Vichy Normaderm Daily Exfoliating Cleansing Gel - Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume
Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant
1. Definition Fragrance:
Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.
2. Use:
Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.
3. Usage Fragrance:
When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.
4. References:
- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.
- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.
- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: NaOH
Function: Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent
1. Definition Sodium Hydroxide:
Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and cleansing agent.
2. Use:
Sodium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, ensuring that the product is within the desired range for optimal skin compatibility. It is also used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform products. Additionally, sodium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent in skincare products, helping to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin.
3. Usage Sodium Hydroxide:
When using products containing sodium hydroxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, as it can cause irritation or burns. It is recommended to use products containing sodium hydroxide in well-ventilated areas and to wash hands thoroughly after use. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of sodium hydroxide. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(1), 59S-80S.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2020). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-hydroxide/
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-hydroxide
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Bulking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Film Forming, Adhesive
1. Definition Polyethylene:
Polyethylene is a type of polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a synthetic substance that is derived from ethylene, a byproduct of petroleum.
2. Use:
Polyethylene is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to create a smooth and creamy feel, as well as to prevent the separation of ingredients. Polyethylene is also used in exfoliating products, where it acts as a gentle abrasive to remove dead skin cells.
3. Usage Polyethylene:
When using cosmetics containing polyethylene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience irritation or redness when using products with polyethylene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper use and storage of products containing polyethylene to ensure their effectiveness and safety.
4. References:
- Lefebvre MA, Pham DM, Boussouira B, Bernard D, Camus C, Nguyen QL. Evaluation of the impact of low-pH cleansers on skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2015;37(5):491-498.
- Loden M, Buraczewska I, Edlund F. Irritation potential of a cleanser: human and animal model studies. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44(5):297-303.
- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: Cleansers. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(4):412-416.
Other Names: Methyl Paraben; Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Nipagin M; Methyl Hydroxybenzoate; Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Methylparaben:
Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.
2. Use:
Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.
3. Usage Methylparaben:
Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.
- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.
Other Names: EDTA-4Na; Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
Function: Chelating Agent
1. Definition Tetrasodium Edta:
Tetrasodium EDTA, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a white, odorless powder that helps to improve the stability and efficacy of formulations by binding to metal ions that can cause product degradation.
2. Use:
Tetrasodium EDTA is used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer to prevent rancidity and discoloration. It also helps to enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in the formulation. Additionally, it can improve the foaming and cleansing properties of certain products like shampoos and body washes.
3. Usage Tetrasodium Edta:
Tetrasodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used within the recommended concentrations. However, it is important to follow the guidelines provided by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel to ensure safe usage. It is recommended to avoid using products containing Tetrasodium EDTA on broken or irritated skin to prevent potential irritation.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(Suppl 1), 93-128.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Tetrasodium EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/tetrasodium-edta/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1751
Other Names: Propyl Paraben; Propyl parahydroxybenzoate; Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; Nipasol M; Propyl Hydroxybenzoate
Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Propylparaben:
Propylparaben is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It belongs to the family of parabens, which are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.
2. Use:
Propylparaben is added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting microbial contamination.
3. Usage Propylparaben:
Propylparaben is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.3% in cosmetics. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. While considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies, some individuals may be sensitive to parabens and experience allergic reactions. It is important to always patch test products containing propylparaben before regular use and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.
4. References:
- Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43(7):985-1015. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of propylparaben. Int J Toxicol. 2008;27 Suppl 4:1-82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on parabens. European Commission. 2011.
Other Names: SLES; Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate; Sodium Lauryl ether Sulfate; Ethoxylated C12-Sulfate; Sodium Laureth-2 Sulfate
Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant, Cleansing, Foaming
1. Definition Sodium Laureth Sulfate:
Sodium Laureth Sulfate is a surfactant and detergent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a type of sulfate that helps to create a foaming lather and cleanse the skin or hair by removing dirt and oils.
2. Use:
Sodium Laureth Sulfate is often found in products such as shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, and toothpaste. It is used to create a rich lather that effectively removes dirt, oils, and impurities from the skin or hair.
3. Usage Sodium Laureth Sulfate:
While Sodium Laureth Sulfate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some people may experience skin irritation or sensitivity to this ingredient. It is important to patch test products containing Sodium Laureth Sulfate before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting products containing this ingredient in your eyes, as it can cause irritation.
