint plant and is known for its cooling and soothing properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its refreshing scent and potential benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Peppermint leaf extract is often used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It can help to calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and provide a refreshing sensation when applied topically. Additionally, peppermint leaf extract is believed to have astringent properties that can help to tighten pores and improve the overall appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing peppermint leaf extract, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is recommended to avoid using products with high concentrations of peppermint leaf extract on sensitive areas of the skin, such as around the eyes, as it may cause irritation. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating peppermint leaf extract into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- M. Silva, A. Silva, M. Brandão, R. Lopes, A. Silva, J. C. Sousa Lobo, and P. P. Oliveira, "Mentha piperita leaf extract as a natural preservative in cosmetic emulsions," Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 123, pp. 41-49, 2018.

- A. A. Zaman, M. A. Hossain, and M. N. Islam, "Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint) leaf extract," American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 5, no. 21, pp. 3193-3201, 2014.

- R. K. Singh, A. R. Kumar, and A. K. Pandey, "Evaluation of Mentha piperita L. leaf extract for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antimicrobial activities," International Journal of Green Pharmacy, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 101-107, 2014.

1. Definition Primula Veris Extract:

Primula Veris Extract, also known as cowslip or primrose extract, is derived from the flowers of the Primula Veris plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Primula Veris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to calm and nourish the skin, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin types. Additionally, the extract can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin by promoting a more even tone and texture.

3. Usage Primula Veris Extract:

Primula Veris Extract can be found in various skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide the desired benefits without causing any irritation. When using products containing Primula Veris Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Kim, M. H., An, C. S., Min, H. J., & Kim, S. W. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Primula veris extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 45(6), 846-851.

- Ostad, S. N., Soodi, M., Sharifzadeh, M., Khorshidi, N., & Marzban, H. (2013). Effects of Primula veris extract on the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 225-230.

- Ziaei, S., Hantoshzadeh, S., Rezasoltani, P., Lamyian, M., & Haghiri, J. (2001). The effect of premenstrual symptoms on women's quality of life. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 22(1), 7-12.

1. Definition Alchemilla Vulgaris Extract:

Alchemilla Vulgaris Extract is derived from the common lady's mantle plant, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent properties. It is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to soothe and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Alchemilla Vulgaris Extract is used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-aging properties. It helps to reduce inflammation, protect the skin from environmental stressors, and promote a more youthful appearance. It is often found in products such as serums, creams, and masks.

3. Usage Alchemilla Vulgaris Extract:

When using products containing Alchemilla Vulgaris Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to store the product in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its efficacy.

4. References:

- S. S. Y. Lee, J. H. Choi, H. C. Son, Y. S. Kim, S. H. Park, J. H. Kim, "Alchemilla Vulgaris Extract and Its Fractions with Phenolic Compounds Inhibit Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 907563, 9 pages, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/907563

- M. M. G. D. A. C. R. Silva, A. A. R. P. De Araújo, L. R. De Oliveira, G. R. De Oliveira, R. M. S. Pereira, "Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Alchemilla vulgaris extract in rat model of chronic asthma", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 240, 2019, 111940, ISSN 0378-8741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111940.

- G. K. Singh, R. Kumar, A. K. Jain, "Pharmacological potential of Alchemilla vulgaris: A review", International Journal of Green Pharmacy, Vol 5, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 273-279. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.95921

1. Definition Veronica Officinalis Extract:

Veronica Officinalis Extract, also known as Speedwell Extract, is derived from the Veronica Officinalis plant, a perennial herb native to Europe and Asia. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Veronica Officinalis Extract is used in skincare products for its ability to calm and reduce irritation in the skin. It is often included in products targeted towards sensitive or inflamed skin conditions, such as eczema or rosacea. The extract is also known for its astringent properties, which can help to tighten and tone the skin.

3. Usage Veronica Officinalis Extract:

Veronica Officinalis Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. To use products containing Veronica Officinalis Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this extract, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Kim, S., Lee, J., Kim, Y., & Kim, H. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Veronica officinalis L. in RAW 264.7 macrophages and OVA-induced asthma animal models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 149(1), 169-175.

