pureclinica Triple Strength Vitamin C, E & Ferulic Acid Serum (W/Retinol & Hyaluronic Acid) - Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Function: Antioxidant, Moisturising, Smoothing, Skin Bleaching Agent
1. Definition Vitamin C:
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage. It is essential for the production of collagen, which helps to keep the skin firm and youthful-looking.
2. Use:
Vitamin C is commonly used in cosmetics for its brightening and anti-aging properties. It can help to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and improve the overall texture of the skin. Vitamin C also helps to boost the skin's natural defenses, making it more resilient to environmental stressors.
3. Usage Vitamin C:
Vitamin C can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is best applied in the morning, before sunscreen, to help protect the skin from UV damage. When using Vitamin C products, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the strength to avoid irritation. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation, which can reduce their effectiveness.
4. References:
- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593
- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866
- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.
Other Names: Vitamin A1
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Retinol:
Retinol is a form of vitamin A that is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties. It is a potent ingredient that can help improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion.
2. Use:
Retinol is commonly used in anti-aging skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is known for its ability to increase cell turnover, stimulate collagen production, and improve skin tone and texture. Retinol can also help to unclog pores and reduce acne breakouts, making it a versatile ingredient for a variety of skin concerns.
3. Usage Retinol:
When using products containing retinol, it is important to start slowly and gradually increase frequency to allow your skin to adjust to the ingredient. Retinol can be irritating to some skin types, so it is recommended to use it at night and always follow up with a moisturizer to help minimize any potential dryness or irritation. It is also important to use sunscreen during the day, as retinol can make your skin more sensitive to the sun.
4. References:
- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327–348.
- Kong, R., Cui, Y., Fisher, G. J., & Wang, X. (2016). The role of retinoids in the treatment of photoaging. Molecules, 21(8), 100.
- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327–348.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Cleansing, Soothing, Smoothing
1. Definition Centella Asiatica Extract:
Centella Asiatica Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the Centella Asiatica plant, also known as Gotu Kola. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties.
2. Use:
Centella Asiatica Extract is used in cosmetics to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. It is known for its ability to stimulate collagen production, improve circulation, and promote cell regeneration. This can result in smoother, firmer, and more youthful-looking skin.
3. Usage Centella Asiatica Extract:
Centella Asiatica Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5%. When using products containing Centella Asiatica Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Kim J, Park M. (2008). Panax ginseng induces human Type I collagen synthesis through activation of Smad signaling. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(3), 589-95.
- Bylka W, Znajdek-Awizyn A, Studzinska-Sroka E, Brzezinska M. (2013). Centella asiatica in cosmetology. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 30(1), 46-49.
- Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan BN. (1999). In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(1), 1-11.
Other Names: Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract; Licorice Root Extract; Oil Soluble Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) Extract
Function: Perfuming, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:
Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the licorice plant. It contains various compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and saponins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.
2. Use:
Licorice root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and brightening effects. It helps to calm irritation, reduce redness, and even out skin tone. Additionally, licorice root extract can help to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and dark spots.
3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:
Licorice root extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and spot treatments. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed into formulations. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using products containing licorice root extract to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.
4. References:
- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., ... & Chung, J. H. (2009). Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo. Annals of Dermatology, 21(1), 6-11.
- Katiyar, S. K., & Mukhtar, H. (1997). Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. Journal of leukocyte biology, 61(5), 547-556.
- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.
Other Names: Arbutoside; Arbutine
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Arbutin:
Arbutin is a natural compound found in various plant sources, such as bearberry, blueberry, and cranberry. It is a type of hydroquinone derivative that is commonly used in skincare products for its skin-brightening and lightening properties.
2. Use:
Arbutin is often included in skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions, to help reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. It works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
3. Usage Arbutin:
When using skincare products containing arbutin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and to use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from further damage. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Arbutin: Mechanism of action and its cosmetic properties. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6017965/
- Skin lightening agents: new chemical and plant extracts. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801997/
- A review of the topical effects of arbutin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958188/
1. Definition Salix Alba (White Willow) Bark Extract:
Salix Alba (White Willow) Bark Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the bark of the white willow tree. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, astringent, and soothing properties.
