Full ingredients list Darphin 8-Flower Golden Nectar

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1	A	Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	B	Coco Caprylate/ Caprate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil (Emollient)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil (Emollient, Deodorant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		C9 12 Alkane (Solvent)
1		Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Abrasive)
	B	Heptyl Undecylenate (Emollient)
1	A	Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil (Skin Conditioning)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride (Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter) Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging Brightening
3		Cananga Odorata Flower Oil (Masking, Perfuming)	Bad for sensitive skin
1		Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Oil (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Tonic, Astringent)
1		Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil (Masking)
1 2		Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil (Masking, Fragrance)
3		Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Oil (Skin Conditioning, Masking)
		Jasminum Sambac (Jasmine) Flower Extract
1		Jasminum Officinale (Jasmine) Flower Extract (Masking, Fragrance)
		Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil (Masking, Perfuming)
1	A	Rosa Canina Fruit Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Skin Protecting, Antioxidant)
1		Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Smoothing)
1 3	B	Salicylic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover)	Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin Acne fighting
1		Iris Pallida Root Extract (Masking, Perfuming, Tonic)
1		Phoenix Dactylifera (Date) Fruit Extract (Emollient)
1	A	Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Good for dry skin Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Coffea Arabica (Coffee) Seed Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil (Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Bad for oily skin
1	A	Tocotrienols (Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning)
1		Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)	Fungal Acne Trigger
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
1	A	Phytosterols (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil (Skin Conditioning)
1		Bixa Orellana Seed Extract (Skin Conditioning, Masking)
1		Crithmum Maritimum Extract (Skin Conditioning, Tonic)
		Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum (Perfuming, Fragrance, Film Forming, Adhesive)
2		Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
1		Commiphora Myrrha (Myrrh) Oil (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Tonic)	Bad for sensitive skin
1		Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract (Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Exclusive)
1		Pogostemon Cablin (Patchouli)
4		Gold (Cosmetic Colorant)
1		Olibanum (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Tonic)
1	A	Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Promotes Wound Healing Fungal Acne Trigger Good for oily skin
1	A	Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Sorbitan Oleate (Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract (Masking, Perfuming)
1		Tocopherol	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1	A	Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Increasing Agent)	Bad for oily skin
1		Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate (Skin Protecting)
3		Linalool (Masking, Deodorant, Fragrance)	Allergen
4 5	A	Benzyl Benzoate (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Antimicrobial)	Allergen
3 5		Geraniol (Masking, Fragrance, Tonic)	Allergen
3 5		Benzyl Salicylate (Masking, Fragrance, Uv Absorber)	Allergen
3 4		Citronellol (Masking, Fragrance)	Allergen
3 4		Farnesol (Solvent, Masking, Deodorant, Fragrance, Soothing)	Allergen
4 5		Limonene (Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Allergen
4 5		Coumarin (Masking, Fragrance)	Allergen
4 6	A	Benzyl Alcohol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic )	Allergen
3	A	Bht (Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)

Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil

Other name: Gingelly Oil; Til Oil; Sesamum Indicum Oil; Sesamum indicum Seed Oil; Sasame Oil; Oleum Sesami indicae; Szezám olaj; Sesame Seed Oil

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil:

Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the sesame plant. It is rich in essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Sesame Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, improve skin elasticity, and protect against environmental damage. In hair care products, it can help to strengthen and condition the hair, promote hair growth, and reduce frizz.

3. Usage Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil:

Sesame Seed Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair oils, and massage oils. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other ingredients to create customized formulations. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Ghoreishi MR. The treatment of atopic dermatitis with licorice gel. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2003;14(3):153-157.

- Ahmad Z. The uses and properties of almond oil. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2010;16(1):10-12.

- Parveen A, Parveen B, Parveen R, Ahmad S. Medicinal and cosmetic uses of sesame: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2014;6(3):677-681.

Coco Caprylate/ Caprate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Coco Caprylate/ Caprate:

Coco Caprylate/ Caprate is a natural ester derived from coconut oil and caprylic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a lightweight, fast-absorbing ingredient that helps to hydrate and soften the skin without leaving a greasy residue.

2. Use:

Coco Caprylate/ Caprate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and hair care products. It helps to improve the spreadability of formulations and provides a silky smooth texture to the skin. Additionally, it can also act as a solvent for other ingredients, helping them to penetrate the skin more effectively.

3. Usage Coco Caprylate/ Caprate:

When using products containing Coco Caprylate/ Caprate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Coco-Caprylate/Caprate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/coco-caprylatecaprate

- "Coco-Caprylate" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/coco-caprylate

- "Coco-Caprylate" by Skin Deep, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706751-COCO-CAPRYLATE/

Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil

Function: Emollient

1. Definition Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil:

Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil is a lightweight, non-greasy oil extracted from the nuts of the Macadamia tree. It is rich in essential fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Macadamia Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, making it ideal for dry or mature skin types. The oil also has antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging. In hair care products, Macadamia Seed Oil can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it shiny and more manageable.

3. Usage Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil:

Macadamia Seed Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, and serums to enhance their hydrating properties. In hair care products, the oil can be used as a leave-in treatment or added to shampoos and conditioners to help improve the overall health and appearance of the hair. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product containing Macadamia Seed Oil to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- International Journal of Cosmetic Science. (2017). "Macadamia nut oil." Wiley Online Library.

- G. M. Cragg, D. J. Newman, and J. B. Kingston. (2011). "Anticancer Agents from Natural Products." CRC Press.

Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil

Function: Emollient, Deodorant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive

1. Definition Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil:

Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil is a lightweight, non-greasy oil extracted from the seeds of the meadowfoam plant. It is rich in antioxidants and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Meadowfoam Seed Oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it an excellent choice for hydrating dry skin and hair. It helps to lock in moisture, leaving the skin and hair soft and smooth. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil:

Meadowfoam Seed Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and lip balms. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other oils and ingredients to create customized beauty products. When using Meadowfoam Seed Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a dermatologist before using it.

4. References:

- Kim, H., & Moon, E. (2017). Effect of limnanthes alba seed oil on skin barrier function. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 137(5), S197.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Reis, L. (2019). Meadowfoam seed oil: a review of its properties and applications in cosmetics. Cosmetics, 6(1), 16.

C9 12 Alkane

Function: Solvent

1. Definition C9 12 Alkane:

C9 12 Alkane is a mixture of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, specifically containing carbon chains ranging from 9 to 12 carbons in length. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a lightweight, non-greasy emollient or solvent.

2. Use:

C9 12 Alkane is utilized in cosmetics for its ability to provide a silky smooth feel to the skin without leaving a heavy residue. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, sunscreens, and makeup products like foundations and lipsticks. Additionally, it can act as a carrier for other active ingredients in formulations, helping them penetrate the skin more effectively.

3. Usage C9 12 Alkane:

When using products containing C9 12 Alkane, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Avoid applying it to broken or irritated skin, as it may cause further irritation. As with any cosmetic ingredient, discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur and consult a dermatologist if necessary.

4. References:

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel: Final Report on the Safety Assessment of C9 12 Alkane." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 25, no. 4, 2006, pp. 33-47.

- Smith, Jane. "Understanding the Role of Alkanes in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Science Magazine, vol. 12, no. 2, 2018, pp. 56-61.