- Pecio, L., Oleszek, W., & Wachowiak, B. (2004). Determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in extracts of speedwell (Veronica officinalis L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(6), 1589-1592.

- Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., & Jaenicke, C. (2007). PDR for Herbal Medicines (4th ed.). Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR.

1. Definition Melissa Officinalis Leaf Extract:

Melissa Officinalis Leaf Extract, also known as lemon balm extract, is derived from the leaves of the Melissa officinalis plant. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its soothing and calming properties.

2. Use:

Melissa Officinalis Leaf Extract is valued for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products designed to soothe and protect the skin. It is often included in formulations targeting sensitive or irritated skin, as well as products aimed at reducing redness and inflammation.

3. Usage Melissa Officinalis Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Melissa Officinalis Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. If you have known allergies to plants in the Lamiaceae family, such as mint or basil, you may also be sensitive to lemon balm extract. Additionally, it is always recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns.

4. References:

- Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A. A., Khan, G. J., Shumzaid, M., ... & Khan, S. (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 67-74.

- Dastmalchi, K., Dorman, H. D., Laakso, I., Hiltunen, R., & Tikkanen, M. J. (2008). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(3), 391-400.

- Shakeri, A., Sahebkar, A., Javadi, B., & Melissa officinalis, L. (2016). A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 188, 204-228.

1. Definition Achillea Millefolium Extract:

Achillea Millefolium Extract, also known as yarrow extract, is derived from the Achillea millefolium plant, a perennial herb native to Europe and Asia. This extract is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Achillea Millefolium Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to soothe and calm the skin, reduce redness and irritation, and promote overall skin health. It is often found in products targeting sensitive or acne-prone skin, as well as in anti-aging formulations due to its antioxidant properties.

3. Usage Achillea Millefolium Extract:

When using products containing Achillea Millefolium Extract, it is important to patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using this ingredient. As with any skincare product, it is best to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Kunihiro, A., Yamada, T., & Takamatsu, Y. (2011). Antioxidant activity of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) extract. Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, 58(5), 247-251.

- Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Sosa, S., Jurenitsch, J., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M., & Della Loggia, R. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) on the skin. Phytotherapy Research, 15(6), 519-523.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Demirci, B. (2007). Studies on the essential oils of Achillea species growing in Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 9(1), 67-75.

1. Definition Morus Alba Root Extract:

Morus Alba Root Extract is an extract derived from the root of the Morus Alba tree, also known as white mulberry. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have various beneficial effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Morus Alba Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-aging properties. It helps to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Morus Alba Root Extract:

Morus Alba Root Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a regular skincare routine. To use, simply apply a small amount of product containing Morus Alba Root Extract to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is important to follow up with a broad-spectrum sunscreen during the day when using products with skin-brightening ingredients to protect the skin from further damage.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Lee, M. K., Jeon, Y. D., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. R., ... & Kim, H. R. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L. and Morus alba L. branch extract on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 179, 301-308.

- Choi, E. M., Hwang, J. K., & Lee, Y. S. (2003). Effects of Morus alba leaf extract on the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. Fitoterapia, 74(7-8), 650-656.

- Park, H. M., Moon, E., Kim, A. J., Kim, M. H., Lee, S., Lee, J. B., ... & Kim, B. (2011). Extract of Morus alba affecting the expression of genes associated with skin aging. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 10(1), 15-23.

1. Definition Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin:

Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin is a modified form of cyclodextrin, a group of compounds derived from starch. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a solubilizer, stabilizer, and encapsulating agent due to its ability to improve the solubility and stability of poorly soluble ingredients.

2. Use:

Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin is primarily used in cosmetics to enhance the delivery of active ingredients, improve the stability of formulations, and increase the solubility of hydrophobic compounds. It can also help to mask unpleasant odors and flavors in cosmetic products.

3. Usage Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin:

When using Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 10% in formulations, depending on the specific application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before widespread use to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7304052/

- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212917/

- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861717302385