2. Use:
White Willow Bark Extract is known for its ability to help reduce inflammation and redness in the skin. It can also help to unclog pores and reduce excess oil production, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards acne-prone skin. Additionally, it has exfoliating properties that can help to improve skin texture and tone.
3. Usage Salix Alba (White Willow) Bark Extract:
White Willow Bark Extract is typically found in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure there is no sensitivity or allergic reaction. It is also important to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results.
4. References:
- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.
- L. Baumann. (2009). "Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice." McGraw-Hill Education.
- A. Dweck. (2012). "Formulating Natural Cosmetics." Allured Publishing Corporation.
Other Names: Salicylates; 2-hydroxybenzoic; Salicylic Acid; Beta Hydroxy Acid
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover
1. Definition Salicylic Acid:
Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.
2. Use:
Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.
3. Usage Salicylic Acid:
When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.
4. References:
- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042
- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765
- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Function: Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Sufactant, Foam Boosting, Foaming, Surfactant - Foambooster
1. Definition Disodium Lauriminodipropionate:
Disodium Lauriminodipropionate is a synthetic ingredient commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a mild surfactant that helps to cleanse and create lather in various skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Disodium Lauriminodipropionate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and hand soaps. It is known for its gentle cleansing properties and ability to effectively remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without causing irritation.
3. Usage Disodium Lauriminodipropionate:
When using products containing Disodium Lauriminodipropionate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure compatibility. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). (2016). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Disodium Lauriminodipropionate. Retrieved from https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr428.pdf
- Personal Care Products Council. (n.d.). Disodium Lauriminodipropionate. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/disodium-lauriminodipropionate
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Section 21CFR347.50. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=347.50
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Hair Conditioning, Cleansing
1. Definition Tocopheryl Phosphate:
Tocopheryl Phosphate is a derivative of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors.
2. Use:
Tocopheryl Phosphate is often included in formulations for its ability to help maintain the skin's moisture balance, reduce inflammation, and promote healing. It is also known for its anti-aging benefits, as it can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
3. Usage Tocopheryl Phosphate:
Tocopheryl Phosphate is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging creams. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before applying it to the entire face, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure optimal results.
4. References:
- "Vitamin E Phosphate: A New Generation of Vitamin E for Skin Care" by L. Conti, A. Colombo, and M. C. A. Airoldi (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf0716008)
- "Vitamin E Phosphate: A New Generation of Vitamin E for Skin Care" by L. Conti, A. Colombo, and M. C. A. Airoldi (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288964352_Vitamin_E_Phosphate_A_New_Generation_of_Vitamin_E_for_Skin_Care)
- "The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin" by S. C. Maddin (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16483382/)
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Phospholipids:
Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are essential components of cell membranes. They consist of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, which allows them to form a bilayer structure in cell membranes.
2. Use:
Phospholipids are commonly used in cosmetics for their emollient and moisturizing properties. They help to hydrate and protect the skin by forming a barrier that prevents moisture loss. Additionally, phospholipids can improve the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products.
3. Usage Phospholipids:
When using cosmetics containing phospholipids, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions.
4. References:
- Rawlings, A. V. (2006). Trends in stratum corneum research and the management of dry skin conditions. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 28(3), 167-173.
- Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Park, H. J., & Kim, S. Y. (2014). Phospholipids in cosmetic: Friends or foes. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(10), 1739-1748.
- Bouwstra, J. A., & Ponec, M. (2006). The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1758(12), 2080-2095.
Other Names: Potassium Azeloyl Diglycina; AZELOGLICINA; Potassium Azelaoyl Diglycinate
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate:
Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate is a water-soluble derivative of azelaic acid, a naturally occurring acid found in grains like barley, wheat, and rye. It is commonly used in skincare products for its brightening, exfoliating, and anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Use:
Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate is primarily used in cosmetics and skincare products as a skin brightening agent. It helps to even out skin tone, reduce hyperpigmentation, and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm redness and irritation in the skin.
3. Usage Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate:
Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions targeted towards individuals looking to improve the appearance of their skin. It can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or any concerns about using this ingredient.
4. References:
- Arif T. Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:455-61. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S84765. Epub 2015 Aug 7. PMID: 26347269; PMCID: PMC4554394.