4. References:
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23665879, Sodium Laureth Sulfate. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-laureth-sulfate
- Environmental Working Group. Sodium Laureth Sulfate. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706089-SODIUM_LAURETH_SULFATE/
- Cosmeticsinfo.org. Sodium Laureth Sulfate. http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-laureth-sulfate
Other Names: Maolate
Function: Preservative, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide
1. Definition Chlorphenesin:
Chlorphenesin is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and antiseptic agent. It is a white crystalline powder with a mild, pleasant odor.
2. Use:
Chlorphenesin is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various personal care products. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of harmful organisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.
3. Usage Chlorphenesin:
Chlorphenesin is typically found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in accordance with regulatory guidelines and recommended concentrations. However, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid using products containing chlorphenesin if you have known allergies or sensitivities to the compound.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of chlorphenesin. Int J Toxicol. 2007;26 Suppl 3:61-72. doi: 10.1080/10915810701663150.
- Personal Care Products Council. Safety Assessment of Chlorphenesin as Used in Cosmetics. 2013. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr126.pdf.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.822.
Function: Emulsion Stabilising, Surfactant, Cleansing
1. Definition Decyl Glucoside:
Decyl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from natural sources such as coconut oil and glucose. It is known for its gentle cleansing properties and ability to create a rich lather without stripping the skin of its natural oils.
2. Use:
Decyl Glucoside is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a primary or secondary surfactant. It is often found in cleansers, shampoos, body washes, and baby products due to its mild nature and ability to effectively remove dirt and impurities from the skin and hair.
3. Usage Decyl Glucoside:
When using products containing Decyl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.
4. References:
- "Decyl Glucoside." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/decyl-glucoside/
- "Decyl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/decyl-glucoside
- "Decyl Glucoside." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/decyl-glucoside
Other Names: Salicylates; 2-hydroxybenzoic; Salicylic Acid; Beta Hydroxy Acid
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover
1. Definition Salicylic Acid:
Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.
2. Use:
Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.
3. Usage Salicylic Acid:
When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.
4. References:
- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042
- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765
- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1
Other Names: Ethylparaben; Ethyl p-Hydroxy-benzoate
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Ethylparaben:
Ethylparaben is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to extend their shelf life by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. It belongs to the paraben family, which also includes methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
2. Use:
Ethylparaben is added to a wide range of cosmetics such as lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup products to prevent microbial contamination and spoilage. It is particularly effective in water-based formulas where bacteria and fungi can thrive.
3. Usage Ethylparaben:
While ethylparaben is considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies such as the FDA and the European Commission, some studies have raised concerns about its potential health risks. It has been linked to hormone disruption and allergic reactions in some individuals. Therefore, it is important to use products containing ethylparaben in moderation and to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies.
4. References:
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2005). Opinion on Parabens. European Commission.
- Darbre, P. D., & Harvey, P. W. (2008). Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 28(5), 561-578.
- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). (2019). Parabens in Cosmetics. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Other Names: 3-Iodo-2-Propynyl Butyl Carbamate; IPBC; Biodocarb C450
Function: Preservative
1. Definition Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate:
Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, also known as IPBC, is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is a white to pale yellow powder with a faint odor and is soluble in water.
2. Use:
IPBC is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, creams, and makeup to extend their shelf life and maintain their quality. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can spoil the product and cause skin irritation or infections.
3. Usage Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate:
When using cosmetics containing IPBC, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. IPBC is typically used in very small concentrations, usually less than 0.1%, to ensure its effectiveness while minimizing the risk of skin irritation or sensitization. It is important to avoid direct contact with the eyes, mucous membranes, and broken skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. Int J Toxicol. 1995;14 Suppl 1:31-54.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Safety assessment of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2010 Jan;29(1 Suppl):182S-202S.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 172: Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption. Accessed online at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.210
Other Names: CI 77289; Pigment Green 18
Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Hair Dyeing
1. Definition Chromium Hydroxide Green:
Chromium Hydroxide Green is a pigment that is derived from chromium oxide and is commonly used in cosmetics for its green color. It is known for its bright and vibrant hue, making it a popular choice for various makeup products.
2. Use:
Chromium Hydroxide Green is primarily used as a colorant in cosmetics, particularly in eyeshadows, lipsticks, and nail polishes. It can also be found in skincare products such as lotions and creams to add a green tint.
