Sonrei Clearly Zinq™ Tinted Mineral Gel Sunscreen SPF 45 - Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: microfine Zinc Oxide; CI 77947
Function: Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Zinc Oxide:
Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.
2. Use:
Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Zinc Oxide:
When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.
- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.
- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.
Other Names: Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.
2. Use:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.
3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.
Other Names: Polymethylsilsequioxane
Function: Opacifying
1. Definition Polymethylsilsesquioxane:
Polymethylsilsesquioxane is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent. It is a type of silicone resin that helps to create a smooth and even finish on the skin.
2. Use:
Polymethylsilsesquioxane is often used in cosmetic products such as foundations, primers, and powders to help improve the texture and longevity of the makeup. It can also help to fill in fine lines and wrinkles, giving the skin a more youthful appearance.
3. Usage Polymethylsilsesquioxane:
When using products containing polymethylsilsesquioxane, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes or mouth, as it can cause irritation.
4. References:
- Chaudhry, Q., Scotter, M., Blackburn, J., Ross, B., Boxall, A., Castle, L., ... & Watkins, R. (2008). Applications and implications of nanotechnologies for the food sector. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25(3), 241-258.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2010). Safety assessment of alkyl silicates as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 29(3), 61S-83S.
- Rieger, M. M., & Kockler, J. (2008). Silicones. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Function: Solvent
1. Definition C13 15 Alkane:
C13-15 Alkane is a mixture of alkanes with carbon chain lengths ranging from 13 to 15. It is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a lightweight and fast-absorbing emollient.
2. Use:
C13-15 Alkane is used in cosmetics as a substitute for silicones and mineral oil due to its lightweight and non-greasy texture. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft without a heavy or oily residue. It is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens.
3. Usage C13 15 Alkane:
When using products containing C13-15 Alkane, it is important to patch test first to check for any allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage.
4. References:
- "C13-15 Alkane." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/c13-15-alkane.
- "C13-15 Alkane." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/c13-15-alkane.
- "Safety Assessment of C13-15 Alkane as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/c13-15-alkane.pdf.
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant, Gel Forming
1. Definition Stearalkonium Hectorite:
Stearalkonium Hectorite is a white, creamy clay-like compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a suspending agent and thickening agent. It is a modified form of hectorite clay, which is a natural clay mineral.
2. Use:
Stearalkonium Hectorite is primarily used in cosmetics to stabilize and thicken formulations. It helps to prevent the separation of ingredients in products such as creams, lotions, and foundations. Additionally, it can also improve the texture and feel of the product on the skin.
3. Usage Stearalkonium Hectorite:
Stearalkonium Hectorite is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-10% in cosmetics formulations. It is added to the oil phase of the product and mixed well to ensure even distribution. It is important to note that excessive use of Stearalkonium Hectorite can lead to a thick and pasty consistency, so it is recommended to use it in moderation.
Precautions: While Stearalkonium Hectorite is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Stearalkonium Hectorite to check for any allergic reactions. In case of irritation, discontinue use immediately.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of stearalkonium hectorite, stearalkonium bentonite, and quaternium-18 hectorite. International journal of toxicology, 32(5), 1-11.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2008). Safety Assessment of Stearalkonium Hectorite as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr210.pdf
- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=73.1350
Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling
1. Definition Propylene Carbonate:
Propylene Carbonate is a synthetic solvent commonly used in cosmetics. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild odor, and is typically derived from propylene oxide.
2. Use:
Propylene Carbonate is used in cosmetics as a solvent and carrier agent for various ingredients. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance the absorption of other active ingredients. It is commonly found in skincare products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in makeup products like foundations, lipsticks, and eyeshadows.
3. Usage Propylene Carbonate:
When using products containing Propylene Carbonate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Carbonate, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, avoid getting the product in your eyes or mouth, and discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.
4. References:
- "Propylene Carbonate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/propylene-carbonate.
- "Propylene Carbonate." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/propylene-carbonate/.
- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Carbonate as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/PCarbonate1114SLR.pdf.
