Full ingredients list Dr. Sante Anti Hair Loss Hair Mask

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1	A	Cetearyl Alcohol (Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous)
1	A	Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1 3	B	Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine (Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent)
3		Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate (Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Detangling)
1 3	B	Ceteareth 20 (Emulsifying, Surfactant, Cleansing)
1	A	Arginine (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1	B	Acetyl Tyrosine (Skin Conditioning, Tanning)
3	A	Peg 12 Dimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)
1		Calcium Pantothenate (Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
2 3		Zinc Gluconate (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Biocide)
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
1		Ornithine Hcl (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Polyquaternium 11 (Antistatic Agent, Film Forming, Hair Fixing)
1		Citrulline (Skin Conditioning)
	A	Hydrolyzed Soy Protein (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1		Glucosamine Hcl (Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, pH adjusting agent)
1		Arctium Majus Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Panax Ginseng Root Extract (Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic)
1	A	Biotin (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antiseborrhoeic)
1		Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract (Skin Conditioning, Sunscreen Agent)
1		Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract (Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
1	A	Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil (Emollient, Humectant, Skin Protecting)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
2		Propanediol (Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1		Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate (Chelating Agent)
1 3	A	Sodium Benzoate (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive)
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1 3	A	Benzoic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, pH adjusting agent, Bulking Agent)	Bad for sensitive skin
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
1	A	Disodium Succinate (Masking, Surfactant, Fragrance)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Cetearyl Alcohol

Other name: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols

Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous

1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:

Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.

3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html

- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/

- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil:

Coconut oil, derived from the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), is a versatile and widely used natural oil in the cosmetic industry. It is rich in fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Coconut oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it an excellent choice for hydrating the skin and hair. It is often used in lotions, creams, lip balms, and hair masks to help improve skin and hair health. Additionally, coconut oil has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for treating various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil:

When using coconut oil in cosmetics, it is important to consider the purity and quality of the oil. Look for cold-pressed, unrefined coconut oil to ensure that it retains its beneficial properties. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using coconut oil on the skin, especially for those with sensitive skin, to avoid any potential allergic reactions. Coconut oil can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other ingredients to create DIY beauty products.

4. References:

- Rele, A. S., & Mohile, R. B. (2003). Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Journal of cosmetic science, 54(2), 175-192.

- Evangelista, M. T., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(1), 100-108.

- Nevin, K. G., & Rajamohan, T. (2010). Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. Clinical biochemistry, 43(4-5), 349-357.

Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine

Function: Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine:

Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine is a conditioning agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a quaternary ammonium compound derived from behenic acid, which is a saturated fatty acid found in various natural sources.

2. Use:

Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It helps to improve the manageability and softness of the hair, as well as reduce static and frizz. Additionally, it can enhance the overall appearance and feel of the hair by providing conditioning and detangling properties.

3. Usage Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine:

Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine is typically incorporated into hair care formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5%. It is water-soluble and can be easily dispersed in aqueous solutions. When using products containing this ingredient, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid contact with the eyes. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and seek medical advice.

4. References:

- S. G. Yang, J. H. Kim, Y. S. Lee, and S. R. Lee, "Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine as a Hair Conditioning Agent," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 129-138, 2013.

- M. A. R. Meier, A. P. de Oliveira, and L. S. de Oliveira, "Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine: A Review of Its Applications in Personal Care Products," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 431-440, 2020.

- R. M. P. Silva, C. R. S. Santos, and L. B. F. da Silva, "Evaluation of the Conditioning Properties of Behenamidopropyl Dimethylamine in Hair Care Formulations," Journal of Applied Cosmetology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 187-194, 2018.

Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate

Function: Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Detangling

1. Definition Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate:

Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate is a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emulsifier. It is a synthetic ingredient derived from palm oil and coconut oil.

2. Use:

Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It helps to improve the texture and manageability of hair by reducing static electricity and providing a smooth, soft feel. In skincare products, it can be found in moisturizers and lotions to enhance the skin's hydration and softness.