3. Usage Chromium Hydroxide Green:
When using cosmetics containing Chromium Hydroxide Green, it is important to be aware of any potential skin sensitivities or allergies. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of the skin. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for safe use.
4. References:
- "Chromium Hydroxide Green." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/chromium-hydroxide-green.
- "Chromium Hydroxide Green." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/cosmetic-ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/chromium-hydroxide-green-2/.
- "Chromium Hydroxide Green." U.S. Food and Drug Administration, www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/chromium-hydroxide-green.
Other Names: Butylparaben; butyl parahydroxybenzoate
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Butylparaben:
Butylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. Butylparaben is a synthetic compound derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid and is typically listed on product labels as butylparaben, butyl paraben, or E209.
2. Use:
Butylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms, which can cause spoilage and potential health risks.
3. Usage Butylparaben:
While butylparaben is considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory bodies such as the FDA and the European Commission, some studies have raised concerns about its potential health effects. It is recommended to use products containing butylparaben in moderation and to be mindful of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to parabens, so it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing butylparaben extensively.
4. References:
- Darbre, P. D., Aljarrah, A., Miller, W. R., Coldham, N. G., Sauer, M. J., & Pope, G. S. (2004). Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 24(1), 5-13.
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(Suppl 4), 1-82.
Other Names: Hydroxyacetic acid
Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant
1. Definition Glycolic Acid:
Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from sugar cane. It is known for its exfoliating properties and ability to penetrate the skin deeply, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Glycolic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture and tone of the skin. It is often found in products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and peels.
3. Usage Glycolic Acid:
When using products containing glycolic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation. It is recommended to gradually increase the frequency of use as your skin becomes accustomed to the ingredient. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using glycolic acid, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.
Precautions: While glycolic acid can be beneficial for many skin types, it may not be suitable for those with sensitive skin or certain skin conditions. It is important to do a patch test before using products containing glycolic acid to check for any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glycolic acid into your skincare routine.
4. References:
- Ditre, C. M., Griffin, T. D., Murphy, G. F., Sueki, H., & Telegan, B. (1996). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34(2), 187-195.
- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135-142.
- Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 6, 281-288.
Function: Preservative
1. Definition Isobutylparaben:
Isobutylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Isobutylparaben is derived from para-hydroxybenzoic acid and is typically used in concentrations of 0.3% to 0.8% in cosmetic formulations.
2. Use:
Isobutylparaben is primarily used as a preservative in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, makeup, and hair care products. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, which can cause spoilage and degradation. By preventing microbial contamination, isobutylparaben helps to maintain the safety and efficacy of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Isobutylparaben:
When using cosmetics containing isobutylparaben, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities to the preservative. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or skin conditions may want to avoid products containing isobutylparaben to prevent any potential irritation or adverse reactions.
4. References:
- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on Parabens. European Commission.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2006). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, and Butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 25(1), 1-82.
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2020). Parabens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Function: Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Astringent, Cosmetic Biocide, Antiplaque
1. Definition Zinc Sulfate:
Zinc sulfate is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has a variety of uses in skincare products.
2. Use:
Zinc sulfate is often used in cosmetics for its ability to help regulate oil production, reduce inflammation, and promote healing of the skin. It is commonly found in products designed for acne-prone skin, as it can help to reduce the appearance of blemishes and promote clearer, healthier skin.
3. Usage Zinc Sulfate:
When using cosmetics containing zinc sulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing zinc sulfate to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Nair, A. B., & Jacob, S. (2016). A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 7(2), 27-31.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. Pharmacognosy reviews, 5(9), 81.
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Binding Agent, Binding, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Dextran:
Dextran is a complex branched polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules linked together in a linear chain. It is commonly derived from the fermentation of sucrose by certain bacteria.
2. Use:
Dextran is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin conditioning properties. It helps to improve the skin's hydration levels and can also enhance the texture and feel of skincare products.
3. Usage Dextran:
Dextran is often found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It can be used in both leave-on and rinse-off formulations, depending on the desired effect. When using products containing dextran, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid excessive use to prevent any potential irritation or adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Lee, S., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. Y., Lee, S. J., & Kim, S. H. (2018). Dextran-based nanogels as drug carriers: An overview. Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 26(1), 59-68.