- Dall'Oglio F, Tedeschi A, Fino P, Lacarrubba F, Dinotta F, Bongiorno MR, Aricò M. A new topical azelaic acid foam: treatment for acne. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Nov;14(16):2271-9. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2013.844174. Epub 2013 Oct 9. PMID: 24102681.
- Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Jan;25(1):18-22. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08164.x. PMID: 9935084.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract:
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, also known as bearberry extract, is derived from the leaves of the bearberry plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and skin-brightening properties.
2. Use:
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks due to its ability to help reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and uneven skin tone. It is also known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage.
3. Usage Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract:
When using products containing Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to use sunscreen during the day when using products with this extract, as it may increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.
4. References:
- Goyal AK, Middha SK, Sen A. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi extract. Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1061-1068.
- Lin LT, Liu LT, Chiang LC, Lin CC. In vitro anti-hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada. Phytother Res. 2002;16(5):440-444. doi:10.1002/ptr.927
- Thring TS, Hili P, Naughton DP. Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. J Inflamm (Lond). 2011;8:27. doi:10.1186/1476-9255-8-27
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Morus Alba Leaf Extract:
Morus Alba Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the white mulberry tree, scientifically known as Morus alba. It is known for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten and even out skin tone.
2. Use:
Morus Alba Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-aging benefits. It helps to reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. Additionally, it can help to protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a more youthful complexion.
3. Usage Morus Alba Leaf Extract:
Morus Alba Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations targeting skin brightening and anti-aging concerns. To use products containing Morus Alba Leaf Extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products with brightening ingredients to protect the skin from further damage.
4. References:
- Kim, Y. J., Uyama, H. (2005). Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 62(15), 1707-1723.
- Park, H. M., Moon, E., Kim, A. J., Kim, M. H., Lee, S., Lee, J. B., ... & Kim, S. Y. (2011). Extract of Punica granatum inhibits skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation. International Journal of Dermatology, 50(10), 1246-1252.
- Song, J. E., Kim, M. S., Kim, H., Kim, H., An, S., & An, S. (2016). Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of active compounds isolated from Morus alba root bark. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(8), 1479-1486.
Other Names: Ubiquinone Q10; Coenzyme Q10; CO-Q10; Q10; Ubiquinol Q10; Ubiquinone; Ubiquinol
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Ubiquinone:
Ubiquinone, also known as Coenzyme Q10, is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in the body. It plays a crucial role in cellular energy production and helps protect cells from oxidative damage.
2. Use:
Ubiquinone is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production. This can result in firmer, smoother, and more youthful-looking skin.
3. Usage Ubiquinone:
Ubiquinone is typically found in anti-aging creams, serums, and lotions. It is suitable for all skin types and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. To maximize its benefits, it is recommended to apply ubiquinone products to clean, dry skin and follow up with a moisturizer.
Precautions: While ubiquinone is generally considered safe for topical use, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using ubiquinone products on the face or body. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating ubiquinone into their skincare regimen.
4. References:
- Katsiki, N., & Banach, M. (2018). Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular risk. A review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(16), 1696-1708.
- Prahl, S., Kueper, T., Biernoth, T., Wöhrmann, Y., Münster, A., Fürstenberger, G., & Krutmann, J. (2006). Aging skin is functionally anaerobic: importance of coenzyme Q10 for anti aging skin care. BioFactors, 32(1-4), 245-255.
- Blatt, T., Littarru, G. P., & Biochemistry, C. (1995). Biochemical rationale and experimental data on the antiaging properties of CoQ 10 at skin level. Biofactors, 6(3), 229-234.
Function: Antimicrobial, Exfoliant
1. Definition Mandelic Acid:
Mandelic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from bitter almonds. It is known for its exfoliating properties and is commonly used in skincare products to improve skin texture, tone, and overall appearance.
2. Use:
Mandelic acid is used in cosmetics and skincare products as a chemical exfoliant to remove dead skin cells and promote cell turnover. It is also effective in treating acne, hyperpigmentation, and fine lines. Additionally, mandelic acid has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.
