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1. Definition Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil:

Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is a polyethylene glycol derivative of hydrogenated castor oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and solubilizer.

2. Use:

Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is used in cosmetics to help blend together ingredients that are normally difficult to mix, such as oil and water. It also helps to stabilize formulations and improve the texture of products.

3. Usage Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil:

Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-10% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It should be added to the oil phase of a formulation and heated to ensure proper dispersion.

Precautions: While Peg 40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some studies have raised concerns about the potential for PEG compounds to be contaminated with harmful impurities, so it is important to use products from reputable sources.

4. References:

- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.

- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.

- "PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil." Paula's Choice Skincare, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/surfactants/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil.

1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the licorice plant. It contains various compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and saponins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Licorice root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and brightening effects. It helps to calm irritation, reduce redness, and even out skin tone. Additionally, licorice root extract can help to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and dark spots.

3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Licorice root extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and spot treatments. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed into formulations. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using products containing licorice root extract to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., ... & Chung, J. H. (2009). Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo. Annals of Dermatology, 21(1), 6-11.

- Katiyar, S. K., & Mukhtar, H. (1997). Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. Journal of leukocyte biology, 61(5), 547-556.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

1. Definition Peg 8:

Peg 8, also known as polyethylene glycol 8, is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and moisturizer. It is a water-soluble compound that helps to improve the texture and consistency of skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Peg 8 is used in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable emulsions. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce surface tension and improve the spreadability of products on the skin or hair. Additionally, Peg 8 is known for its moisturizing properties, helping to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Peg 8:

Peg 8 is commonly found in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, shampoos, and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Peg 8 before applying them to larger areas of the skin.

4. References:

- S. H. Yoon, H. J. Lee, S. J. Yoon, S. M. Choi, "Safety Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds for Cosmetic Use," International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 29, no. 1, 2010.

- A. L. Silva, J. F. L. Gomes, M. A. S. Barreto, "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) in Cosmetic Formulations: Chemical and Biological Aspects," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 69, no. 1, 2018.

- M. S. Roberts, K. Y. Cross, "Polyethylene Glycol and Derivatives in Cosmetics and Skin Care: Safety Considerations," International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 1, 2012.

1. Definition Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate:

Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate is a stable derivative of Vitamin C, commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin.

2. Use:

Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate is often included in cosmetic formulations to help protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve overall skin tone and texture. It is also known for its ability to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to fade dark spots and hyperpigmentation.

3. Usage Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate:

When using skincare products containing Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, a small amount of product is applied to clean, dry skin in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product recommendations. It is important to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Vitamin C derivatives to protect the skin from potential sensitivity to sunlight.

4. References:

- Telang, P. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. (2017). The roles of Vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. Y. Z. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the skin: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 10(7), 14–17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605218/

1. Definition Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate:

Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate is a mild surfactant derived from coconut oil and amino acids. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a cleansing agent and foaming agent.

2. Use:

Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate is used in various cosmetic products such as facial cleansers, body washes, shampoos, and hand soaps. It helps to create a rich lather and effectively removes dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without causing irritation.

3. Usage Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate:

When using products containing Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Avoid getting the product in your eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015. https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/sodium-methyl-cocoyl-taurate.pdf

- "Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate." The Derm Review, 2021. https://thedermreview.com/sodium-methyl-cocoyl-taurate/

- "Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate." The Eco Well, 2021. https://theecowell.com/ingredient/sodium-methyl-cocoyl-taurate/

1. Definition Trisodium Edta:

Trisodium EDTA, also known as trisodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a water-soluble compound that helps to improve the stability and effectiveness of skincare formulations.

2. Use:

Trisodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a chelating agent, which means it helps to bind and neutralize metal ions present in the product. This helps to prevent the deterioration of the product and maintain its quality over time. Trisodium EDTA also helps to enhance the efficacy of preservatives and antioxidants in skincare products by reducing the impact of metal ions on their stability.

3. Usage Trisodium Edta:

Trisodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in skincare formulations. It is commonly found in a wide range of products such as cleansers, moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens. When using products containing Trisodium EDTA, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid excessive use to prevent any potential skin irritation.