- Singh, A., & Van Hamme, J. D. (2012). Biomedical applications of dextran. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(5), 940-946.
- Lin, Y. L., & Huang, A. C. (2018). Dextran derivatives and their biomedical applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 183, 174-188.
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Peg 4 Laurate:
Peg 4 Laurate is a polyethylene glycol derivative of lauric acid, which is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to mix oil and water-based ingredients in skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Peg 4 Laurate is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, helping to stabilize and blend together different ingredients in a formulation. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to cleanse the skin by removing dirt and oil. Additionally, it can improve the texture and feel of a product, making it smoother and easier to apply.
3. Usage Peg 4 Laurate:
Peg 4 Laurate is found in a variety of cosmetic products, such as cleansers, moisturizers, and shampoos. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or irritation when using products containing this ingredient. It is important to perform a patch test before using a product with Peg 4 Laurate, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of PEG-4 Laurate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-14.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). PEG-4 Laurate. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-4-laurate
- Loretz, L., Api, A. M., Barraj, L., Burdick, J., Dressler, W., Gettings, S., ... & Wilcox, N. (2005). Exposure data for personal care products: hairspray, spray perfume, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and solid antiperspirant. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(2), 279-319.
Other Names: Algin; Sodium Alginate
Function: Hair Conditioning
1. Definition Hydrolyzed Algin:
Hydrolyzed Algin is a natural ingredient derived from brown algae that has been broken down into smaller molecules through a process called hydrolysis. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Use:
Hydrolyzed Algin is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and masks for its ability to hydrate the skin and improve its overall appearance. It helps to retain moisture, reduce redness and irritation, and promote a more balanced complexion.
3. Usage Hydrolyzed Algin:
When using products containing Hydrolyzed Algin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with allergies to algae or sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin responds.
4. References:
- Kim, S. K., & Wijesinghe, W. A. J. P. (2011). Marine algae extracts: processes, products, and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
- Piotrowska, A., & Iwan, A. (2015). Environmental and human health problems related to the use of synthetic antioxidants. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 33(1), 36-69.
- Pallela, R., Na-Young, Y., Kim, S. K., & Lee, S. H. (2016). Anti-photoaging and photoprotective compounds derived from marine organisms. Marine Drugs, 14(6), 118.
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Peg 4 Dilaurate:
Peg 4 Dilaurate is a polyethylene glycol derivative of lauric acid, a saturated fatty acid commonly found in coconut oil. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together.
2. Use:
Peg 4 Dilaurate is commonly used in skincare and hair care products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. It helps to stabilize the formulation, improve texture, and enhance the spreadability of the product on the skin or hair.
3. Usage Peg 4 Dilaurate:
When using products containing Peg 4 Dilaurate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Peg 4 Dilaurate, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "PEG-4 dilaurate" by PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/PEG-4-dilaurate
- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" by FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/polyethylene-glycol-peg-compounds-cosmetics
- "Safety Assessment of PEGylated Oils as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/PEGylated%20Oils.pdf
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Acetyl Hexapeptide 1:
Acetyl Hexapeptide-1, also known as Melitane, is a synthetic peptide that is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-aging properties. It is a chain of six amino acids that work by stimulating melanin production in the skin, helping to even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation.
2. Use:
Acetyl Hexapeptide-1 is primarily used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions to help improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is often included in formulations targeting age spots, sun damage, and uneven skin tone. This peptide can also help to reduce the signs of aging by promoting collagen production and improving skin elasticity.
3. Usage Acetyl Hexapeptide 1:
When using products containing Acetyl Hexapeptide-1, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific formulation. It is recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products containing this peptide to protect the skin from further sun damage.
4. References:
- Kim, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, K. H., & Kim, D. S. (2018). The effect of acetyl hexapeptide-1 on the expression of extracellular matrix proteins in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(2), 203-209.
- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmeceuticals and cosmetic ingredients. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Lee, J. H., Han, S. H., Lee, J. H., & Lee, M. H. (2016). Acetyl hexapeptide-1 inhibits melanin synthesis via nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Journal of Dermatological Science, 83(1), 45-53.
1. Definition Green 3:
Green 3, also known as CI 42053 or Fast Green FCF, is a synthetic dye commonly used in cosmetics to impart a green color to various products.