3. Usage Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate:

When using products containing Dipalmitoylethyl Hydroxyethylmonium Methosulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes, and rinse thoroughly if contact occurs. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Behentrimonium Methosulfate and Cetearyl Alcohol." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 26, no. S3, 2007, pp. 79-128.

- "Safety and efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and cetylpyridinium bromide for all cosmetic product types." Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, European Commission, 2016.

- "Safety assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and cetylpyridinium bromide for use in cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2017.

Ceteareth 20

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Ceteareth 20:

Ceteareth 20 is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohol ethoxylated with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide. It is a white, waxy solid that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant.

2. Use:

Ceteareth 20 is primarily used in cosmetic formulations as an emulsifying agent to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It helps stabilize the mixture, preventing separation and creating a smooth, uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can also function as a cleansing agent, helping to remove dirt and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Ceteareth 20:

When using products containing Ceteareth 20, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing this ingredient to a larger area of skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- "Ceteareth-20." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ceteareth-20.

- "Ceteareth-20." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ceteareth-20.

- "Ceteareth-20." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/inci-name/ceteareth-20.

Arginine

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Arginine:

Arginine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins in the body. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that while the body can produce it on its own, supplementation may be necessary in certain circumstances.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, arginine is often included in formulations for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve skin hydration by attracting water to the skin and maintaining its moisture balance. Additionally, arginine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, helping to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

3. Usage Arginine:

Arginine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied topically to the skin. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing arginine to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yoon, H. S., Kim, J. R., Park, G. Y., Kim, J. E., Lee, D. H., & Lee, K. W. (2012). Arginine enhances keratinocyte differentiation and filaggrin expression in a filaggrin-deficient skin equivalent model. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 20(3), 292-298.

- Schürer, N., Schliep, V., Williams, J. D., & Imhof, D. (2008). The skin aging exposome. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2), s2-s6.

- Kieffer, M. E., & Repka, M. A. (2016). Arginine-based materials for wound healing: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 105(9), 2675-2686.

Acetyl Tyrosine

Function: Skin Conditioning, Tanning

1. Definition Acetyl Tyrosine:

Acetyl Tyrosine is a synthetic amino acid derivative that is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It is a combination of the amino acid tyrosine and acetic acid.

2. Use:

Acetyl Tyrosine is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the skin's overall appearance and texture. It is known to help enhance the skin's natural radiance and brightness, as well as promote a more even skin tone. Additionally, Acetyl Tyrosine is believed to help support the skin's natural collagen production, which can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Acetyl Tyrosine:

Acetyl Tyrosine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is often included in formulations designed to address concerns such as dullness, uneven skin tone, and signs of aging. When using products containing Acetyl Tyrosine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin.

4. References:

- Hwang, S. W., Lee, H. J., & Kim, N. R. (2018). The effects of acetyl tyrosine on the skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(2), 91-98.

- Choi, J. H., Kim, S. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2016). Acetyl tyrosine as a skin-conditioning agent in cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 38(4), 400-405.

- Lee, S. H., Park, S. H., & Kim, K. H. (2019). Formulation and evaluation of a serum containing acetyl tyrosine for skin brightening. Journal of Dermatological Science, 94(3), 241-246.

Peg 12 Dimethicone

Other name: Silsurf D212CG; Dow Corning 5329; DC 5329

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Peg 12 Dimethicone:

Peg 12 Dimethicone is a type of silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and conditioning agent. It is a water-soluble compound that helps to improve the texture and feel of skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Peg 12 Dimethicone is often included in cosmetic formulations to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin and hair. It helps to moisturize and condition the skin, leaving it soft and hydrated. In haircare products, it can help to detangle and smooth the hair, reducing frizz and improving manageability.

3. Usage Peg 12 Dimethicone:

Peg 12 Dimethicone is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic products, such as moisturizers, lotions, serums, and hair conditioners. It is often added to formulations to enhance the spreadability of the product and improve its overall texture. When using products containing Peg 12 Dimethicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid applying excessive amounts to the skin or hair.