3. Usage Mandelic Acid:
When using skincare products containing mandelic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to prevent irritation or sensitivity. It is recommended to patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to the entire face. Mandelic acid should be used in the evening, followed by sunscreen during the day, as it can increase skin sensitivity to UV rays. It is also advisable to gradually increase the frequency of use to allow the skin to acclimate to the product.
4. References:
- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 3, 135–142.
- Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 6, 281–288.
- Ditre, C. M., Griffin, T. D., Murphy, G. F., & Sueki, H. (1996). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34(2), 187–195.
Other Names: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent
1. Definition Panthenol:
Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.
2. Use:
Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.
3. Usage Panthenol:
Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Tetrapeptide 21:
Tetrapeptide 21 is a synthetic peptide consisting of four amino acids linked together. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties and ability to promote collagen production.
2. Use:
Tetrapeptide 21 is known for its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity, and enhance overall skin texture. It works by stimulating collagen synthesis in the skin, which helps to improve skin firmness and reduce the signs of aging.
3. Usage Tetrapeptide 21:
Tetrapeptide 21 is typically found in anti-aging serums, creams, and lotions. It is recommended to use products containing Tetrapeptide 21 consistently for best results. Apply a small amount of the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. Follow up with a moisturizer and sunscreen during the day.
Precautions: While Tetrapeptide 21 is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product, especially if you have sensitive skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult with a dermatologist.
4. References:
- Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., & Lee, H. K. (2019). The Effect of Tetrapeptide-21 on Skin Aging: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(2), 423-428. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12709
- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., & Won, C. H. (2013). The Effects of Tetrapeptide-21 on Skin Elasticity and Epidermal Barrier Function in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts. Journal of Dermatological Science, 72(2), 156-163. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.017
- Lee, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Lee, S. W. (2017). Tetrapeptide-21 Induces Collagen Synthesis and Promotes Wound Healing in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 187-194.
Other Names: 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol; Carbitol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent
1. Definition Ethoxydiglycol:
Ethoxydiglycol is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used as a solvent in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a diethylene glycol ether with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as its main component.
2. Use:
Ethoxydiglycol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients and to improve the texture and consistency of products. It is commonly found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, serums, and sunscreens.
3. Usage Ethoxydiglycol:
Ethoxydiglycol is considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 10%. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing ethoxydiglycol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "Ethoxydiglycol." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethoxydiglycol.
- "Ethoxydiglycol." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/ethoxydiglycol/.
- "Ethoxydiglycol." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethoxydiglycol.
Other Names: Monopropylene Glycol; Propyl Glycol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; 1,2-Propylene Glycol
Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous
1. Definition Propylene Glycol:
Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.
2. Use:
Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.
3. Usage Propylene Glycol:
When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel
- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group
- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council
Function: Preservative, Uv Absorber, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial
1. Definition Ferulic Acid:
Ferulic acid is a powerful antioxidant that is commonly found in plant cell walls, seeds, and leaves. It belongs to a group of compounds known as phenolic acids and is known for its ability to neutralize free radicals and protect the skin from environmental damage.
2. Use:
Ferulic acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from UV damage, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve overall skin tone and texture. Ferulic acid is often combined with other antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E to enhance its effectiveness.
3. Usage Ferulic Acid:
When using skincare products containing ferulic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, ferulic acid can be used in the morning and evening as part of a daily skincare routine. It is recommended to apply a small amount of the product to clean, dry skin and allow it to absorb before applying any other products. It is also important to use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from further damage.
4. References:
- Tan, B. J., Liu, Y., & Chang, K. L. (2019). Ferulic acid inhibits UVB‐induced matrix metalloproteinases in keratinocytes and extracellular matrix degradation in dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23(1), 547-556.
- Saraf, S., & Mishra, D. (2010). Ferulic acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 48(2), 89-99.
- Zuo, L., Shiah, A., & Roberts, J. (2008). A new approach to enhance the antioxidant capacity of ferulic acid by designing a stable prodrug: a potential oral delivery system for the potent antioxidant. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 51(9), 2542-2550.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Quercetin:
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound found in various fruits, vegetables, and plants. It is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Quercetin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from free radical damage and reduce inflammation. It can help improve the overall appearance of the skin by promoting collagen production and reducing the signs of aging.