4. References:

- International Journal of Toxicology. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2013). Safety Assessment of EDTA, Calcium Disodium EDTA, Diammonium EDTA, Dipotassium EDTA, Disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, Tetrasodium EDTA, Tripotassium EDTA, Trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and Trisodium HEDTA. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, 1-47.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Trisodium EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/trisodium-edta.

1. Definition Glucose:

Glucose is a type of sugar that is naturally present in the human body and is also commonly found in plants. In cosmetics, glucose is often used as a moisturizing agent and humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

2. Use:

Glucose is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, preventing moisture loss and promoting a healthy complexion. Glucose is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive and dry skin types.

3. Usage Glucose:

Glucose is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often listed on the ingredient label as "glucose," "glucose syrup," or "dextrose." To use products containing glucose, simply apply them to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the instructions carefully and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Purnamawati, S., Indrastuti, N., & Danarti, R. (2017). The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clinical Medicine & Research, 15(3-4), 75-87.

- Pumori, S. K., & Patra, A. (2019). Glucose as a potential active ingredient in cosmetics: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(7), 3323-3330.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2016). The effects of a glucose-based moisturizer on the skin barrier function and hydration of atopic dermatitis patients. Annals of Dermatology, 28(5), 574-580.

1. Definition Fucus Vesiculosus Extract:

Fucus Vesiculosus Extract is a type of seaweed extract derived from bladderwrack, a brown algae commonly found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is rich in minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Fucus Vesiculosus Extract is known for its hydrating and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great ingredient for moisturizers, serums, and masks. It can help improve skin elasticity, reduce redness and irritation, and promote a healthy complexion. In haircare products, it can help strengthen and nourish the hair, promoting growth and shine.

3. Usage Fucus Vesiculosus Extract:

When using products containing Fucus Vesiculosus Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Karpagam, T., Varadharajan, V., & Thirumalai, T. (2014). Fucus vesiculosus: a review of its beneficial effects in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(3), 324-331.

- Cunha, L., Grenha, A., & Figueirinha, A. (2012). Fucus vesiculosus: a review of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Journal of Natural Products, 75(5), 1161-1169.

- Saeidnia, S., & Manayi, A. (2015). Fucus vesiculosus: a comprehensive review of its traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity. Phytotherapy Research, 29(4), 463-487.

1. Definition Aluminum Chlorohydrate:

Aluminum Chlorohydrate is a group of specific aluminum salts that are commonly used as antiperspirants in cosmetics. It works by forming a gel-like plug in the sweat ducts, reducing the amount of sweat that is released onto the skin's surface.

2. Use:

Aluminum Chlorohydrate is primarily used in cosmetic products such as antiperspirants and deodorants to help control sweating and reduce body odor. It is often found in roll-on, stick, and spray formulations to provide long-lasting protection against wetness and odor.

3. Usage Aluminum Chlorohydrate:

When using products containing Aluminum Chlorohydrate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is typically applied to clean, dry skin in the underarm area, and should not be used on broken or irritated skin. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to Aluminum Chlorohydrate, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before regular use. Additionally, it is advised not to apply Aluminum Chlorohydrate immediately after shaving, as it may cause stinging or irritation.

4. References:

- Darbre, P. D. (2003). Underarm antiperspirants/deodorants and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 5(2), 83-89.

- Mirick, D. K., Davis, S., & Thomas, D. B. (2002). Antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(20), 1578-1580.

- EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). (2014). Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of aluminum as a food additive. EFSA Journal, 12(10), 3846.

1. Definition Potassium Stearate:

Potassium Stearate is a potassium salt of stearic acid, which is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Potassium Stearate is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to help mix oil and water-based ingredients, as a surfactant to improve the spreadability of products, and as a thickening agent to give products a creamy texture. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products.

3. Usage Potassium Stearate:

When using products containing Potassium Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to stearic acid or potassium compounds. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Potassium Stearate to check for any allergic reactions or irritation.

4. References:

- "Potassium Stearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-stearate

- "Potassium Stearate" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-stearate

- "Safety Assessment of Stearates as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/stearates.pdf

1. Definition Trideceth 9:

Trideceth-9 is a polyethylene glycol ether of tridecyl alcohol, commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emulsifier, surfactant, and cleansing agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild odor.