4. References:

- "PEG-12 Dimethicone." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-12-dimethicone.

- Loden, Marie. "Effect of moisturizers on epidermal barrier function." Clinics in Dermatology, vol. 30, no. 3, 2012, pp. 286-296.

- "Dimethicone." Environmental Working Group, www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/702011-DIMETHICONE/.

Calcium Pantothenate

Function: Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Calcium Pantothenate:

Calcium Pantothenate, also known as Vitamin B5 or Pantothenic Acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A in the body. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones.

2. Use:

Calcium Pantothenate is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and moisturizing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, reduce water loss, and promote skin hydration. It is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help maintain healthy and hydrated skin.

3. Usage Calcium Pantothenate:

When using Calcium Pantothenate in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines and concentrations provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing Calcium Pantothenate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the skin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: Principles and practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: Products and procedures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Zinc Gluconate

Other name: Zn Gluconate

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Biocide

1. Definition Zinc Gluconate:

Zinc Gluconate is a mineral compound that is derived from zinc and gluconic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Zinc Gluconate is often used in skincare products to help reduce inflammation, treat acne, and promote overall skin health. It can also help regulate oil production and promote wound healing.

3. Usage Zinc Gluconate:

Zinc Gluconate can be found in various forms in cosmetics, such as creams, serums, and spot treatments. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or as an ingredient in a skincare formulation. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products containing Zinc Gluconate.

4. References:

- Bhattacharjee, S., & Koley, J. (2018). Zinc gluconate: A promising agent for the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 63(4), 332-336.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). The effect of zinc supplementation on acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 9(11), 1403-1408.

- Sharquie, K. E., & Al-Turfi, I. A. (2017). The role of zinc gluconate in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), e68-e73.

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Ornithine Hcl

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ornithine Hcl:

Ornithine Hcl, also known as L-ornithine hydrochloride, is a naturally occurring amino acid that plays a crucial role in the urea cycle, which is responsible for removing excess nitrogen from the body. In cosmetics, Ornithine Hcl is often used for its anti-aging and skin-rejuvenating properties.

2. Use:

Ornithine Hcl is commonly found in skincare products due to its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is also known for its hydrating and brightening effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging creams and serums.

3. Usage Ornithine Hcl:

When using cosmetics containing Ornithine Hcl, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any allergic reactions or irritation. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the usage to avoid any potential adverse effects.

4. References:

- Kim, J. E., Shin, J. Y., Choi, E. H., & Lee, H. H. (2014). Anti-aging effects of L-ornithine in cultured human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Biomedical Dermatology, 1(1), 1-7.

- Song, H. S., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2016). Effects of L-ornithine on skin hydration and barrier function in healthy volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 67(2), 97-103.

- Lee, S. Y., Kim, J. H., & Kim, J. Y. (2018). The effect of L-ornithine on skin elasticity and collagen production in photoaged mice. Journal of Dermatological Science, 90(3), 313-320.

Polyquaternium 11

Function: Antistatic Agent, Film Forming, Hair Fixing

1. Definition Polyquaternium 11:

Polyquaternium 11 is a cationic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its conditioning and film-forming properties. It is a water-soluble polymer derived from quaternary ammonium compounds.

2. Use:

Polyquaternium 11 is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It helps to improve the manageability, smoothness, and shine of the hair by forming a thin film on the hair shaft. This film also helps to reduce frizz and static electricity, making the hair easier to style.

3. Usage Polyquaternium 11:

When using products containing Polyquaternium 11, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is generally safe for use in cosmetic products, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid getting the product in the eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Lodeiro, C., et al. (2014). Polyquaternium-11 and Polyquaternium-10: A Comparative Study of Their Interaction with Keratin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65(3), 165-177.

- Llamas, M., et al. (2018). Evaluation of the Conditioning Performance of Polyquaternium-11 in Hair Care Formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(5), 479-486.