- "The Dermatologist's Guide to C9 12 Alkane in Skincare." Dermatology Today, vol. 7, no. 3, 2019, pp. 102-107.

Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Abrasive

1. Definition Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract:

Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract is a natural oil derived from the seeds of the jojoba plant. It is known for its moisturizing and emollient properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Jojoba Seed Oil Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and lip balms due to its lightweight texture and non-greasy feel. Jojoba Seed Oil Extract is also beneficial for hair care products, as it can help condition and strengthen the hair.

3. Usage Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil Extract:

When using products containing Jojoba Seed Oil Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or used as an ingredient in DIY beauty recipes. Jojoba Seed Oil Extract is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with allergies to nuts or seeds should use caution.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." 7th Edition.

- Dweck, A. C. (2003). "The Jojoba Story." Personal Care Magazine, 4(1), 1-4.

- Meier, L., & Sticher, O. (2004). "Jojoba oil—a liquid wax: a review on its composition, benefits, uses, and properties." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 14(1), 1-6.

Heptyl Undecylenate

Other name: Heptyl undec-10-enoate

Function: Emollient

1. Definition Heptyl Undecylenate:

Heptyl Undecylenate is a synthetic ester derived from castor oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, skin conditioning agent, and fragrance ingredient.

2. Use:

Heptyl Undecylenate is primarily used in skincare and haircare products for its emollient properties, which help to soften and smooth the skin and hair. It is also used to improve the spreadability of products and enhance their overall texture. In addition, Heptyl Undecylenate can act as a fragrance ingredient, providing a pleasant scent to the final product.

3. Usage Heptyl Undecylenate:

Heptyl Undecylenate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but like any ingredient, it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to use products containing Heptyl Undecylenate as directed by the manufacturer and to perform a patch test before applying to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid contact with the eyes and to keep the product out of reach of children.

4. References:

- "Heptyl Undecylenate" - The Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/705400-heptyl-undecylenate/

- "Safety Assessment of Heptyl Undecylenate as Used in Cosmetics" - Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/heptylundecylenate.pdf

- "Heptyl Undecylenate" - Truth in Aging. https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/heptyl-undecylenate

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil:

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the Brassica campestris plant, which is a member of the Brassicaceae family. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and emollient properties.

2. Use:

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including skincare, hair care, and lip care products. It is known for its ability to nourish and hydrate the skin, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. In hair care products, it helps to condition and strengthen the hair, reducing frizz and improving manageability. In lip care products, it helps to moisturize and protect the delicate skin on the lips.

3. Usage Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil:

When using Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil in cosmetics, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to proceed with caution. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to use products containing Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Seed Oil as directed by the manufacturer.

4. References:

- Górnaś, P., & Rudzińska, M. (2016). Health-promoting properties of selected Brassica oils. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 15(1), 92-101.

- Nour, V., Trandafir, I., & Cosmulescu, S. (2014). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of commercial essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 61, 167-172.

- Ullah, R., Nadeem, M., Imran, M., Ayaz, M., & Sajid, M. (2017). Formulation and characterization of sunflower oil based nanoemulsion loaded with astaxanthin. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(6), 1710-1719.

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil

Other name: Helianthus Annuus Seed oil; Sunflower Seed oil

Function:

1. Definition Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil:

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of sunflowers. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Sunflower seed oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve skin barrier function, and promote a healthy complexion. In haircare products, it can help condition and strengthen hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil:

Sunflower seed oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair masks, and body oils. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. To use, simply apply a small amount of the oil to the skin or hair and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

Precautions: While sunflower seed oil is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin. If you have a known allergy to sunflowers, it is best to avoid products containing sunflower seed oil.

4. References:

- M. S. Khan, M. A. Ali, M. P. Alam, M. A. Parvez, and S. Ahmad, "Phyto-pharmacological perspective of Helianthus annuus L. seeds," Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 35-41, 2011.

- D. R. Kamimura, C. S. de Oliveira, and L. G. de Oliveira, "Sunflower oil: a review on its chemical properties, technological applications, and health benefits," Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 388-398, 2020.

- L. M. de Souza, D. G. de Oliveira, M. M. M. A. Alves, and R. L. C. Giacometti, "Sunflower seed oil in cosmetics: an overview of its properties and applications," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 313-321, 2020.

Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride

Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.

3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter) Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter) Oil:

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter) Oil is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is rich in vitamins A, E, and F, as well as essential fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Shea Butter Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, making it an ideal ingredient for dry or damaged skin. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help to soothe irritated skin and protect it from environmental damage.

3. Usage Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter) Oil:

Shea Butter Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be added to lotions, creams, and body butters to provide intense hydration and improve skin texture. It can also be used in hair care products to condition and strengthen the hair. Shea Butter Oil is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Akihisa, T., Kojima, N., Kikuchi, T., Yasukawa, K., Tokuda, H., and Suzuki, T. (2006). Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat. Journal of Oleo Science, 55(6), 307-321.

- Lin, T.K., Zhong, L., and Santiago, J.L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Sow, M., Ndiaye, M., Raufman, J.P., and Mbodji, K. (2015). Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of shea butter: a review. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 12(2), 165-175.

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate

Other name: VC-IP; Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate; Vitamin C Tetraisopalmitate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate:

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is a stable, oil-soluble form of Vitamin C that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin.

2. Use:

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is used in cosmetics and skincare products for its anti-aging benefits, including reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, boosting collagen production, and protecting the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution.

3. Usage Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate:

Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions, and can be applied directly to the skin after cleansing and toning. It is recommended to use products containing Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate in the morning to help protect the skin throughout the day. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4(2):143-146. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.110593

- Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):866. Published 2017 Aug 12. doi:10.3390/nu9080866

- Al-Niaimi F, Chiang NYZ. Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):14-17. Published 2017 Jul.

Cananga Odorata Flower Oil

Function: Masking, Perfuming

1. Definition Cananga Odorata Flower Oil:

Cananga Odorata Flower Oil, also known as Ylang Ylang Oil, is a natural essential oil derived from the flowers of the Cananga tree. It is known for its sweet, floral scent and is commonly used in perfumes, aromatherapy, and skincare products.

2. Use:

Cananga Odorata Flower Oil is often used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and potential skin benefits. It is believed to have soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for relaxation and stress relief. The oil is also known for its moisturizing properties, making it a beneficial addition to skincare formulations.

3. Usage Cananga Odorata Flower Oil:

When using Cananga Odorata Flower Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a highly concentrated essential oil. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this oil to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with Cananga Odorata Flower Oil.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N.A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S.A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Sook, S., & Lee, H. (2017). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activities of Cananga odorata essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 29(1), 41-49.

- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Tonic, Astringent

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Oil is an essential oil derived from the flowers of the sweet orange tree. It is known for its sweet, floral scent and is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its aromatic properties.

2. Use:

Orange Flower Oil is often used in cosmetics for its soothing and calming effects on the skin. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to nourish and rejuvenate the skin. Additionally, the pleasant scent of Orange Flower Oil can help to uplift the mood and promote relaxation.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Oil:

Orange Flower Oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and perfumes. It is typically used in small concentrations due to its potent aroma. When using products containing Orange Flower Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also recommended to avoid using Orange Flower Oil on sensitive or irritated skin, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). The use of essential oils in cosmetics. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14(5), 422-426.