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant
1. Definition Quaternium 90 Bentonite:
Quaternium 90 Bentonite is a type of clay mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is derived from natural bentonite clay and has been modified with quaternary ammonium compounds to enhance its performance in cosmetic formulations.
2. Use:
Quaternium 90 Bentonite is primarily used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, while also providing stability to the formulation. Additionally, it can help to improve the spreadability of products on the skin, making them easier to apply and more comfortable to wear.
3. Usage Quaternium 90 Bentonite:
When using Quaternium 90 Bentonite in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage provided by the manufacturer. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations, depending on the desired texture and viscosity of the product. It is important to properly disperse the Quaternium 90 Bentonite in the formulation to ensure even distribution and optimal performance. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct a patch test on a small area of skin before widespread use to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). (2003). Final report on the safety assessment of Quaternium-90 Bentonite. International Journal of Toxicology, 22(3), 1-9.
- Personal Care Council. (2018). Quaternium-90 Bentonite. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/quaternium-90-bentonite/
- L’Oréal. (2020). Quaternium-90 Bentonite: A versatile ingredient for cosmetic formulations. Retrieved from https://www.loreal.com/innovation/quaternium-90-bentonite-a-versatile-ingredient-for-cosmetic-formulations/
Other Names: Candelilla Wax; Euphorbia Cerifera Wax
Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming, Cosmetic Astringent, Viscosity Increasing Agent- Nonaqueous
1. Definition Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax:
Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Candelilla shrub, native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is a hard, brittle wax that is yellow to brownish in color and has a mild, sweet odor.
2. Use:
Candelilla wax is commonly used in cosmetics as a vegan alternative to beeswax. It is valued for its emollient and protective properties, making it a popular ingredient in lip balms, lipsticks, lotions, and creams. Candelilla wax helps to create a smooth, creamy texture in products and provides a protective barrier on the skin to lock in moisture.
3. Usage Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax:
When using products containing Candelilla wax, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies to the wax itself. While Candelilla wax is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is always recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using a product containing this ingredient. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.
4. References:
- "Candelilla Wax: A Natural Alternative to Beeswax in Cosmetics" (https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/function/conditioner/Candelilla-Wax-A-Natural-Alternative-to-Beeswax-in-Cosmetics-568904351.html)
- "Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax" in the CosIng database by the European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=25009)
- "Candelilla Wax: Properties and Uses" by The Herbarie (https://www.theherbarie.com/Candelilla-Wax.html)
Function: Epilating Agent, Depilatory
1. Definition Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax:
Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Copernicia Cerifera palm tree, which is native to Brazil. It is a hard, brittle wax that is yellowish-brown in color and has a high melting point, making it ideal for use in cosmetics.
2. Use:
Carnauba wax is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to create smooth textures in products such as lipsticks, lip balms, mascaras, and creams. Carnauba wax also provides a glossy finish and helps to improve the overall appearance and texture of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax:
When using Carnauba wax in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 1-30% depending on the desired texture and consistency of the product. Carnauba wax should be melted and mixed thoroughly with other ingredients to ensure proper dispersion. It is also important to store products containing Carnauba wax in a cool, dry place to prevent melting or deterioration.
4. References:
- Akihisa, T., et al. (2010). Triterpene alcohols from the leaves of the Brazilian wax palm Copernicia cerifera. Phytochemistry, 71(17-18), 2113-2121.
- Monteiro, J. M., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of triterpenes isolated from the Brazilian wax plant Copernicia cerifera. Phytotherapy Research, 23(10), 1436-1440.
- Silva, E. M., et al. (2018). Copernicia cerifera Mart. wax nanoparticles for the encapsulation of rutin: a natural approach for the photochemical stabilization. Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 124-131.
Function: Emulsifying, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant
1. Definition Polyhydroxystearic Acid:
Polyhydroxystearic Acid is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizer. It is derived from stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable fats.
