TIS farmaceutic Crema Pentru Albire

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

1. Definition Potassium Cetyl Phosphate:

Potassium Cetyl Phosphate is a potassium salt of cetyl phosphate, an ester of cetyl alcohol and phosphoric acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Potassium Cetyl Phosphate is used in various cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and sunscreens to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It also helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin.

3. Usage Potassium Cetyl Phosphate:

When using products containing Potassium Cetyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes or mucous membranes.

4. References:

- "Potassium Cetyl Phosphate." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-cetyl-phosphate

- "Potassium Cetyl Phosphate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-cetyl-phosphate

- "Potassium Cetyl Phosphate." SpecialChem, www.specialchem.com/inci/potassium-cetyl-phosphate

1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the licorice plant. It contains various compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and saponins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Licorice root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and brightening effects. It helps to calm irritation, reduce redness, and even out skin tone. Additionally, licorice root extract can help to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and dark spots.

3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Licorice root extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and spot treatments. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed into formulations. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using products containing licorice root extract to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., ... & Chung, J. H. (2009). Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo. Annals of Dermatology, 21(1), 6-11.

- Katiyar, S. K., & Mukhtar, H. (1997). Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. Journal of leukocyte biology, 61(5), 547-556.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

1. Definition Cetyl Palmitate:

Cetyl Palmitate is a fatty acid derived from cetyl alcohol and palmitic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier, helping to soften and smooth the skin while also stabilizing the product.

2. Use:

Cetyl Palmitate is often found in moisturizers, creams, lotions, and makeup products due to its ability to provide a silky texture and improve the spreadability of the formulation. It is also used in hair care products to condition and soften the hair.

3. Usage Cetyl Palmitate:

When using products containing Cetyl Palmitate, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to avoid products with high concentrations of this ingredient.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Palmitate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-palmitate

- "Cetyl Palmitate" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/cetyl-palmitate

- "Cetyl Palmitate" by Paula's Choice Skincare, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-palmitate.html

1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:

Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

1. Definition Hippophae Rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn) Fruit Extract:

Hippophae Rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the sea buckthorn plant. It is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Sea Buckthorn Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its nourishing and revitalizing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, and protect against environmental stressors. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging products.

3. Usage Hippophae Rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn) Fruit Extract:

When using products containing Sea Buckthorn Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on the entire face. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products with Sea Buckthorn Fruit Extract, as it can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Lee, H. J., Jeong, S. J., Lee, M. H., & Kim, S. H. (2009). Hippophae rhamnoides inhibits melanin synthesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells through the down-regulation of tyrosinase. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(1), 165-170.

- Yang, B., Kalimo, K. O., Mattila, L. M., Kallio, S. E., & Katajisto, J. K. (2000). Effects of dietary supplementation with sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) seed and pulp oils on atopic dermatitis. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11(6), 338-340.

- Gupta, A., Kumar, R., & Pal, K. (2008). Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf extract ameliorates the gamma radiation mediated DNA damage and hepatic alterations. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(7), 2410-2419.

1. Definition Isopropyl Myristate:

Isopropyl Myristate is a synthetic oil commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent. It is derived from isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.

2. Use:

Isopropyl Myristate is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in lotions, creams, and makeup products. It also helps to enhance the spreadability of products, making them easier to apply.

3. Usage Isopropyl Myristate:

Isopropyl Myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it can cause irritation for some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is important to patch test products containing Isopropyl Myristate before using them on a larger area of skin. It is also recommended to avoid using products with Isopropyl Myristate on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Isopropyl Myristate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopropyl-myristate.

- Sagar, Ashok, et al. "Isopropyl Myristate: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, vol. 13, no. 2, 2012, pp. 93-97.

- "Isopropyl Myristate." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/isopropyl-myristate/.

1. Definition Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract:

Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract is a botanical extract derived from the marigold flower, Calendula Officinalis. It is known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its calming and healing benefits. It is often included in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, Calendula extract is believed to have antioxidant properties that can protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract:

Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5%, depending on the desired effect. When using products containing Calendula extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency of use. Some individuals may be allergic to Calendula, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). Calendula officinalis: A review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 24(5), 303-306.

- Preethi, K. C., & Kuttan, R. (2009). Wound healing activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 20(1), 73-79.

- Raskovic, A., Milanovic, I., Pavlovic, N., Cebovic, T., Vukmirovic, S., & Mikov, M. (2011). Antioxidant activity of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 68(5), 793-801.

1. Definition Vaccinium Vitis Idaea Leaf Extract:

Vaccinium Vitis Idaea Leaf Extract, also known as Lingonberry Leaf Extract, is derived from the leaves of the Vaccinium Vitis-idaea plant. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that provide numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Vaccinium Vitis Idaea Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and skin brightening properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce redness and irritation, and promote a more youthful and radiant complexion.