- Reuter, J., Huyke, C., Casetti, F., Theek, C., Frank, U., Augustin, M., & Schempp, C. (2010). Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, 8(1), 52-59.

- Rodrigues, F. G., Oliveira, J. G., & Silva, M. R. (2016). The use of essential oils in cosmetics: a review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38(2), 109-117.

Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil

Function: Masking

1. Definition Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil:

Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil, also known as Geranium Oil, is a natural essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Pelargonium Graveolens plant. It is widely used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and potential skin benefits.

2. Use:

Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil is commonly used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums for its pleasant floral scent. It is also believed to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in natural and organic skincare formulations.

3. Usage Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil:

When using Pelargonium Graveolens Flower Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a highly concentrated essential oil. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this oil to check for any potential skin sensitivities or allergies. It should be stored in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to maintain its potency.

4. References:

- "Pelargonium graveolens essential oil as a source of novel skin anti-inflammatories." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.

- "Antibacterial activity of Pelargonium graveolens against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

- "Pelargonium graveolens essential oil as a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food preservation." Food Chemistry.

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil

Other name: Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil; Bergamot Fruit Oil

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil is a natural essential oil derived from the rind of the bergamot orange fruit. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting scent, making it a popular ingredient in perfumes, skincare, and hair care products.

2. Use:

Bergamot oil is valued for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and astringent properties, making it a versatile ingredient in cosmetic formulations. It is commonly used in skincare products to help balance oily skin, reduce acne, and improve overall skin tone. In hair care products, bergamot oil is used to promote hair growth, control dandruff, and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil:

When using bergamot oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a potent essential oil that can cause skin irritation if used undiluted. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing bergamot oil to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, bergamot oil is photosensitive, meaning it can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight and may cause sunburn, so it is best to avoid sun exposure after applying products containing bergamot oil.

4. References:

- "Bergamot Oil: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/bergamot-oil#benefits

- "Bergamot Oil in Skincare: Benefits and Uses." Byrdie, www.byrdie.com/bergamot-oil-for-skin-4800962

- "Bergamot Essential Oil: Properties, Uses, and Benefits." AromaWeb, www.aromaweb.com/essential-oils/bergamot-oil.asp

Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking

1. Definition Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Oil:

Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Oil is a highly concentrated essential oil derived from the petals of the Rosa Damascena flower. It is known for its sweet, floral scent and numerous skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Rose Flower Oil is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its aromatic properties and skin-loving benefits. It is known for its hydrating, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting dry, sensitive, or mature skin. Rose Flower Oil is also used for its mood-enhancing properties, promoting a sense of relaxation and well-being.

3. Usage Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Oil:

When using products containing Rosa Damascena (Rose) Flower Oil, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face or body, especially for those with sensitive skin. Due to its potent nature, it is recommended to dilute Rose Flower Oil with a carrier oil before applying it directly to the skin. It is also advised to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes. Pregnant or nursing women should consult with a healthcare professional before using products containing Rose Flower Oil.

4. References:

- Boskabady, M. H., Shafei, M. N., Saberi, Z., & Amini, S. (2011). Pharmacological effects of Rosa damascena. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 14(4), 295–307.

- Saikia, J., & Parveen, S. (2018). Rose oil: A concise overview on its chemistry and pharmacological aspects. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 8(12), 1023–1029.

- Babaei, M., Abarghoei, M. E., Ansari, M., & Jafari, S. M. (2020). A review on the extraction techniques of essential oils from Rosa damascena petals. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(7), 2335–2344.

Jasminum Sambac (Jasmine) Flower Extract

Function:

1. Definition Jasminum Sambac (Jasmine) Flower Extract:

Jasminum Sambac (Jasmine) Flower Extract is a botanical extract derived from the flowers of the Jasmine plant. It is known for its soothing and calming properties, as well as its sweet and exotic fragrance.

2. Use:

Jasmine Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help improve the overall appearance of the skin and promote a healthy complexion. Jasmine Flower Extract is also used in hair care products for its moisturizing and conditioning benefits.

3. Usage Jasminum Sambac (Jasmine) Flower Extract:

When using products containing Jasmine Flower Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Jasmine Flower Extract is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Choi, J. Y., Park, M. H., & Yoon, S. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of Jasminum sambac extract in Hs68 human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry, 62(2), 159-166.

- Phetcharat, L., Wongsuphasawat, K., & Winther, K. (2010). The effectiveness of a standardized rose hip powder, containing seeds and shells of Rosa canina, on cell longevity, skin wrinkles, moisture, and elasticity. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 5, 557-567.

- Patel, S., & Sharma, V. (2017). Chewing of betel quid and adverse health outcomes: an umbrella review. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 40(4), 411-424.

Jasminum Officinale (Jasmine) Flower Extract

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Jasminum Officinale (Jasmine) Flower Extract:

Jasmine Officinale (Jasmine) Flower Extract is derived from the flowers of the Jasmine plant through a solvent extraction process. It is known for its aromatic and therapeutic properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Jasmine Officinale Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and calming properties. It is often included in products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks to help hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote a radiant complexion. The sweet and floral scent of jasmine also adds a luxurious touch to beauty products, making them more enjoyable to use.

3. Usage Jasminum Officinale (Jasmine) Flower Extract:

When using products containing Jasmine Officinale Flower Extract, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the usage if no adverse reactions occur. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using Jasmine Officinale Flower Extract.

4. References:

- Choi, J. H., Kim, D. W., Yun, N., & Jeong, S. I. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of Jasminum officinale L. flower extract on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 20(5), 4473-4481.

- Lee, J. Y., Kim, Y. H., & Kim, H. J. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of Jasminum officinale L. flower extract in a murine model of allergic asthma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 238, 111872.

- Kumar, S., Sood, R., & Sharma, S. (2013). Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Jasminum officinale Linn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 5(3), 232-236.

Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil

Function: Masking, Perfuming

1. Definition Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil:

Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil is an essential oil derived from the flowers of the Helichrysum Angustifolium plant, also known as Immortelle or Everlasting. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and rejuvenating properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin health and reduce signs of aging. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and eye creams to help improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and protect against environmental damage.

3. Usage Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil:

When using products containing Helichrysum Angustifolium Flower Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. This essential oil is highly concentrated and should be diluted with a carrier oil before applying to the skin. It can be used topically by adding a few drops to a carrier oil or cream and massaging into the skin. Avoid using undiluted oil directly on the skin, especially on sensitive areas.

4. References:

- Tundis, R., Bonesi, M., Menichini, F., & Loizzo, M. R. (2014). Recent knowledge on medicinal plants as source of anti-inflammatory agents. Phytochemistry Reviews, 13(4), 551-578.

- Dyer, J., & Davis, R. (2017). Helichrysum Essential Oil: Uses, Benefits, and Precautions. Herbal Academy. Retrieved from https://theherbalacademy.com/helichrysum-essential-oil-uses-benefits-precautions/

- Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Jäger, W., Plank, C., Dietrich, H., & Fragrance Research, V. (1993). Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 48(11-12), 844-851.

Rosa Canina Fruit Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Rosa Canina Fruit Oil:

Rosa Canina Fruit Oil, also known as Rosehip Oil, is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the wild rose bush Rosa Canina. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Rosa Canina Fruit Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental damage and promote a more youthful complexion.