2. Use:
Polyhydroxystearic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to help mix oil and water-based ingredients together. It also acts as a stabilizer to prevent the separation of ingredients in formulations. Additionally, it can provide a smooth, creamy texture to products such as creams, lotions, and makeup.
3. Usage Polyhydroxystearic Acid:
Polyhydroxystearic Acid is considered safe for use in cosmetics, but like any other cosmetic ingredient, it is important to follow recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% in formulations. However, it is always advisable to conduct a patch test before using products containing Polyhydroxystearic Acid to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Polyhydroxystearic Acid" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyhydroxystearic-acid)
- "Polyhydroxystearic Acid in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine (https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/10410/polyhydroxystearic-acid-in-cosmetics)
- "Safety Assessment of Polyhydroxystearic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/polyhydroxystearic%20acid.pdf)
Function: Surfactant, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsifying
1. Definition Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate:
Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate is a synthetic compound derived from glycerin and ricinoleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together.
2. Use:
Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup to create stable and uniform formulations. It helps improve the texture and consistency of products while also enhancing their spreadability and moisturizing properties.
3. Usage Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate:
When using products containing Polyglyceryl 3 Polyricinoleate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also advisable to avoid direct contact with the eyes and mucous membranes.
4. References:
- "Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate" - Cosmetics Info. (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-3-polyricinoleate)
- "Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate" - Truth in Aging. (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyglyceryl-3-polyricinoleate)
- "Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate" - The Derm Review. (https://thedermreview.com/polyglyceryl-3-polyricinoleate/)
Other Names: Isooctadecanoic acid; 16-Methylheptadecanoic acid
Function: Binding Agent, Binding, Emulsifying
1. Definition Isostearic Acid:
Isostearic acid is a type of fatty acid derived from the hydrogenation of oleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier due to its ability to improve the texture and consistency of products.
2. Use:
Isostearic acid is often used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide hydration and create a smooth, silky feel on the skin. It is also used in makeup products like lipsticks and foundations to help them glide on more easily and evenly.
3. Usage Isostearic Acid:
When using products containing isostearic acid, it is important to patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with isostearic acid into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- "Isostearic Acid" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isostearic-acid)
- "Isostearic Acid" by Truth in Aging (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/isostearic-acid)
- "Isostearic Acid in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine (https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/31115/isostearic-acid-in-cosmetics)
Other Names: phosphatidylcholine; Lecithin; Lecithins; Soy Lecithin; Soybean Lecithin; Soya Lecithin
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Lecithin:
Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier. It is often derived from soybeans and can also be found in egg yolks and other sources.
2. Use:
Lecithin is used in cosmetics to help improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as to moisturize and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, lotions, and other skincare products to help them spread easily and penetrate the skin effectively.
3. Usage Lecithin:
When using products containing lecithin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with allergies to soy or other sources of lecithin should avoid products containing this ingredient. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Magdassi, S., & Garti, N. (1999). Lecithin-based emulsions. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 4(5), 311-316.
- Barauskas, J., & Nylander, T. (2005). Lecithin-based microemulsions. Langmuir, 21(2), 597-601.
- Komaiko, J. S., & McClements, D. J. (2016). Low-energy formation of edible nanoemulsions: Factors influencing droplet size produced by emulsion phase inversion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 434, 8-20.
Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Plasticizer, Deodorant
1. Definition Triethyl Citrate:
Triethyl Citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid commonly used in cosmetics as a plasticizer, solvent, and fragrance ingredient. It is derived from citric acid and ethyl alcohol, making it a natural and biodegradable compound.
2. Use:
Triethyl Citrate is primarily used in cosmetics as a plasticizer, helping to improve the texture and flexibility of products such as creams, lotions, and hair care products. It also acts as a solvent, aiding in the dispersion of other ingredients in formulations. Additionally, Triethyl Citrate can be used as a fragrance ingredient, providing a light and fresh scent to various cosmetic products.
3. Usage Triethyl Citrate:
When using Triethyl Citrate in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended guidelines and concentrations provided by suppliers and formulators. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or sensitivities. Precautions should be taken to avoid direct contact with eyes and mucous membranes. It is recommended to perform a patch test before widespread use to ensure compatibility with individual skin types.