3. Usage Vaccinium Vitis Idaea Leaf Extract:

Vaccinium Vitis Idaea Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure optimal results.

4. References:

- Lee, S., Lee, J., Kim, Y. R., Kim, J., Jung, E., & Lee, S. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin-moisturizing effects of a mixture of the leaf extracts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Betula platyphylla in vivo. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017.

- Kim, J., Kim, Y. R., Kim, J., Jung, E., & Lee, S. (2015). Anti-aging and skin rejuvenation effect of a mixture of the leaf extracts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Betula platyphylla in vivo. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015.

- Yang, E. J., Kim, J. M., Kim, Y. M., Lee, M. S., Kim, H. T., & Lee, N. H. (2012). Skin anti-inflammatory activity of Vaccinium myrtillus leaf extract. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 63(6), 385-395.

1. Definition Zinc Oxide:

Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.

2. Use:

Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Zinc Oxide:

When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.

- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.

- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.

1. Definition Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract:

Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the seeds of grapes. It is rich in antioxidants, including vitamin E, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

2. Use:

Grape seed extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties. It helps to neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production, resulting in firmer, smoother, and more youthful-looking skin. It is often found in anti-aging products, moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens.

3. Usage Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract:

When using skincare products containing Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but a patch test is recommended before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is best to use products with grape seed extract in conjunction with a sunscreen to maximize its protective benefits.

4. References:

- Bagchi, D., Garg, A., Krohn, R. L., & Bagchi, M. (2002). Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, 35(5), 275-281.

- Park, S., Kang, S., Jeong, D. Y., Jeong, S. Y., & Park, T. (2016). Vitisin A inhibits adipocyte differentiation through cell cycle arrest in 3T3-L1 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 97, 5-11.

- Kaur, M., Agarwal, C., & Agarwal, R. (2009). Anticancer and cancer chemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grape-based products. The Journal of Nutrition, 139(9), 1806S-1812S.

1. Definition Ceteareth 20:

Ceteareth 20 is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohol ethoxylated with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide. It is a white, waxy solid that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant.

2. Use:

Ceteareth 20 is primarily used in cosmetic formulations as an emulsifying agent to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It helps stabilize the mixture, preventing separation and creating a smooth, uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can also function as a cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Ceteareth 20:

When using products containing Ceteareth 20, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing this ingredient to a larger area of skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- "Ceteareth-20." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ceteareth-20.

- "Ceteareth-20." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ceteareth-20.

- "Ceteareth-20." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/inci-name/ceteareth-20.

1. Definition Cholesterol:

Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is naturally found in the skin and plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function. In cosmetics, cholesterol is often used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Cholesterol is commonly included in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and serums to help replenish and restore the skin's lipid barrier. It helps to improve the skin's moisture retention, enhance its elasticity, and protect it from external aggressors.

3. Usage Cholesterol:

When using skincare products containing cholesterol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Katsambas, A.D., and Alexoudi, I. (2010). Cholesterol and skin care: facts, myths and controversies. Clinics in Dermatology, 28(4), 393-402.

- Rawlings, A.V., and Harding, C.R. (2004). Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatologic Therapy, 17(S1), 43-48.

- Draelos, Z.D. (2000). The science behind skin care: moisturizers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(1), 22-26.

1. Definition Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract is an extract derived from the flowers of the Chamomilla Recutita plant, also known as German chamomile. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract is used in skincare products for its calming and anti-irritant properties. It is often included in formulations designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, chamomile extract is known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used at a concentration of 0.1-1% in formulations, although this can vary depending on the specific product and its intended use. When using products containing chamomile extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (such as ragweed or marigolds) should exercise caution when using products with chamomile extract.

4. References:

- Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Report. 2010 Nov 1;3(6):895-901. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2010.377.

- Reuter J, Huyke C, Casetti F, Theek C, Frank U, Augustin M. Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 May;6(5):428-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2008.06605.x.

- Keane KM, Calton EK, Cruzat VF, Soares MJ, Newsholme P. The impact of cryopreservation on human peripheral blood leucocyte bioenergetics. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015 Apr;128(8):723-33. doi: 10.1042/CS20140521.

1. Definition Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Root Extract:

Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Root Extract is a botanical extract derived from the roots of the carrot plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Carrot root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-nourishing properties. It is known for its ability to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health. Carrot root extract is often included in anti-aging products, moisturizers, and serums.

3. Usage Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Root Extract:

Carrot root extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, and serums. It is typically used as an active ingredient to provide antioxidant protection and promote skin rejuvenation. When using products containing carrot root extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yoon, W. J., Lee, N. H., Hyun, C. G., & Park, S. K. (2010). Skin aging inhibitory effects of the root extract of Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(3), 654-661.