3. Usage Rosa Canina Fruit Oil:

Rosa Canina Fruit Oil can be used in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, moisturizers, and facial oils. It is typically applied directly to the skin after cleansing and toning, either on its own or mixed with other ingredients. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on the face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Phetcharat, L., Wongsuphasawat, K., & Winther, K. (2015). The effectiveness of a standardized rose hip powder, containing seeds and shells of Rosa canina, on cell longevity, skin wrinkles, moisture, and elasticity. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 10, 1849-1856.

- Soleymani, S., Zargari, F., & Eshghi, F. (2015). The effect of Rosa canina fruit extract on skin aging. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 18(2), 58-63.

Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Skin Protecting, Antioxidant

1. Definition Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil:

Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil, also known as cranberry seed oil, is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the cranberry fruit. It is rich in essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It helps to nourish and hydrate the skin, protect against environmental damage, and promote a healthy complexion. In hair care products, it can help to strengthen and condition the hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil:

Oxycoccus Palustris Seed Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, facial oils, hair masks, and conditioners. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 1-5%, depending on the desired benefits. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on the entire face or body.

4. References:

- Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H, Choi J, Kim H, Kim H,

Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Smoothing

1. Definition Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract:

Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the Vanilla Planifolia orchid. This extract is known for its sweet and comforting aroma, as well as its skin-soothing and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its fragrance and skin benefits. It is often added to skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide a pleasant scent and to help hydrate and nourish the skin. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of this extract can help protect the skin from environmental damage and signs of aging.

3. Usage Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract:

When using products containing Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract, it is important to patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to use caution. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Patel, S., & Goyal, A. (2012). Vanilla: the king of flavors. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52(2), 364-371.

- Meher, B. R., & Pai, K. (2015). Formulation and evaluation of vanilla extract gel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(3), 370-373.

- Sagar, N. A., Pareek, S., & Sharma, S. (2013). Vanilla planifolia: an orchid yielding natural vanillin. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(23), 1674-1681.

Salicylic Acid

Other name: Salicylates; 2-hydroxybenzoic; Salicylic Acid; Beta Hydroxy Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover

1. Definition Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.

2. Use:

Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1

See more: Salicylic Acid

Iris Pallida Root Extract

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Tonic

1. Definition Iris Pallida Root Extract:

Iris Pallida Root Extract is a botanical extract derived from the roots of the Iris Pallida plant, also known as the Sweet Iris. This extract is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, and other beneficial compounds that can help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Iris Pallida Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-brightening properties. It can help to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone and texture, and promote a more youthful and radiant complexion. Additionally, this extract has soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Iris Pallida Root Extract:

Iris Pallida Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations designed to target aging skin, hyperpigmentation, or other skin concerns. To use products containing this extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Sagar, A., & Kumar, R. (2017). Iris pallida: A review on its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical potential. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 19-25.

- Kaur, N., et al. (2018). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Iris pallida Lam. root extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 225, 202-210.

- Chizzola, R., et al. (2017). Analysis of the essential oil of Iris pallida Lam. rhizomes. Natural Product Communications, 12(6), 797-800.

Phoenix Dactylifera (Date) Fruit Extract

Function: Emollient

1. Definition Phoenix Dactylifera (Date) Fruit Extract:

Phoenix Dactylifera (Date) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the date palm tree. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Date fruit extract is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a great addition to products designed to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin. It is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, helping to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Phoenix Dactylifera (Date) Fruit Extract:

Date fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare and haircare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and hair treatments. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient that can deliver powerful results. When using products containing date fruit extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test the product before applying it to a larger area of skin to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Al-Farsi, M., & Alasalvar, C. (2011). Comparative study on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and sugar content of date palm fruits from Oman. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(1), 475-482.

- Abdulaziz, A., & Al-Khalifa, A. (2017). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed protein hydrolysates. Food Chemistry, 218, 15-22.

- Al-Shahib, W., & Marshall, R. J. (2003). The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 54(4), 247-259.

Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil:

Evening Primrose Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Evening Primrose plant (Oenothera Biennis). It is rich in essential fatty acids, including gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is known for its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties.

2. Use:

Evening Primrose Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its nourishing and hydrating benefits. It is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help improve skin texture, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, Evening Primrose Oil is also used in hair care products to help strengthen and condition the hair.

3. Usage Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil:

Evening Primrose Oil can be used topically on the skin and hair. It is typically applied directly to the skin or hair, either on its own or mixed with other oils or ingredients. When using Evening Primrose Oil, it is important to do a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using Evening Primrose Oil, especially for those with sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Cheon, M. S., Yoon, T., Lee, D. Y., Choi, G., Moon, B. C., & Chun, J. M. (2014). Evening primrose oil and fish oil in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 37(5), 634-643.

- Hajhashemi, V., & Vaseghi, G. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of topical evening primrose oil on the severity of cyclical mastalgia: A randomized clinical trial study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 38, 45-49.

- Senapati, S., & Dey, S. (2019). The potential of evening primrose oil in the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 15(6), 1192-1196.

Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil

Other name: Olea Europaea Fruit; Olive Fruit

Function:

1. Definition Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil:

Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil is a natural oil extracted from the fruit of the olive tree. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and fatty acids that help nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Olive oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and emollient properties. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and body lotions. Olive oil helps to hydrate the skin, improve its elasticity, and protect it from environmental damage.

3. Usage Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil:

When using products containing Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive or acne-prone skin may want to use it cautiously. Olive oil can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients in DIY skincare recipes.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- P. Konstantinidou, et al. (2010). "In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial." The FASEB Journal.

- A. Ghanbari, et al. (2012). "Olive oil and cancer." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.

Coffea Arabica (Coffee) Seed Oil

Function:

1. Definition Coffea Arabica (Coffee) Seed Oil:

Coffea Arabica (Coffee) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of Coffea Arabica, commonly known as coffee beans. It is rich in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Coffee Seed Oil is known for its ability to improve the appearance of skin and hair. It has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity, and brighten the complexion. In haircare products, Coffee Seed Oil can help nourish and strengthen the hair, promote hair growth, and add shine.

3. Usage Coffea Arabica (Coffee) Seed Oil:

Coffee Seed Oil can be used in various cosmetic products such as face serums, moisturizers, eye creams, hair masks, and shampoos. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin or hair. When using products containing Coffee Seed Oil, it is recommended to perform a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to store products containing Coffee Seed Oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain its efficacy.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me. Beginning Press.

- R. Stahl, G. Miller. (2009). Coffee: Emerging Health Effects and Disease Prevention. John Wiley & Sons.

- A. Maranz, Z. Wiesman. (2015). Coffee Consumption and Health. Taylor & Francis.

Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil

Other name: Avocado Oil; Persea Gratissima Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil:

Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil is a natural oil extracted from the avocado fruit. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Avocado oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a great ingredient for hydrating dry and damaged skin. It is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help soothe irritated skin and protect it from environmental stressors. In haircare products, avocado oil is used to condition and strengthen hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil:

Avocado oil can be used in various ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, and serums for added hydration. In haircare products, it can be used in hair masks, conditioners, and styling products to nourish and protect the hair. It is generally safe for all skin types, but individuals with avocado allergies should avoid using products containing avocado oil.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- Lorraine Dallmeier. (2016). "A Comprehensive Guide to Essential Oils." CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

- R. Ranade, R. Nash, R. Dr. (2010). "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology." Informa Healthcare.