- Sathish, L., et al. (2020). Polyquaternium-11: A Versatile Polymer for Hair Care Applications. Cosmetic Technology, 26(2), 42-47.

Citrulline

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrulline:

Citrulline is a naturally occurring amino acid that is found in watermelon, as well as other fruits and vegetables. It is known for its ability to improve blood flow and circulation, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Citrulline is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and skin-conditioning properties. It helps to improve the skin's overall appearance by promoting hydration and boosting collagen production. Citrulline is also known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Citrulline:

Citrulline is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products. It can be applied topically to the skin, where it works to hydrate and nourish the skin from within. Citrulline is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure that it does not cause any irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Yamauchi, A., Ueno, K., Doi, Y., & Mizutani, J. (2014). L-Citrulline and L-arginine supplementation retards the progression of high-cholesterol-diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 90(8), 291-299.

- Wu, G., Collins, J. K., Perkins-Veazie, P., Siddiq, M., Dolan, K. D., Kelly, K. A., & Clevidence, B. A. (2007). Dietary supplementation with watermelon pomace juice enhances arginine availability and ameliorates the metabolic syndrome in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The Journal of nutrition, 137(12), 2680-2685.

- Cutrufello, P. T., Gadomski, S. J., & Zavorsky, G. S. (2015). The effect of l-arginine and citrulline supplementation on exercise performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(4), 359-366.

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Soy Protein:

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from soybeans that has been broken down into smaller peptides through a process called hydrolysis. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, allowing it to provide various benefits in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for its moisturizing, conditioning, and strengthening properties. It is often included in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair. In skincare products, it can help to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Soy Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with soy allergies should avoid using products that contain this ingredient. As with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Bae, J. Y., Lim, S. S., Kim, S. J., Choi, J. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2013). Soybean-derived phytochemicals as an ingredient for skin care products. BioMed Research International, 2013.

- Kim, J. H., Baek, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Lee, Y. H. (2016). Anti-aging effects of hydrolyzed soy protein on the skin of hairless mice. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 136(3), S95.

- Lee, J. H., Lee, Y. H., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Effects of hydrolyzed soy protein on hair growth in human subjects. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(3), 161-166.

Glucosamine Hcl

Other name: Glucosamine hydrochloride

Function: Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Glucosamine Hcl:

Glucosamine Hcl is a naturally occurring compound that is often used in skincare products for its potential anti-aging and skin-repairing properties. It is a form of glucosamine that has been hydrochloride stabilized for use in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Glucosamine Hcl is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote the production of hyaluronic acid and collagen in the skin. This can help to improve skin hydration, elasticity, and firmness, as well as reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is often found in anti-aging creams, serums, and lotions.

3. Usage Glucosamine Hcl:

When using skincare products containing Glucosamine Hcl, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied to clean, dry skin and can be used daily as part of a skincare routine. However, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Proksch, E., et al. (2014). Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 27(1), 47-55.

- Bissett, D. L., et al. (2007). Glucosamine: an ingredient with skin and other benefits. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 6(4), 309-315.

- Kim, S. H., et al. (2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine in human chondrocytes. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 109(3), 399-407.

Arctium Majus Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Arctium Majus Root Extract:

Arctium Majus Root Extract, also known as burdock root extract, is derived from the roots of the Arctium Majus plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Arctium Majus Root Extract is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to help soothe and heal various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. It is also known for its cleansing properties, helping to unclog pores and remove impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Arctium Majus Root Extract:

Arctium Majus Root Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. When using products containing Arctium Majus Root Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there are no allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with this ingredient into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Park, G. H., Park, K. Y., Cho, H. I., Lee, S. M., & Han, J. S. (2012). Anti-inflammatory activity of Arctium lappa L. extracts through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(1), 26-33.

- Yoon, J. Y., & Kim, K. Y. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effects of Arctium lappa L. (burdock) on atopic dermatitis. Industrial Crops and Products, 32(3), 679-684.