- Sultana, S., & Anwar, F. (2008). Flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin) contents of selected fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. Food Chemistry, 108(3), 879-884.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

1. Definition Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract:

Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract is a botanical extract derived from the leaves of the grape vine plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that offer various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Grape leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors such as pollution and UV radiation. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products. Additionally, grape leaf extract can help improve skin tone and texture, as well as promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract:

Grape leaf extract can be found in a wide range of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations designed to target signs of aging, protect the skin from damage, and improve overall skin health. To use products containing grape leaf extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Sánchez-Muñoz, S., López-Biedma, A., Biedma, J. L., & López-Biedma, A. (2019). Grape seed extract and its health benefits. In Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease (pp. 309-330). Academic Press.

- Pinent, M., Blay, M., Blade, M. C., Salvado, M. J., Arola, L., & Ardévol, A. (2006). Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines. Endocrinology, 147(12), 5819-5826.

- Kaur, M., Kaur, N., Sharma, S., & Kaur, R. (2018). A review on grape seed extract and its health benefits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(4), 1371-1381.

1. Definition Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate:

Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate is a stable derivative of Vitamin C, commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin.

2. Use:

Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate is often included in cosmetic formulations to help protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve overall skin tone and texture. It is also known for its ability to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to fade dark spots and hyperpigmentation.

3. Usage Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate:

When using skincare products containing Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, a small amount of product is applied to clean, dry skin in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product recommendations. It is important to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Vitamin C derivatives to protect the skin from potential sensitivity to sunlight.

4. References:

- Telang, P. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. (2017). The roles of Vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. Y. Z. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the skin: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 10(7), 14–17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605218/

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

1. Definition Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.

2. Use:

Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.

- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.

1. Definition Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Extract:

Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the germ of wheat kernels. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fatty acids that provide nourishment and hydration to the skin.

2. Use:

Wheat germ extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging. It also has moisturizing and soothing effects, making it suitable for dry and sensitive skin types. Additionally, wheat germ extract can help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin by promoting cell regeneration and collagen production.

3. Usage Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Extract:

Wheat germ extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients. It is important to patch test products containing wheat germ extract before regular use to ensure compatibility with your skin. Individuals with wheat allergies should avoid products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Calzavara-Pinton, P., Zane, C., Arisi, M., & Capezzera, R. (2005). Wheat germ extract in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in young children: a clinical trial. Pediatric dermatology, 22(3), 184-187.

- Saraf, S., & Jeswani, G. (2010). Triticum aestivum (wheatgrass) and its Nutritional Value. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 3(1), 138-142.

- Goyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Gill, S., & Sihag, M. (2014). Flax and wheat germ: Composition and benefits to health. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 1(4), 1-8.

1. Definition Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Extract:

Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Extract is derived from the leaves of the sage plant through a process of extraction. It contains various beneficial compounds such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sage extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-healing and anti-aging properties. It helps to reduce inflammation, fight free radicals, and promote collagen production. Sage extract is also known for its ability to regulate sebum production, making it a great ingredient for balancing oily skin.

3. Usage Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Extract:

Sage extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically included in formulations at a concentration of 1-5%. When using products containing sage extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no adverse reactions. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Sánchez-Muniz, F. J., & Macho-González, A. (2017). Sage (Salvia officinalis) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) improve the antioxidant status in the liver of rats exposed to iron-overload. Food & Function, 8(2), 702-709.

- Tundis, R., Loizzo, M. R., Menichini, F., Statti, G. A., & Menichini, F. (2008). Biological and pharmacological activities of iridoids: recent developments. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry, 8(4), 399-420.

- Baricevic, D., & Sosa, S. (2003). Comparative study of isotype content of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15(1), 59-62.

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

1. Definition Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It belongs to the family of parabens, which are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.

2. Use:

Propylparaben is added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting microbial contamination.

3. Usage Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.3% in cosmetics. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. While considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies, some individuals may be sensitive to parabens and experience allergic reactions. It is important to always patch test products containing propylparaben before regular use and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43(7):985-1015. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of propylparaben. Int J Toxicol. 2008;27 Suppl 4:1-82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on parabens. European Commission. 2011.

1. Definition Bha:

BHA, or beta hydroxy acid, is a type of chemical exfoliant commonly used in skincare products. It is oil-soluble, making it ideal for penetrating deep into the pores to unclog them and exfoliate dead skin cells.

2. Use:

BHA is primarily used in cosmetics and skincare products to treat acne, blackheads, and other skin concerns related to clogged pores. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it effective in reducing redness and inflammation associated with acne.

3. Usage Bha:

When using products containing BHA, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. BHA can increase sun sensitivity, so it is essential to use sunscreen daily when incorporating BHA into your skincare routine. It is recommended to use BHA products in the evening to allow for maximum effectiveness without the risk of increased sun sensitivity.

4. References:

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455-461.

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(4), 327-348.

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135-142.