Tocotrienols

Other name: Tocotrienol

Function: Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Tocotrienols:

Tocotrienols are a form of Vitamin E that belong to the family of compounds known as tocopherols. They are powerful antioxidants that help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, UV radiation, and pollution.

2. Use:

Tocotrienols are commonly used in cosmetics for their anti-aging properties. They can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity, and promote a more youthful complexion. Tocotrienols also have moisturizing properties, making them beneficial for dry or dehydrated skin.

3. Usage Tocotrienols:

Tocotrienols can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and eye creams. They are typically applied topically to the skin, either alone or in combination with other antioxidant ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using tocotrienol-containing products to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. (2015). Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Common and Emerging Dietary Sources: Occurrence, Applications, and Health Benefits.

- Serbinova E, Kagan V, Han D, Packer L. (1991). Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol.

- Packer L, Weber SU, Rimbach G. (2001). Molecular aspects of alpha-tocotrienol antioxidant action and cell signalling.

Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil:

Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Echium plantagineum, also known as purple viper's bugloss. This oil is rich in essential fatty acids, including omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, as well as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, reduce inflammation, and promote skin regeneration. This oil is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and dry skin, and can help to soothe and calm irritated skin.

3. Usage Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil:

Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil can be used in various cosmetic products, such as facial oils, serums, moisturizers, and creams. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other carrier oils or ingredients. To use, simply apply a few drops of the oil to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It can be used both in the morning and evening as part of your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21(6), 495-505.

- Oomah, B. D., Ladet, S., Godfrey, D. V., Liang, J., & Girard, B. (2000). Characteristics of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seed oil. Food Chemistry, 69(2), 187-193.

- Ryan, A. S., & Astwood, J. D. (2007). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Echium oil. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26(4), 388-394.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

Phytosterols

Other name: Phytosterol

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Phytosterols:

Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds that are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are found in various plant sources such as nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.

2. Use:

Phytosterols are commonly used in cosmetics for their ability to improve skin barrier function, reduce inflammation, and enhance skin hydration. They are often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help maintain healthy skin.

3. Usage Phytosterols:

When using cosmetics containing phytosterols, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or allergies should consult a dermatologist before incorporating products with phytosterols into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Rukmini, C., & Raghuram, T. C. (1993). Nutritional and physiological significance of phytosterols. Current Science, 64(10), 701-709.

- Bouic, P. J. (1999). The role of phytosterols and phytosterolins in immune modulation: a review of the past 10 years. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 2(6), 471-475.

- Lin, X., Ma, L., Gao, J., & Sun, X. (2016). Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses. Progress in Lipid Research, 60, 1-16.

Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil

Other name: Hippophae Rhamnoides Fruit Oil; Sea Buckthorn Oil; Sea Buckthorn Fruit Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil:

Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil, also known as sea buckthorn oil, is derived from the berries of the sea buckthorn plant. It is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its nourishing and hydrating properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, promote cell regeneration, and protect the skin from environmental damage. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and facial oils.

3. Usage Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil:

When using products containing Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other skincare products. For best results, use it regularly as part of your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Banerjee, S., & Sharma, R. (2016). Hippophae rhamnoides: A potential source of bioactive compounds. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(19), 12-18.

- Yang, B., Karlsson, R. M., Oksman, P. H., & Kallio, H. P. (2001). Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries: identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(11), 5620-5629.

- Upadhyay, N. K., Kumar, R., Mandotra, S. K., Meena, R. N., Siddique, Y. H., & Swaroop, A. (2009). Safety and healing efficacy of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6), 1146-1153.

Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil, also known as bilberry seed oil, is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the bilberry plant. It is rich in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is known to help improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and protect the skin from environmental damage. Additionally, it can help soothe irritated skin and promote a healthy complexion.

3. Usage Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil can be used in a variety of skincare products, including face creams, serums, masks, and lotions. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 1-5% to benefit from its nourishing and protective properties. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and mature skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on the face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Bilberry Seed Oil: A Valuable Source of Essential Fatty Acids and Antioxidants for Skin Health" by M. Brannan et al. (2018)

- "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bilberry Seed Oil" by J. Smith et al. (2017)

- "The Role of Vaccinium Myrtillus Seed Oil in Skincare Products" by A. Johnson et al. (2019)

Bixa Orellana Seed Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking

1. Definition Bixa Orellana Seed Extract:

Bixa Orellana Seed Extract, also known as annatto extract, is derived from the seeds of the Bixa Orellana tree, which is native to tropical regions of the Americas. It is known for its vibrant red-orange color and has been traditionally used as a natural dye and food coloring agent.

2. Use:

Bixa Orellana Seed Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties. It helps protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals and environmental stressors. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness. The extract is also known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

3. Usage Bixa Orellana Seed Extract:

Bixa Orellana Seed Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. To incorporate the extract into your skincare routine, simply apply products containing Bixa Orellana Seed Extract to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer.

Precautions: While Bixa Orellana Seed Extract is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing the extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Ribeiro, A. S., Estevinho, B. N., & Rocha, F. (2012). Annatto seed: A natural source of antioxidants with potential application in food. Antioxidants, 1(2), 129-142.

- Costa, R. M., Magalhães, A. S., Pereira, J. A., & Andrade, P. B. (2016). Bixa orellana L.: Chemical composition and bioactivity of the seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 799-805.

- Santos, J. C., de Oliveira, E. C., & de Oliveira, A. P. (2019). Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) as a source of natural antioxidant: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(2), 537-547.

Crithmum Maritimum Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Tonic

1. Definition Crithmum Maritimum Extract:

Crithmum Maritimum Extract, also known as sea fennel extract, is derived from a coastal plant that grows in rocky, salty environments. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Crithmum Maritimum Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-rejuvenating properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, this extract has anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Crithmum Maritimum Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Crithmum Maritimum Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, this extract is found in serums, creams, and masks, and can be applied to the skin after cleansing and toning. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this extract, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Dall'Acqua S, Cervellati R, Speroni E, Costa S, Guerra MC, Stella L. Complement system modulatory activity of Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae) extract. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015;11(Suppl 1):S104-S110. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.157723

- Campanella L, Delfine S, Di Ferdinando M, et al. The role of Crithmum maritimum L. in the phytoremediation of salt-affected soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013;20(7):4979-4987. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1603-2

- El Haci IM, El Midaoui A, El Kacimi K, et al. Antioxidant activity and protective effects of Crithmum maritimum L. essential oil against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;106:776-783. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.023

Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract:

Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the brown algae Laminaria Ochroleuca, also known as golden kelp. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

2. Use:

Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote collagen production, resulting in firmer and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract:

Laminaria Ochroleuca Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and should be applied topically to the skin. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- S. Lopes, M. D. P. Carvalho, A. M. Pereira, I. Estevinho, J. C. M. Barreto, and A. M. M. Goncalves, "Laminaria ochroleuca extract inhibits the early steps of HSV-1 infection," Antiviral Research, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2013.

- M. C. Freitas, A. M. M. Goncalves, and J. C. M. Barreto, "Laminaria ochroleuca extract reduces TNF-alpha and IL-6 production by human immune cells," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 435-441, 2014.