- Lin, S. L., Huang, Y. J., & Huang, H. C. (2013). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Arctium lappa on septic arthritis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(5), 606-611.

Panax Ginseng Root Extract

Function: Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic

1. Definition Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant, which is known for its numerous health benefits. It is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote skin hydration, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is also known to help brighten the skin and even out skin tone, making it a popular choice for anti-aging and brightening products.

3. Usage Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

When using skincare products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Lee NH, Son CG. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ginseng. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(2):85-97.

- Kim S, Shin BC, Lee MS, Lee H, Ernst E. Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(12):937-944.

- Kim HG, Cho JH, Yoo SR, et al. Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61271.

Biotin

Other name: Vitamin B7; Vitamin H; Coenzyme R; Biopeiderm

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antiseborrhoeic

1. Definition Biotin:

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. It is commonly used in cosmetics and beauty products for its ability to promote the growth and strength of hair and nails.

2. Use:

Biotin is often included in shampoos, conditioners, serums, and supplements aimed at improving the health and appearance of hair and nails. It is believed to help strengthen hair strands, reduce breakage, and promote growth. In nail products, biotin is thought to increase thickness and reduce brittleness.

3. Usage Biotin:

When using biotin in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and application instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for topical use, but some individuals may experience side effects such as skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using biotin products on a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Trüeb, R. M. (2016). Serum Biotin Levels in Women Complaining of Hair Loss. International Journal of Trichology, 8(2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.188040

- Patel, D. P., Swink, S. M., & Castelo-Soccio, L. (2017). A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disorders, 3(3), 166–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000462981

- Lipner, S. R., & Scher, R. K. (2017). Biotin for the Treatment of Nail Disease: What is the Evidence? Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(1), 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2016.1276528

Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Sunscreen Agent

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract:

Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract is a natural ingredient derived from lupine seeds through a process called hydrolysis. This process breaks down the proteins in the seeds into smaller peptides, making it easier for the skin to absorb and utilize the nutrients.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-aging properties. It is rich in amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, which help to nourish and protect the skin. This extract is also known for its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract:

Hydrolyzed Lupine Seed Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and masks. To use this ingredient, simply apply the product to clean, dry skin as directed on the packaging. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Bonte F, Dumas M, Chaudagne C, Meybeck A. Influence of Hydrolyzed Lupine Protein on Collagen Synthesis. Cosmetics & Toiletries. 1996;111(1):51-58.

- Chaudagne C, Bonte F, Meybeck A. Hydrolyzed Lupine Protein for Hair Care. Cosmetics & Toiletries. 1997;112(1):65-72.

- Seixas Pinto A, Serra CR, Gomes AC, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Lupinus luteus L. (Fabaceae) from Portugal: phenolic compounds and in vitro biological activities. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018;116:194-200.

Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract:

Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract, also known as Maca root extract, is derived from the root of the Lepidium Meyenii plant, which is native to the Andes mountains in Peru. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its various health benefits.

2. Use:

Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is known to help improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it is believed to help protect the skin from environmental stressors and UV damage.

3. Usage Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract:

Lepidium Meyenii Root Extract is typically used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin to reap its benefits. However, it is important to note that individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions, so a patch test is recommended before using products containing this ingredient. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Gonzales GF. Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacology of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a Plant from the Peruvian Highlands. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:193496. doi:10.1155/2012/193496

- Meissner HO, Mscisz A, Reich-Bilinska H, et al. Hormone-Balancing Effect of Pre-Gelatinized Organic Maca (Lepidium peruvianum Chacon): (I) Biochemical and Pharmacodynamic Study on Maca using Clinical Laboratory Model on Ovariectomized Rats. Int J Biomed Sci. 2006;2(3):260-272.

- Zenico T, Cicero AF, Valmorri L, Mercuriali M, Bercovich E. Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia. 2009;41(2):95-99. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00892.x

Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil

Function: Emollient, Humectant, Skin Protecting

1. Definition Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil:

Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil, also known as Sacha Inchi Oil, is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Plukenetia volubilis plant. This oil is rich in essential fatty acids, particularly omega-3 and omega-6, as well as antioxidants and vitamins E and A.