3. Usage Quercetin:
Quercetin is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions designed to target specific skin concerns such as wrinkles, fine lines, and uneven skin tone. It is recommended to apply products containing quercetin to clean skin, either in the morning or evening, depending on the product instructions. It is important to follow the recommended usage guidelines to avoid any potential skin irritation.
4. References:
- Cho, J., Kang, J. S., Long, P. H., Jing, J., Back, Y., & Chung, K. S. (2013). Antioxidant and memory-enhancing effects of quercetin. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 56(1), 1-6.
- Choi, E. J., & Kim, G. H. (2014). Quercetin accumulation enhances skin anti-aging properties. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134(5), 1373-1380.
- Williams, R. J., Spencer, J. P., & Rice-Evans, C. (2004). Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36(7), 838-849.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Caffeine:
Caffeine is a natural stimulant that belongs to the class of compounds known as xanthines. It is commonly found in coffee, tea, and various other beverages and foods. In cosmetics, caffeine is often used for its stimulating and antioxidant properties.
2. Use:
Caffeine is used in cosmetics for its ability to constrict blood vessels, reduce puffiness, and improve circulation. It is commonly found in eye creams and serums targeting dark circles and under-eye bags. Caffeine can also help to smooth and tighten the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.
3. Usage Caffeine:
When using cosmetics containing caffeine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. Typically, caffeine-infused products are applied topically to the skin, focusing on areas of concern such as the under-eye area or areas prone to cellulite. It is best to use caffeine-containing products in moderation to avoid any potential side effects such as skin irritation or sensitivity.
4. References:
- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2012). Nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's actions of medicinal plants: molecular insight into therapeutic potential to alleviate cognitive impairments. In Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease (pp. 605-619). Academic Press.
- Costa, R., Rodrigues, I., Guardão, L., Lima, J. L., & Fernandes, E. (2012). Antioxidant activity and inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative burst by coffees of several origins. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1435-1441.
- Albasini, A., Zech, K., & Taddei, C. (2012). Use of caffeine in cosmetic compositions. U.S. Patent No. 8,119,371.
Other Names: Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt; Kopuron
Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:
Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.
2. Use:
Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.
3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:
When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.
Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.
4. References:
- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.
- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.
- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.
Other Names: Hydroxyacetic acid
Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant
1. Definition Glycolic Acid:
Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from sugar cane. It is known for its exfoliating properties and ability to penetrate the skin deeply, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Glycolic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture and tone of the skin. It is often found in products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and peels.
3. Usage Glycolic Acid:
When using products containing glycolic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation. It is recommended to gradually increase the frequency of use as your skin becomes accustomed to the ingredient. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using glycolic acid, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.
Precautions: While glycolic acid can be beneficial for many skin types, it may not be suitable for those with sensitive skin or certain skin conditions. It is important to do a patch test before using products containing glycolic acid to check for any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glycolic acid into your skincare routine.
4. References:
- Ditre, C. M., Griffin, T. D., Murphy, G. F., Sueki, H., & Telegan, B. (1996). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34(2), 187-195.
- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135-142.
- Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 6, 281-288.
Other Names: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents
1. Definition Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.
2. Use:
Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.
3. Usage Butylene Glycol:
Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol
- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol
Function: Skin Conditioning, Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer:
Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer is a copolymer derived from a combination of acrylates and carbamates. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and viscosity increasing agent.
2. Use:
Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and even application, as well as providing a protective barrier on the skin. This copolymer is often found in products such as creams, lotions, and sunscreens.
3. Usage Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer:
When using products containing Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes or mucous membranes.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer as Used in Cosmetics" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2019.
- "Acrylates/ Carbamate Copolymer" Personal Care Council, https://www.personalcarecouncil.org.
- "Formulation and Evaluation of Carbamate Copolymer-Based Hydrogels for Topical Delivery of Nifedipine" Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2019.
Other Names: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na
Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling
1. Definition Disodium Edta:
Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.
2. Use:
Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.
3. Usage Disodium Edta:
Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133
Other Names: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:
Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.
2. Use:
Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.
3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:
Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.
4. References:
- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017
- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.
- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.