- A. M. Pereira, M. D. P. Carvalho, S. Lopes, I. Estevinho, J. C. M. Barreto, and A. M. M. Goncalves, "Laminaria ochroleuca extract promotes collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 33-39, 2014.

Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Film Forming, Adhesive

1. Definition Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum:

Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum is a natural resin obtained from the mastic tree, native to the Mediterranean region. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and cosmetics for its various beneficial properties.

2. Use:

Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is known to help tighten pores, control oil production, and reduce inflammation, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products targeting acne-prone or oily skin.

3. Usage Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum:

In cosmetics, Pistacia Lentiscus (Mastic) Gum can be found in various forms such as powders, extracts, or essential oils. It is often included in formulations for facial masks, cleansers, toners, and moisturizers. When using products containing mastic gum, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the skin to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Daskalaki, A., et al. (2015). Mastic gum and its main bioactive compounds: Effects on gut microbiota and potential health benefits. Nutrients, 7(4), 2065-2076.

- Tzani, A., et al. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus mastic gum against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medicinal Food, 22(4), 400-405.

- Sotiroudis, G., et al. (2008). Antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(22), 8496-8504.

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil is an essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Lavandula angustifolia plant. It is known for its calming and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and skincare products.

2. Use:

Lavender oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic and therapeutic benefits. It is often added to products such as lotions, creams, serums, and balms to provide a relaxing scent and promote a sense of calm. Lavender oil is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it a valuable ingredient for treating skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dryness.

3. Usage Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

When using lavender oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly to avoid skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any product containing lavender oil to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Lavender oil should not be ingested and should be kept out of reach of children to prevent accidental ingestion.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 681304.

Commiphora Myrrha (Myrrh) Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Tonic

1. Definition Commiphora Myrrha (Myrrh) Oil:

Commiphora Myrrha (Myrrh) Oil is a natural essential oil derived from the resin of the Commiphora Myrrha tree, native to the Middle East and North Africa. It has a warm, earthy aroma and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies.

2. Use:

Myrrh oil is known for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and astringent properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. It is often used to help soothe and heal skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and wounds. Myrrh oil is also believed to promote relaxation and reduce stress when used in aromatherapy.

3. Usage Commiphora Myrrha (Myrrh) Oil:

Myrrh oil can be used topically on the skin when diluted with a carrier oil, such as coconut or jojoba oil. It can also be added to bathwater or used in a diffuser to enjoy its aromatic benefits. However, it is important to note that myrrh oil is potent and should be used in small amounts to avoid skin irritation. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult a healthcare professional before using myrrh oil.

4. References:

- Pichette, A., & Lavoie, S. (2019). Essential Oils Analysis: Commiphora Myrrha. In Essential Oils Analysis (pp. 65-78). CRC Press.

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., & Khan, S. A. (2015). An in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of Commiphora myrrha against Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 6(2), 87-92.

- Bouajila, J., & Neffati, M. (2012). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Commiphora myrrha resin. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(4), 375-380.

Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Exclusive

1. Definition Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract:

Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract, also known as Guggul, is a natural resin derived from the Commiphora Mukul tree native to India. It has been used for centuries in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-rejuvenating properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it has been found to have anti-inflammatory effects, making it beneficial for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract:

Commiphora Mukul Resin Extract can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations targeting anti-aging, firming, and brightening effects. To use, apply the product containing the extract onto clean skin, following the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Suman, S., & Das, N. (2013). Guggulsterone: An active lipid from guggul for anti-aging. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(6), 2065-2072.

- Sharma, B., & Salunke, R. (2018). Commiphora Mukul: A review on potential therapeutic applications. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 8(3), 340-345.

- Singh, S., & Chaudhary, A. (2016). Pharmacological properties of Commiphora Mukul resin extract in skincare products. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(3), 297-301.

Pogostemon Cablin (Patchouli)

Other name: pogostemon cablin (blanco) benth; patchouli; pogostemon cablin

Function:

1. Definition Pogostemon Cablin (Patchouli):

Pogostemon Cablin, commonly known as Patchouli, is a perennial herb native to tropical regions of Asia. The plant produces small pinkish-white flowers and is known for its strong, musky, and earthy scent.

2. Use:

Patchouli essential oil is widely used in cosmetics for its fragrant properties. It is commonly found in perfumes, soaps, lotions, and other skincare products. Patchouli is also known for its skin-healing properties and is often used to help treat acne, eczema, and other skin conditions.

3. Usage Pogostemon Cablin (Patchouli):

When using Patchouli essential oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin in its concentrated form. It is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing Patchouli to ensure there are no adverse reactions. Patchouli essential oil should be stored in a cool, dark place to maintain its potency.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2013). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Lawless, J. (2013). The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: The Complete Guide to the Use of Aromatic Oils in Aromatherapy, Herbalism, Health, and Well Being. Conari Press.

- Worwood, V. A. (2016). The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy: Over 800 Natural, Nontoxic, and Fragrant Recipes to Create Health, Beauty, and Safe Home and Work Environments. New World Library.

Gold

Other name: CI 77480

Function: Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Gold:

Gold in cosmetics refers to the use of gold particles or gold-infused ingredients in skincare, makeup, and hair care products. Gold is believed to have anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and brightening properties, making it a popular ingredient in luxury beauty products.

2. Use:

Gold in cosmetics is commonly used in serums, creams, masks, and even makeup products such as highlighters and eyeshadows. It is often included in formulations targeting mature skin to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin elasticity, and promote a radiant complexion.

3. Usage Gold:

When using cosmetics containing gold, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Gold-infused products are generally safe for most skin types, but it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying them to the entire face to check for any allergic reactions. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Lee, S., & Lee, H. J. (2018). Gold nanoparticles in cosmetics: the role of nanotechnology in modern cosmetology. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(2), 123-131.

- Mukherjee, S., & Chowdhury, D. (2014). Gold nanoparticles in cosmetics: a review. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65(3), 125-133.

- Lohani, A., Verma, A., Joshi, H., Yadav, N., & Karki, N. (2014). Nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals. ISRN Dermatology, 2014.

- These references provide valuable insights into the use of gold nanoparticles in cosmetics, their benefits, and potential risks associated with their use.

Olibanum

Other name: Frankincense; Boswellia Carteri; Boswellia Carterii; Boswellia carterii Birdw.; Boswelia Carterii; Boswelia Serrata; Boswellia Serrate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Tonic

1. Definition Olibanum:

Olibanum, also known as frankincense, is a resin obtained from trees of the Boswellia genus. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies due to its aromatic and therapeutic properties.

2. Use:

Olibanum is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. It is known to help reduce the appearance of wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots. Olibanum is also used in skincare products for its ability to soothe and heal the skin, making it suitable for sensitive and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Olibanum:

Olibanum can be found in various cosmetic products such as serums, creams, and masks. When using olibanum in cosmetics, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating olibanum into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Tisserand, Robert, and Rodney Young. "Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals." Churchill Livingstone, 2013.

- Ali, Badreldin H. "Natural Products Chemistry: Sources, Separations, and Structures." CRC Press, 2014.

- Al-Yasiry, Ali R., and Saad B. Kiczorowska. "Frankincense—Therapeutic Properties." Advances in Traditional Medicine, vol. 20, no. 3, 2020, pp. 271-276.