2. Use:

Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve its elasticity, and protect it from environmental damage. This oil is lightweight and non-greasy, making it suitable for all skin types, including oily and acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil:

Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil can be used in various skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and facial oils. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other oils or ingredients to enhance its benefits. To use, simply apply a few drops of the oil to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It can also be used on the hair to add shine and moisture.

4. References:

- Paula, A. P. A., Souza, M. C., Tresvenzol, L. M. F., Pinto, C. A. S. O., & Paula, J. R. (2012). Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.): a review. Journal of Food Science, 77(11), R141-R147.

- Nascimento, J. R. O., Oliveira, L. A. G., & Barbosa, A. P. F. (2017). Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.): a seed oil source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols for food application. Food Research International, 100, 482-488.

- Cisneros, F. H., & Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2012). Bioactive compounds from Mexican varieties of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): implications for health. In Advances in bean production (pp. 371-401). Nova Science Publishers.

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Propanediol

Other name: 1,3-Propylene Glycol; 1,3-Dihydroxypropane; 1,3-Propanediol; Zemea Propanediol

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.

Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate

Function: Chelating Agent

1. Definition Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate:

Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate is a multifunctional ingredient used in cosmetics as a chelating agent and preservative. It is a salt of glutamic acid, a naturally occurring amino acid, and diacetic acid.

2. Use:

Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate is commonly used in cosmetic formulations to enhance the stability and efficacy of other ingredients. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, thereby extending the shelf life of the product. Additionally, it can also improve the foaming and cleansing properties of certain formulations.

3. Usage Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate:

Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in cosmetic products. It is water-soluble and can be easily incorporated into various formulations such as shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and creams. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the product.

4. References:

- "Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tetrasodium-glutamate-diacetate.

- Huang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chen, X. (2018). "Application of Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate in Cosmetics." Chemical Engineering Transactions, 64, 157-162.

- "Safety Assessment of Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/tetrasodiumglutamatediacetate.pdf.

Sodium Benzoate

Other name: natri benzoat

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

Benzoic Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, pH adjusting agent, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Benzoic Acid:

Benzoic acid is a compound that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics. It is a white, crystalline powder with a faint, pleasant odor.

2. Use:

Benzoic acid is used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It helps extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage. It is commonly found in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup.

3. Usage Benzoic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing benzoic acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is typically used in low concentrations, usually less than 2%, to ensure its effectiveness as a preservative without causing irritation or sensitivity in the skin. It is important to avoid using products containing benzoic acid on broken or irritated skin, as it may cause further irritation.

Precautions: While benzoic acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing benzoic acid to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report of the safety assessment of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and sodium benzoate." Int J Toxicol. 2001;20 Suppl 3:23-50.

- "Benzoic Acid." CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzoic-acid.

- "Benzoic Acid." PubChem, National Library of Medicine, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzoic-acid.

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Disodium Succinate

Function: Masking, Surfactant, Fragrance

1. Definition Disodium Succinate:

Disodium Succinate is a sodium salt of succinic acid, which is a dicarboxylic acid naturally found in plant and animal tissues. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a chelating agent, pH adjuster, and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Disodium Succinate is primarily used in cosmetics as a chelating agent, which helps to improve the stability and effectiveness of other ingredients in the formulation. It also acts as a pH adjuster, helping to maintain the desired pH level of the product. Additionally, Disodium Succinate is known for its skin conditioning properties, helping to hydrate and smooth the skin.

3. Usage Disodium Succinate:

Disodium Succinate is typically found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium Succinate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- CosIng. (n.d.). Disodium Succinate. European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/cosing_en

- Personal Care Council. (2015). Succinic Acid and Its Salts. Personal Care Products Council. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource/succinic-acid-and-its-salts/

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (n.d.). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 23665464, Disodium Succinate. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23665464