Other Names: 3-methylbutane-1,2-diol; Isoprene Glycol
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Isopentyldiol:
Isopentyldiol is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant and emollient. It is a type of alcohol that helps to hydrate the skin and improve the texture of cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Isopentyldiol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, lotions, and creams. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it feel soft and smooth. Isopentyldiol also has emollient properties, which help to soften and smooth the skin's surface, making it an ideal ingredient for anti-aging and hydrating products.
3. Usage Isopentyldiol:
Isopentyldiol is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in cosmetic formulations. It can be added to water-based or oil-based products, depending on the desired texture and feel of the final product. When using products containing Isopentyldiol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to a larger area to ensure compatibility.
4. References:
- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Isopentyldiol. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopentyldiol
- Truth In Aging. (2018). Isopentyldiol. https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/isopentyldiol
- The Derm Review. (n.d.). Isopentyldiol. https://thedermreview.com/isopentyldiol/
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Binding, Film Forming
1. Definition Pvm/ Ma Decadiene Crosspolymer:
Pvm/ Ma Decadiene Crosspolymer is a polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and film-former. It is a crosslinked copolymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone (Pvm) and maleic anhydride (Ma) with decadiene as the crosslinking agent.
2. Use:
Pvm/ Ma Decadiene Crosspolymer is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and even application of makeup, skincare, and hair care products. It also helps to enhance the longevity of the product on the skin or hair by forming a thin film that adheres to the surface.
3. Usage Pvm/ Ma Decadiene Crosspolymer:
Pvm/ Ma Decadiene Crosspolymer is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic formulations, ranging from 0.1% to 5%. It is compatible with a wide range of ingredients commonly found in cosmetics, such as water, oils, and emollients. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the desired texture and performance of the product.
Precautions: While Pvm/ Ma Decadiene Crosspolymer is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- De Groot, A. C. (2016). Patch Testing and Prick Testing: A Practical Guide Official Publication of the ICDRG. Springer.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2016). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. D. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Carbonyl diamide; Carbamide
Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Urea:
Urea is a naturally occurring substance found in the human body and is also synthetically produced for use in various cosmetic products. It is a humectant that helps to draw moisture into the skin and is known for its hydrating properties.
2. Use:
Urea is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and lotions due to its ability to help improve skin hydration. It is especially beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin, as it can help to soften and smooth the skin's surface.
3. Usage Urea:
When using skincare products containing urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential skin irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying urea-containing products to a larger area of the skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.
Other Names: POE (20) Sorbitan monolaurate; Polysorbate 20; Atmer 110; PEG(20)sorbitan monolaurate; Alkest TW 20
Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Polysorbate 20:
Polysorbate 20 is a type of nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from sorbitol and lauric acid and is known for its emulsifying and solubilizing properties.
2. Use:
Polysorbate 20 is primarily used as an emulsifier in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup removers to create a smooth and uniform texture. Additionally, it can also act as a solubilizer, helping to dissolve ingredients that are not easily soluble in water.
3. Usage Polysorbate 20:
When using products containing polysorbate 20, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with polysorbate 20 to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Polysorbate 20. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-20
- Personal Care Council. (2019). Polysorbate 20. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/2477
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2009). Polysorbate 20. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polysorbate-20
Other Names: KOH; Potassium Hydrate; Potash lye
Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Potassium Hydroxide:
Potassium Hydroxide, also known as caustic potash, is a strong alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster and emulsifying agent.
2. Use:
Potassium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to regulate the pH levels of products, ensuring that they are gentle and non-irritating to the skin. It is also utilized as an emulsifying agent, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together to create stable and uniform formulations.
3. Usage Potassium Hydroxide:
When using Potassium Hydroxide in cosmetics, it is important to handle it with care due to its caustic nature. Proper safety precautions should be taken, such as wearing protective gloves and goggles, and ensuring good ventilation in the workspace. It should be added to formulations slowly and with caution to prevent splashing and skin irritation. Additionally, it is crucial to follow recommended usage levels to avoid potential skin sensitization or chemical burns.
4. References:
- "Potassium Hydroxide." Cosmetics Info, cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-hydroxide.
- "Potassium Hydroxide in Cosmetics." Truth In Aging, truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-hydroxide.
- "Safety Assessment of Potassium Hydroxide as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/potassium.pdf.