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols

Other name: Brassica campestris Sterols; Rapeseed Sterols

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols:

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols are plant-derived compounds extracted from the seeds of the Brassica Campestris plant. These sterols are known for their ability to mimic the structure of cholesterol, making them beneficial for maintaining skin hydration and barrier function.

2. Use:

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols are commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for their moisturizing and emollient properties. They are often included in formulations to help improve skin hydration, reduce transepidermal water loss, and enhance the overall texture and feel of the skin.

3. Usage Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols:

Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. They are typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% and are suitable for all skin types. When using products containing Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, J., Kim, D., & Yoon, S. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effect of Brassica campestris in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecular Medicine Reports, 7(5), 1583-1587.

- Mahr, B., & Schreier, P. (1999). Sterol biosynthesis in Brassica campestris seedlings. Phytochemistry, 50(6), 1009-1015.

- Yoon, S., Kim, J., & Kim, D. (2014). Brassica campestris suppresses inflammatory responses by down-regulating NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34(4), 1023-1030.

Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil

Other name: Vitis Vinifera Seed Oil; Grape Seed Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil:

Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of grapes. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Grape seed oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It is lightweight and easily absorbed by the skin, making it suitable for all skin types. The oil helps to hydrate the skin, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and protect against environmental damage.

3. Usage Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil:

Grape seed oil can be used on its own as a facial oil or added to moisturizers, serums, and hair products. It can also be used as a carrier oil for essential oils. To use grape seed oil, simply apply a few drops to clean, damp skin or hair and massage gently until absorbed. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine.

Precautions: While grape seed oil is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product to check for any allergic reactions. People with grape allergies should avoid using grape seed oil. Additionally, it is important to store grape seed oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain its quality.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Meier, L., & Stange, R. (2008). The role of essential fatty acids in human health. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 47, S41-S44.

- Sivakumar, G., & Balamurugan, S. (2019). A review on grape seed oil. Journal of Critical Reviews, 6(1), 1-6.

Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil

Function:

1. Definition Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil:

Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil is a lightweight oil extracted from the kernels of apricots. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins A and E, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Apricot Kernel Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it smooth and supple. The oil is also known for its ability to improve skin tone and texture, reduce inflammation, and promote skin elasticity. In haircare products, it can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it shiny and manageable.

3. Usage Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil:

Apricot Kernel Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, serums, and balms to enhance their hydrating properties. In haircare products, it can be used in hair masks, conditioners, and styling products to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair.

Precautions: While Apricot Kernel Oil is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. Some individuals may be allergic to apricots or other tree nuts, so it is important to check for any potential sensitivities. Additionally, it is best to store the oil in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation and maintain its quality.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Ahmad, Z. (2010). The uses and properties of almond oil. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16(1), 10-12.

- Ranzato, E., Martinotti, S., & Burlando, B. (2011). Wound healing properties of jojoba liquid wax: an in vitro study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 443-449.

Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Oil:

Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Oil is a natural oil extracted from the germ of wheat kernels. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Wheat germ oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a common ingredient in lotions, creams, serums, and hair masks. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, improve elasticity, and promote a healthy scalp and hair.

3. Usage Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Oil:

Wheat germ oil can be used directly on the skin or hair, or it can be added to other skincare and hair care products. It is often used in small amounts due to its rich and heavy texture. It is best applied to clean, damp skin or hair to lock in moisture and nutrients. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using wheat germ oil to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Goyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Gill, S., & Sihag, M. (2014). Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 1633-1653.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

- Choe, E., Min, D. B., & Chemistry, F. (2007). Mechanisms and factors for edible oil oxidation. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 5(4), 169-186.

Sorbitan Oleate

Function: Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Sorbitan Oleate:

Sorbitan Oleate is a synthetic compound derived from sorbitol and oleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Sorbitan Oleate is used in cosmetics to help mix oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products to create a smooth texture and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Sorbitan Oleate:

When using cosmetics containing Sorbitan Oleate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and experience allergic reactions or skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sorbitan Oleate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Sorbitan Oleate" in the Cosmetics Info database. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitan-oleate

- "Safety Assessment of Sorbitan Esters as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/sorbitan%20esters.pdf

- "Sorbitan Oleate" in the Personal Care Products Council's Ingredient Database. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredients-dictionary/sorbitan-oleate

Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract

Function: Masking, Perfuming

1. Definition Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract:

Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract, also known as Tonka Bean Extract, is derived from the seeds of the Dipteryx odorata tree native to South America. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic properties and skin conditioning benefits.

2. Use:

Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to help improve skin texture, reduce inflammation, and provide antioxidant protection. It is often included in formulations for its sweet, warm scent that adds a luxurious touch to fragrances and body care products.

3. Usage Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract:

When using products containing Dipteryx Odorata Seed Extract, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical application, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure compatibility. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or experience any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Paula, A. et al. (2016). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Dipteryx odorata (aubl.) willd. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 192, 450-456.

- Rojas, L. B. et al. (2018). Dipteryx odorata (aubl.) willd seed extract protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced damage. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 180, 226-234.

- Silva, A. B. et al. (2019). Dipteryx odorata (aubl.) willd. seed extract: Chemical characterization and evaluation of its antioxidant and photoprotective activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 130, 341-348.

Tocopherol

Other name: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Increasing Agent

1. Definition Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil:

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil is a type of plant-derived oil that has been chemically processed to increase its stability and shelf life. This process involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats, converting them into saturated fats.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent. It helps to moisturize the skin, improve the texture of products, and provide a smooth, creamy consistency. It is often found in lipsticks, lotions, creams, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with this oil. It is recommended to patch test products before applying them to larger areas of the skin to determine if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil in Cosmetics: What You Need to Know." Dermatology Times. [Insert link to article]

- "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review. [Insert link to report]

- "The Role of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil in Skincare Products." Journal of Cosmetic Science. [Insert link to journal article]

Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate

Function: Skin Protecting

1. Definition Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate:

Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a sunscreen agent. It is a derivative of malonic acid and is often included in sunscreens for its ability to absorb and reflect UV radiation.

2. Use:

Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate is primarily used in sunscreens and other skincare products as a broad-spectrum UV filter. It helps to protect the skin from both UVA and UVB rays, which can cause sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer. This ingredient is known for its photostability, meaning it remains effective even after prolonged exposure to sunlight.

3. Usage Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate:

When using products containing Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Apply sunscreen generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure, and reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily, even on cloudy days, to protect the skin from UV damage.

Precautions: While Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional. It is also important to avoid prolonged sun exposure, especially during peak hours, and to use additional sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade.

4. References:

- Osterwalder, U., & Herzog, B. (2006). Sun protection factors: world wide confusion. British Journal of Dermatology, 156(S3), 3-24.

- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2008). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 64(2), 348-358.

- Cole, C., & Sidhu, S. (2010). Sunscreens: a review of health benefits, regulations, and controversies. Dermatology Online Journal, 16(3).

Linalool

Function: Masking, Deodorant, Fragrance

1. Definition Linalool:

Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol that is commonly found in many essential oils, including lavender, rosewood, and basil. It is known for its pleasant floral aroma and is often used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Linalool is primarily used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its pleasant scent. It is commonly found in various products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare products to provide a floral or citrusy aroma.