2. Use:

Trideceth-9 is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and cleansers to help emulsify ingredients, improve the texture of the product, and enhance its cleansing properties. It is also used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners to help distribute the active ingredients evenly and improve the overall performance of the product.

3. Usage Trideceth 9:

Trideceth-9 is considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products when used in accordance with the concentration limits set by regulatory agencies. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but as with any cosmetic ingredient, some people may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Trideceth-9, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergies.

4. References:

- "Trideceth-9." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/trideceth-9.

- "Trideceth-9." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/trideceth-9.

- "Safety Assessment of Trideceth-9." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Safety-Assessment-of-Trideceth-9-572905031.html.

1. Definition Glyceryl Glucoside:

Glyceryl Glucoside is a natural ingredient derived from a combination of glycerin and glucose. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties and ability to improve skin hydration.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Glucoside is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams due to its ability to attract and retain moisture in the skin. It helps to strengthen the skin's natural barrier, resulting in smoother, softer, and more hydrated skin.

3. Usage Glyceryl Glucoside:

When using products containing Glyceryl Glucoside, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Park, K. (2017). The Science of Skincare: Ingredients. CRC Press.

1. Definition Potassium Oleate:

Potassium Oleate is the potassium salt of oleic acid, a natural fatty acid found in various vegetable oils. It is commonly used as a surfactant and emulsifier in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Potassium Oleate is used in cosmetics as a cleansing agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to create a smooth texture in products like lotions, creams, and shampoos. It is also used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to improve their texture and spreadability.

3. Usage Potassium Oleate:

Potassium Oleate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% in formulations. It is important to avoid using products containing Potassium Oleate on broken or irritated skin, as it may cause further irritation. Additionally, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Potassium Oleate to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Potassium Oleate" by Truth In Aging (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-oleate)

- "Safety Assessment of Potassium Oleate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/potassiumoleate.pdf)

- "Potassium Oleate in Cosmetics" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-oleate)

1. Definition Potassium Laurate:

Potassium Laurate is a potassium salt of lauric acid, which is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in coconut oil. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together.

2. Use:

Potassium Laurate is commonly used in skincare and hair care products as an emulsifier to create stable formulations. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin or hair. Additionally, it can also act as a cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and impurities from the skin or hair.

3. Usage Potassium Laurate:

When using products containing Potassium Laurate, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Avoid contact with the eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Potassium Laurate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-laurate

- "Lauric Acid: Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions" by Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/lauric-acid

- "The Role of Emulsifiers in Cosmetics" by Society of Cosmetic Scientists, https://www.scs.org.uk/home/role-emulsifiers-cosmetics

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Pearl:

Hydrolyzed Pearl is a cosmetic ingredient derived from pearls that have undergone a hydrolysis process, breaking down the proteins and minerals into smaller molecules. This process enhances the absorption of the nutrients by the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Pearl is commonly used in skincare products for its brightening, anti-aging, and skin-repairing properties. It is known to help improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and promote collagen production. Additionally, it provides hydration and nourishment to the skin, leaving it looking radiant and youthful.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Pearl:

When using skincare products containing Hydrolyzed Pearl, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., & Kim, H. J. (2011). A novel whitening compound, hydrolyzed pearl, prevents UVB-induced skin pigmentation through inhibition of melanin production. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 34(5), 517-522.

- Hwang, J. H., Park, S. H., Choi, Y. S., Kim, D. H., Kim, M. J., Kim, J. M., & Lee, J. Y. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of hydrolyzed pearl powder in in-vitro and in-vivo models of atopic dermatitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213, 256-261.

- Wu, X., Li, L., Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2017). Preparation and evaluation of hydrolyzed pearl powder as a novel anti-aging ingredient in cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(3), 371-378.

1. Definition Carnitine:

Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in the transportation of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used as energy. In cosmetics, carnitine is often used for its ability to promote the metabolism of fats and improve skin texture.