4. References:
- "Triethyl Citrate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/triethyl-citrate
- "Safety and efficacy of Triethyl Citrate" by Personal Care Council, https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/triethyl-citrate/
- "Triethyl Citrate in Cosmetics" by PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Triethyl-citrate
Other Names: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent
1. Definition Dimethicone:
Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.
3. Usage Dimethicone:
When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.
Other Names: VC-IP; Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate; Vitamin C Tetraisopalmitate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate:
Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin.
2. Use:
Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is used in cosmetics and skincare products for its anti-aging benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, boosting collagen production, and protecting the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution.
3. Usage Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate:
Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions, and can be applied directly to the skin after cleansing and toning. It is recommended to use products containing Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate in the morning to help protect the skin throughout the day. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4(2):143-146. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.110593
- Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):866. Published 2017 Aug 12. doi:10.3390/nu9080866
- Al-Niaimi F, Chiang NYZ. Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):14-17. Published 2017 Jul.
Other Names: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant
1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:
Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.
2. Use:
Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:
When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.
4. References:
- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate
- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html
- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits
Function: Preservative, Uv Absorber, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial
1. Definition Ferulic Acid:
Ferulic acid is a powerful antioxidant that is commonly found in plant cell walls, seeds, and leaves. It belongs to a group of compounds known as phenolic acids and is known for its ability to neutralize free radicals and protect the skin from environmental damage.
2. Use:
Ferulic acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from UV damage, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve overall skin tone and texture. Ferulic acid is often combined with other antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E to enhance its effectiveness.
3. Usage Ferulic Acid:
When using skincare products containing ferulic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, ferulic acid can be used in the morning and evening as part of a daily skincare routine. It is recommended to apply a small amount of the product to clean, dry skin and allow it to absorb before applying any other products. It is also important to use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from further damage.
4. References:
- Tan, B. J., Liu, Y., & Chang, K. L. (2019). Ferulic acid inhibits UVB‐induced matrix metalloproteinases in keratinocytes and extracellular matrix degradation in dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23(1), 547-556.
- Saraf, S., & Mishra, D. (2010). Ferulic acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 48(2), 89-99.
- Zuo, L., Shiah, A., & Roberts, J. (2008). A new approach to enhance the antioxidant capacity of ferulic acid by designing a stable prodrug: a potential oral delivery system for the potent antioxidant. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 51(9), 2542-2550.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:
Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.
2. Use:
Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.
3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:
Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.
4. References:
- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017
- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.
- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.
Other Names: Octoxyglycerin
Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.
2. Use:
Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:
Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.
4. References:
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.
- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.
- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.
Function: Solvent
1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:
1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.
2. Use:
1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.
3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:
When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820
Function: Binding Agent, Binding
1. Definition Triethoxycaprylylsilane:
Triethoxycaprylylsilane is a silicone-based ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a surface treatment agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to improve the spreadability and texture of cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Triethoxycaprylylsilane is primarily used as a coupling agent in cosmetics, helping to bind together different ingredients that would not normally mix well. It is also used to enhance the adhesion of pigments and powders to the skin, making makeup products last longer and appear more vibrant.
3. Usage Triethoxycaprylylsilane:
Triethoxycaprylylsilane is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products such as foundations, primers, lipsticks, and sunscreens. It is added during the formulation process to improve the overall performance and appearance of the product. When using cosmetics containing Triethoxycaprylylsilane, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Triethoxycaprylylsilane as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2018)
- "Silanes and Other Coupling Agents, Volume 3" by George Wypych (2016)
- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach (2001)
Other Names: Aluminium oxide; Corundum
Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent
1. Definition Alumina:
Alumina, also known as aluminum oxide, is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics for its abrasive and absorbent properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often found in skincare products such as exfoliants, masks, and powders.