2. Use:
Green 3 is primarily used as a colorant in cosmetics such as lipsticks, eye shadows, nail polishes, and hair dyes. It is also used in personal care products like soaps, shampoos, and lotions to give them a green hue.
3. Usage Green 3:
When using products containing Green 3, it is important to note that this dye may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Green 3 to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product.
4. References:
- "Safety and efficacy assessment of Green 3 in cosmetics." Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 32, no. 4, 2011, pp. 245-253.
- "Regulatory status of Green 3 in cosmetics in the European Union." European Commission, 2018.
- "Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Green 3 in cosmetic formulations." Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 45, no. 12, 2007, pp. 2463-2470.
Other Names: Jojoba ester
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Soothing, Moisturising
1. Definition Jojoba Esters:
Jojoba esters are derived from jojoba oil, which is extracted from the seeds of the jojoba plant. They are commonly used in cosmetics as emollients, skin conditioners, and moisturizers.
2. Use:
Jojoba esters are known for their ability to mimic the natural oils produced by the skin, making them an excellent ingredient for skincare products. They help to hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it soft and smooth. Jojoba esters are also non-comedogenic, meaning they do not clog pores, making them suitable for all skin types.
3. Usage Jojoba Esters:
Jojoba esters can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. They are typically used in small concentrations, as they are highly effective at moisturizing the skin. When using products containing jojoba esters, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure there are no adverse reactions.
4. References:
- Guo, R., & Huang, L. (2013). Nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
- Ranzato, E., Martinotti, S., & Burlando, B. (2011). Wound healing properties of jojoba liquid wax: an in vitro study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 443-449.
- Meier, L., & Stange, R. (2008). The jojoba plant and its liquid wax. Industrial Crops and Products, 28(2), 241-253.
1. Definition Yellow 8:
Yellow 8 is a synthetic dye commonly used in cosmetics to impart a yellow color to various products. It is also known by its INCI name, CI 45350.
2. Use:
Yellow 8 is primarily used as a colorant in cosmetics such as lipsticks, eyeshadows, blushes, and nail polishes. It is also found in hair dyes, soaps, and other personal care products to achieve a vibrant yellow hue.
3. Usage Yellow 8:
When using products containing Yellow 8, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should avoid products containing Yellow 8 to prevent any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of CI 45350" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2016.
- "Color Additives Permitted for Use in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- "Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA) of Yellow 8" by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 2016.
1. Definition Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan):
Chondrus Crispus, commonly known as Carrageenan, is a type of red seaweed that is widely used in the cosmetic industry for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties.
2. Use:
Carrageenan is used in cosmetics to improve the texture, consistency, and stability of products such as lotions, creams, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, while also preventing the separation of ingredients in formulations.
3. Usage Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan):
Carrageenan is typically added to cosmetic formulations at a concentration of 0.1% to 2%. It is important to follow recommended guidelines for usage to avoid any potential adverse effects. Carrageenan is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.
4. References:
- Draget, K.I., Skjak-Braek, G., and Smidsrod, O. (2006). Alginates from Algae. In: Steinbuchel, A., ed. Biopolymers, Volume 6: Polysaccharides II: Polysaccharides from Eukaryotes. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
- Lopes, G., Sousa, C., Silva, L.R., Pinto, E., and Andrade, P.B. (2012). Chapter 9: Seaweeds as Preventive Agents for Skin Disorders. In: Kim, S.K., ed. Handbook of Anticancer Drugs from Marine Origin. Springer.
- De Jesus Raposo, M.F., De Morais, R.M.S.C., and De Morais, A.M.M.B. (2013). Bioactivity and Applications of Sulphated Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae. Marine Drugs, 11(1), 233-252.
Other Names: carbopol 1342 polymer; pemulen tr-1; pemulen tr-2
Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming
1. Definition Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer:
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is a polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier. It is a crosslinked polymer of acrylic acid that helps to improve the texture and consistency of skincare and makeup products.
2. Use:
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and spreadable texture, improve the stability of the formulation, and enhance the overall performance of the product. This ingredient is often used in combination with other thickeners and emulsifiers to achieve the desired consistency and viscosity.
3. Usage Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer:
When using products containing Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to it. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/acrylatesc10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer.
- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/acrylates-c10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer.
- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/acrylates-c10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer/.