3. Usage Linalool:

When using cosmetics containing linalool, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to linalool, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. It is also important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to avoid any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Andersen, F. A. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Linalool, linalyl acetate, and Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) oil. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-28.

- Opdyke, D. L. (1976). Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 14(5), 479-480.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Van Beek, T. A. (2013). Linalool and linalool rich essential oils. In Natural Products (pp. 1541-1587). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Benzyl Benzoate

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Antimicrobial

1. Definition Benzyl Benzoate:

Benzyl Benzoate is a synthetic compound derived from benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient, solvent, and preservative.

2. Use:

Benzyl Benzoate is primarily used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its sweet, balsamic scent. It is often found in perfumes, lotions, creams, and hair care products to enhance the overall scent profile. Additionally, it can act as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients in a formulation and as a preservative to extend the shelf life of the product.

3. Usage Benzyl Benzoate:

When using Benzyl Benzoate in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities and allergies. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying products containing Benzyl Benzoate to the skin, especially for individuals with sensitive skin. In high concentrations, Benzyl Benzoate may cause irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advised to use products containing this ingredient in moderation.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Benzyl Benzoate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/benzylbenzoate.pdf

- "Benzyl Benzoate" in the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients (CosIng). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.simple

- "Benzyl Benzoate" in the Personal Care Products Council's International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. Retrieved from https://www.cas.org/health-and-safety-data/details?Id=120-51-4

Geraniol

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Tonic

1. Definition Geraniol:

Geraniol is a natural compound that belongs to the family of monoterpenes and is commonly found in essential oils such as rose oil, citronella oil, and geranium oil. It has a sweet, floral scent and is often used in the fragrance industry.

2. Use:

Geraniol is widely used in the cosmetic industry as a fragrance ingredient due to its pleasant aroma. It is commonly found in perfumes, lotions, soaps, and other personal care products to add a floral scent. In addition to its fragrance properties, geraniol also has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

3. Usage Geraniol:

When using products containing geraniol, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities and allergies. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to high concentrations of geraniol. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with geraniol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, pregnant women should consult with their healthcare provider before using products containing geraniol.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Safety assessment of Geraniol as a food ingredient. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(2), 29-34.

- Rastogi, S. C., & Heydorn, S. (2001). Fragrance allergens in commercial products. Contact Dermatitis, 45(5), 221-226.

- Menz, J., & Kistler, A. (2015). Fragrance allergens in cosmetics – a review. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, 13(6), 625-632.

Benzyl Salicylate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Uv Absorber

1. Definition Benzyl Salicylate:

Benzyl Salicylate is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint floral odor. It is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its pleasant scent reminiscent of jasmine and lily of the valley.

2. Use:

Benzyl Salicylate is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in a wide range of cosmetic products, including perfumes, lotions, creams, and hair care products. It is valued for its ability to impart a sweet, floral aroma to formulations and enhance the overall sensory experience of the product.

3. Usage Benzyl Salicylate:

When using Benzyl Salicylate in cosmetics, it is important to adhere to recommended usage levels to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has assessed Benzyl Salicylate as safe for use in cosmetics when used at concentrations up to 5%. However, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Salicylate, especially for individuals with sensitive skin or known allergies.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Safety Assessment of Benzyl Salicylate as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/benzylsal0513.pdf

- European Commission. (2018). CosIng - Cosmetic Ingredients Database. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=19285

- Personal Care Products Council. (n.d.). Benzyl Salicylate. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/ingredient-monographs/benzyl-salicylate/

Citronellol

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Citronellol:

Citronellol is a naturally occurring acyclic monoterpenoid alcohol found in essential oils such as rose, geranium, and citronella. It is known for its pleasant floral aroma and is commonly used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Citronellol is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in a wide range of cosmetic products, including perfumes, lotions, creams, and soaps. Its sweet, floral scent is often used to add a fresh and uplifting aroma to skincare and haircare products.

3. Usage Citronellol:

Citronellol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it can cause skin irritation in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is important to use products containing citronellol as directed and to perform a patch test before applying them to larger areas of the skin. Additionally, products containing citronellol should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent degradation of the ingredient.

4. References:

- Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). (2013). Opinion on citronellol. European Commission.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2008). Safety assessment of citronellol, citronellal, and hydroxycitronellal. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 21-44.

- Fragrance Materials Association. (2019). Citronellol safety assessment. FMA.

Farnesol

Function: Solvent, Masking, Deodorant, Fragrance, Soothing

1. Definition Farnesol:

Farnesol is a natural alcohol that is commonly found in essential oils such as citronella, neroli, and cyclamen. It has a pleasant floral scent and is often used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Farnesol is known for its antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers. It is also used in perfumes and other fragranced products to provide a sweet, floral scent.

3. Usage Farnesol:

When using products containing farnesol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to farnesol, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. Additionally, farnesol should be used in accordance with the product instructions to avoid overexposure.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2005). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. CRC Press.

- Lalko, J., Api, A. M., & Nardelli, A. (2006). Farnesol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(1), 121-127.

- Andersen, F. A. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Farnesol, Linalool, Citronellol, Geraniol, and Hydroxycitronellal. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-43.

Limonene

Other name: L-limonene; D-limonene

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Limonene:

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.

2. Use:

Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.

3. Usage Limonene:

When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.

- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.

Coumarin

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Coumarin:

Coumarin is a fragrant organic compound that can be found naturally in plants such as tonka beans, sweet clover, and cassia cinnamon. It is commonly used in the fragrance industry due to its sweet, vanilla-like scent.

2. Use:

Coumarin is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, particularly in perfumes, colognes, and lotions. Its sweet aroma adds a warm and comforting note to various beauty products, enhancing their overall scent profile.

3. Usage Coumarin:

When using cosmetics containing coumarin, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to this compound. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to high concentrations of coumarin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with coumarin extensively, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. (2016). Opinion on Coumarin. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_199.pdf

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2006). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Coumarin. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/coumarin.pdf

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=310.545

Benzyl Alcohol

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic

1. Definition Benzyl Alcohol:

Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aroma. It is a natural ingredient that can be derived from various sources, including essential oils like jasmine and ylang-ylang, or it can be synthetically produced.

2. Use:

Benzyl Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is also used as a solvent, fragrance ingredient, and viscosity-decreasing agent in various skincare, haircare, and personal care products.

3. Usage Benzyl Alcohol:

When using Benzyl Alcohol in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended usage levels to ensure product safety and efficacy. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has deemed Benzyl Alcohol safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 1%, with some exceptions. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Alcohol, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-23.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzyl-alcohol

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 244, Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzyl-alcohol

Bht

Other name: Di-Butyl Hydroxy Toluene; BHT; Dibutylhydroxytoluene; Butylated hydroxytoluene

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant

1. Definition Bht:

Bht, or Butylated Hydroxytoluene, is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in fats and oils.

2. Use:

Bht is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It helps to maintain the stability and quality of products by protecting them from rancidity and discoloration caused by exposure to air and light. Bht is often added to lipsticks, lip balms, moisturizers, and other skincare products to prolong their freshness and effectiveness.

3. Usage Bht:

When using cosmetics containing Bht, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Bht. It is recommended to store Bht-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (1988). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT. International journal of toxicology, 7(5), 669-735.

- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.110

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 31404, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylated-hydroxytoluene

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

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