2. Use:

Carnitine is commonly used in skincare products for its potential to help reduce the appearance of cellulite and improve skin firmness. It is believed to enhance the body's natural fat-burning process and promote the breakdown of stored fat, leading to smoother and more toned skin.

3. Usage Carnitine:

Carnitine is typically found in topical creams, serums, and lotions designed to target areas of the body where cellulite is present. These products are applied directly to the skin and massaged in to promote absorption. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and consult with a dermatologist before incorporating carnitine-containing products into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S, Proksch E. Dietary Supplementation with Specific Collagen Peptides Has a Body Mass Index-Dependent Beneficial Effect on Cellulite Morphology. J Med Food. 2015 Dec;18(12):1340-8. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0022. Epub 2015 Nov 13. PMID: 26561784.

- Hexsel D, Orlandi C, Zechmeister do Prado D. Botanical extracts used in the treatment of cellulite. Dermatol Ther. 2019 May;32(3):e12976. doi: 10.1111/dth.12976. Epub 2019 Apr 23. PMID: 31016804.

- Bertin C, Zunino H, Pittet JC, Beau P, Descomps B, Goua M. Study of the effect of L-carnitine in the treatment of cellulite. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 1988;16(3):237-41. PMID: 3263781.

1. Definition Peg 150:

Peg 150 is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and solvent. It is a water-soluble ingredient that helps to create stable mixtures of oil and water in cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Peg 150 is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of these products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin or hair. Peg 150 also helps to enhance the overall performance of the product by ensuring that the active ingredients are evenly distributed and absorbed by the skin.

3. Usage Peg 150:

When using cosmetic products containing Peg 150, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to PEG compounds. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions while using a product containing Peg 150, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of PEG-150 distearate, PEG-150 stearate, PEG-150 distearate, PEG-150 stearate, and PEG-150 distearate. International Journal of Toxicology. 2003; 22(Suppl 2): 1-18.

- Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Casarett & Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. McGraw-Hill Education; 2015.

- Loden M. The clinical benefit of moisturizers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2005; 19(6): 672-688.

1. Definition Potassium Myristate:

Potassium Myristate is a potassium salt of myristic acid, a saturated fatty acid commonly found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. It is used as an emulsifier and surfactant in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Potassium Myristate is primarily used in cosmetics as a surfactant to help ingredients mix together and create stable emulsions. It can also act as a cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and oil from the skin. Additionally, it can provide a smooth and creamy texture to skincare products.

3. Usage Potassium Myristate:

Potassium Myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure product stability and efficacy. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Potassium Myristate to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Potassium Myristate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-myristate.

- "Myristic Acid." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/myristic-acid.

- "Safety Assessment of Fatty Acids and Derivatives as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/fattyacids0114slr.pdf.

1. Definition Potassium Palmitate:

Potassium Palmitate is the potassium salt of palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid commonly found in palm oil and animal fats. It is used in cosmetics as an emollient and surfactant to enhance the texture and feel of products.

2. Use:

Potassium Palmitate is commonly used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and cleansers for its moisturizing properties. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and supple. Additionally, it can act as a cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Potassium Palmitate:

When using products containing Potassium Palmitate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using it on larger areas. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation or allergic reactions occur, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Potassium Palmitate" Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-palmitate

- "Palmitic Acid" Paula's Choice Skincare, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/palmitic-acid

- "Fatty Acids in Skincare: What They Are and How They Benefit Your Skin" Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/fatty-acids-in-skincare

1. Definition Sodium Arachidate:

Sodium Arachidate is a sodium salt of arachidic acid, which is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in peanut oil and other vegetable oils. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together.

2. Use:

Sodium Arachidate is commonly used in cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and makeup products to stabilize the emulsion and improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to enhance the spreadability and absorption of the product on the skin.

3. Usage Sodium Arachidate:

When using products containing Sodium Arachidate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to avoid any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Sodium Arachidate" by CosmeticsInfo.org

- "Safety Assessment of Fatty Acids and Their Salts as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach.

1. Definition 4 Butylresorcinol:

4 Butylresorcinol is a synthetic compound that belongs to the family of resorcinols, which are commonly used in cosmetics for their skin-lightening and antioxidant properties. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and ether.