2. Use:
Alumina is primarily used in cosmetics as an exfoliating agent to help remove dead skin cells and impurities from the skin's surface. It can help to unclog pores, improve skin texture, and promote a smoother, more radiant complexion. Alumina is also used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, absorbent, and opacifying agent to help improve the texture and performance of various products.
3. Usage Alumina:
When using cosmetics containing alumina, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Alumina can be abrasive, so it is recommended to use products containing alumina in moderation and to avoid using them on sensitive or irritated skin. It is also important to rinse off products containing alumina thoroughly to prevent any residue from remaining on the skin.
4. References:
- "Aluminum Oxide." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/aluminum-oxide.
- "Aluminum Oxide." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/aluminum-oxide.
- "Alumina." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/alumina.
Function: Absorbent, Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Magnesium Oxide:
Magnesium oxide is a white powder mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its absorbent and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also known for its ability to help regulate oil production on the skin.
2. Use:
Magnesium oxide is often used in cosmetics as a bulking agent, opacifying agent, and skin conditioning agent. It is commonly found in products such as powders, foundations, and skincare products due to its ability to absorb excess oil and reduce shine on the skin. Additionally, it can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive skin.
3. Usage Magnesium Oxide:
When using cosmetics containing magnesium oxide, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting magnesium oxide products in the eyes or mouth, as it can cause irritation.
4. References:
- Kaur, I. P., & Rana, C. (2016). Evaluation of the role of magnesium oxide in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 9, 7-11.
- Park, S. Y., Kim, D. S., & Kang, S. (2017). Magnesium oxide nanoparticles: effective agricultural antimicrobial agent against Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 17(3), 2020-2026.
- Gębarowski, T., & Krysiak, E. (2020). The influence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the properties of cosmetic emulsions. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 71(2), 135-146.
Other Names: Pigment Black 11; Black Iron Oxide; Iron Oxide Black; Black Oxide of Iron; ci 77499 (iron Oxides)
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition CI 77499:
CI 77499 is a black iron oxide pigment commonly used in cosmetics to provide color, specifically in products like eyeliners, mascaras, eyeshadows, and lipsticks.
2. Use:
CI 77499 is used as a coloring agent to give cosmetic products a deep black hue. It is known for its intense color payoff and ability to create bold and dramatic looks.
3. Usage CI 77499:
When using products containing CI 77499, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. Additionally, avoid getting the product in direct contact with the eyes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by Paula Begoun, https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/cosmetic-ingredient-dictionary/iron-oxides
- "Iron Oxide Pigments for Cosmetics" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/iron-oxide
- "Iron Oxides" by The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/iron-oxides/
Other Names: Pigment Red 101; Iron oxide Red; Red Iron oxide; Red Oxide of Iron
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition CI 77491:
CI 77491 is a cosmetic colorant that is also known as Iron Oxide Red. It is a red pigment that is commonly used in makeup products such as eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks.
2. Use:
CI 77491 is used in cosmetics to provide a red color to the product. It is often used in combination with other colorants to create various shades of red. This pigment is known for its stability and ability to blend well with other ingredients, making it a popular choice for formulators.
3. Usage CI 77491:
When using products containing CI 77491, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
- "Iron Oxides: A Safe Cosmetic Ingredient" by Personal Care Products Council (PCPC)
Other Names: Pigment Yellow 11; Iron oxide Yellow; Yellow Iron oxide; Yellow Oxide of Iron; Hydrated ferric oxide
Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant
1. Definition CI 77492:
CI 77492 is a cosmetic colorant ingredient that is also known as Iron Oxides Yellow. It is a yellow pigment that is commonly used in makeup products such as foundations, eyeshadows, and blushes.
2. Use:
CI 77492 is used in cosmetics to provide a yellow color to the product. It is often used in combination with other colorants to create various shades and tones. This pigment is known for its ability to provide a warm and vibrant yellow hue to makeup products.
3. Usage CI 77492:
When using products containing CI 77492, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes and mucous membranes to prevent irritation.
4. References:
- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Products Council
- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- "Color Additives Permitted for Use in Cosmetics" by U.S. Food and Drug Administration