2. Use:

4 Butylresorcinol is primarily used in cosmetics as a skin-lightening agent to help reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and uneven skin tone. It works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is responsible for the production of melanin in the skin. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage 4 Butylresorcinol:

When using cosmetics containing 4 Butylresorcinol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is typically recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes. It is also advisable to use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from further pigmentation and sun damage. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Kim, S. J., Kim, Y. K., Cho, S., & Cho, S. (2012). Comparative study of the effects of 4-n-butylresorcinol and hydroquinone on senile lentigines in Asians. Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy, 14(5), 230-234.

- Lee, H. J., Lee, J. H., Kim, T. H., Lee, J. Y., & Lee, A. Y. (2013). A comparative study of the effects of 4-n-butylresorcinol and hydroquinone on facial hyperpigmentation. Annals of dermatology, 25(4), 454-461.

- Wu, Y., Li, W., Xu, Y., Jin, E., Tu, Y., & Qin, T. J. (2017). Efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.3% cream for the treatment of melasma: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 16(1), 89-94.

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

1. Definition CI 77491:

CI 77491 is a cosmetic colorant that is also known as Iron Oxide Red. It is a red pigment that is commonly used in makeup products such as eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks.

2. Use:

CI 77491 is used in cosmetics to provide a red color to the product. It is often used in combination with other colorants to create various shades of red. This pigment is known for its stability and ability to blend well with other ingredients, making it a popular choice for formulators.

3. Usage CI 77491:

When using products containing CI 77491, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes to prevent irritation.

4. References:

- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)

- "Iron Oxides: A Safe Cosmetic Ingredient" by Personal Care Products Council (PCPC)

1. Definition Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant, which is known for its numerous health benefits. It is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote skin hydration, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is also known to help brighten the skin and even out skin tone, making it a popular choice for anti-aging and brightening products.

3. Usage Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

When using skincare products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Lee NH, Son CG. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ginseng. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(2):85-97.

- Kim S, Shin BC, Lee MS, Lee H, Ernst E. Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(12):937-944.

- Kim HG, Cho JH, Yoo SR, et al. Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61271.

1. Definition Nelumbium Speciosum Flower Extract:

Nelumbium Speciosum Flower Extract, also known as sacred lotus extract, is derived from the flowers of the Nelumbo nucifera plant. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help to nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Nelumbium Speciosum Flower Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging and skin brightening properties. It helps to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more radiant complexion. Additionally, this extract has soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Nelumbium Speciosum Flower Extract:

Nelumbium Speciosum Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations designed to target signs of aging, improve skin tone, and enhance overall skin health. To use products containing this extract, apply a small amount to cleansed skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a moisturizer and sunscreen during the day.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., & Lee, E. J. (2018). Nelumbo nucifera flower extract improves the skin moisture level in humans: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(2), 287-291.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. R., Bae, C. S., & Kim, D. S. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of Nelumbium speciosum flower extract. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 46(11), 1537-1542.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, D. S., & Lee, J. H. (2019). Protective effects of Nelumbium speciosum flower extract on UVB-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 45(2), 95-102.

1. Definition Beeswax:

Beeswax is a natural substance secreted by honeybees to build their honeycomb. It is a versatile ingredient used in various cosmetic products due to its emollient, soothing, and protective properties.

2. Use:

Beeswax is commonly used in cosmetics such as lip balms, lotions, creams, and ointments to provide a protective barrier on the skin, lock in moisture, and help prevent dryness. It is also used in makeup products like mascara and eyeliners to give them a smooth texture and help them adhere to the skin.

3. Usage Beeswax:

When using cosmetics containing beeswax, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies to bee products. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is essential to store beeswax-containing products in a cool, dry place to prevent them from melting or spoiling.

4. References:

- Eteraf-Oskouei, T., & Najafi, M. (2013). Traditional and modern uses of natural honey in human diseases: a review. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 16(6), 731–742. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758027/

- Boukhatem, M. N., Kameli, A., Ferhat, M. A., & Saidi, F. (2014). The effect of essential oils on weight loss and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(5), 590–596. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24174305/

- Williams, S., Tamburic, S., & Lally, C. (2012). Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 11(2), 104–113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22639943/