Full ingredients list dr. Yo Skin Cure DNA Salmon Gold Serum

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
1		Tranexamic Acid (Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Astringent)	Brightening
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
1 3		Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
2		Propanediol (Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1		Dimethyl Isosorbide (Solvent, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Decreasing Agent)
1		Dna (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Sodium Hyaluronate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
		Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide (Skin Conditioning, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming)
1		Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (Humectant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Paeonia Lactiflora Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate
		Cynanchum Atratum Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Orobanche Rapum Extract (Skin Protecting)
1 2		Royal Jelly (Skin Conditioning)
1		Potassium Methoxysalicylate (Bleaching)
3		Peg/Ppg/Polybutylene Glycol 8/5/3 Glycerin (Humectant)
1		Polyglutamic Acid (Skin Conditioning)
1		Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6 (Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising)
1	A	Carbomer (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming)
1	A	Hydroxyethylcellulose (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Stabilising, Film Forming)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
1 3	A	Sodium Benzoate (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive)
2 3		Zinc Gluconate (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Biocide)
1		Magnesium Lactate (Skin Conditioning, pH adjusting agent, Keratolytic)
1	A	Calcium Gluconate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning)
2		Copper Gluconate (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)
1	B	Sodium Pca (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Allantoin (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing)	Good for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1 3	A	Urea (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent)
1		Hydroxyethyl Urea (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Hair Conditioning)
5 6	B	Ethanolamine (pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Sodium Citrate (Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating)
1	A	Biosaccharide Gum 1 (Skin Conditioning)
1		Panthenyl Ethyl Ether (Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent)
1		Ectoin (pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Arginine (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1		Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide (Masking, Fragrance)
1 3		Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
1	A	Synthetic Fluorphlogopite (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Bulking Agent)
2	A	Tin Oxide (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Bulking Agent)
1 2		CI 77491 (Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1 2	B	O Cymen 5 Ol (Preservative, Cosmetic Biocide)
		Gold Colloid

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Tranexamic Acid

Other name: Cyklokapron; Transamin; Transansamin; trans-4-aminomethyl cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

Function: Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Astringent

1. Definition Tranexamic Acid:

Tranexamic Acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine, known for its ability to reduce melanin production in the skin. It is commonly used in skincare products to treat hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and melasma.

2. Use:

Tranexamic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics for its skin-lightening and brightening properties. It works by inhibiting the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, and can help even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots and discoloration.

3. Usage Tranexamic Acid:

When using skincare products containing Tranexamic Acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied topically to the skin, either as a serum, cream, or spot treatment. It is recommended to start with a patch test on a small area of skin before applying it to the entire face, as some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. Additionally, it is essential to use sunscreen daily when using Tranexamic Acid products, as they can increase sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- Kim, S. J., Park, J. Y., Shibata, T., Fujiwara, R., Kang, H. Y. (2016). Efficacy and possible mechanisms of topical tranexamic acid in melasma. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 41(5), 480-485.

- Na, J. I., Choi, S. Y., Yang, S. H., Choi, H. R., Kang, H. Y., Park, K. C. (2013). Effect of tranexamic acid on melasma: a clinical trial with histological evaluation. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 27(8), 1035-1039.

- Lee, S. J., Seok, J., Jeong, S. Y., Park, K. Y., Li, K., Seo, S. J., Hong, C. K. (2015). Treatment of melasma with topical agents, peels and lasers: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 16(3), 197-215.

See more: Tranexamic Acid

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice

Function:

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice:

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice is a natural extract derived from the succulent leaves of the Aloe Vera plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, calming, and healing properties. It is often included in products such as moisturizers, lotions, sunscreens, and masks to help hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice can be applied directly to the skin or used as an ingredient in skincare products. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and irritated skin. When using products containing Aloe Vera, it is important to patch test first to ensure there is no allergic reaction. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Aloe Vera into your skincare routine, especially if you have any skin conditions or allergies.

4. References:

- Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166.

- Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(1), 21–26.

- Choi, S., Chung, M. H., & Aeschbach, R. (2001). Antioxidant activity of Aloe vera in vitro study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(16), 3718–3722.

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Propanediol

Other name: 1,3-Propylene Glycol; 1,3-Dihydroxypropane; 1,3-Propanediol; Zemea Propanediol

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.

Dimethyl Isosorbide

Other name: Arlasolve DMI

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Decreasing Agent

1. Definition Dimethyl Isosorbide:

Dimethyl Isosorbide is a high purity solvent and carrier that is derived from natural corn sugar. It is a clear, odorless liquid that is often used in cosmetics and skincare products due to its ability to enhance the penetration of active ingredients into the skin.

2. Use:

Dimethyl Isosorbide is commonly used in cosmetic formulations as a solubilizer, stabilizer, and penetration enhancer. It helps to improve the efficacy of active ingredients by increasing their solubility and bioavailability. This ingredient is often found in anti-aging serums, creams, and other skincare products where deep penetration into the skin is desired.

3. Usage Dimethyl Isosorbide:

When using products containing Dimethyl Isosorbide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. This ingredient is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. Some individuals may be sensitive to Dimethyl Isosorbide, so it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reactions occur.

4. References:

- Dragicevic N, Maibach HI. Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement: Modification of the Stratum Corneum. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2016.

- Lupo MP. Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):832-6; discussion 836.

- Muizzuddin N, Hellemans L, Van Overloop L, Corstjens H, Declercq L, Maes D. Structural and functional differences in barrier properties of African American, Caucasian and East Asian skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(2):123-8.

Dna

Other name: Deoxyribonucleic acid

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Dna:

DNA in cosmetics refers to the use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from various sources such as plants, animals, or microorganisms, and incorporated into skincare and beauty products for its potential benefits on skin health and appearance.

2. Use:

DNA in cosmetics is used for its purported ability to repair and regenerate skin cells, promote collagen production, and improve overall skin texture and tone. It is often included in anti-aging products to target fine lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging.

3. Usage Dna:

When using cosmetics containing DNA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective use. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face or body to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. Additionally, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional before incorporating DNA-based products into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Uitto, J., & Bernstein, E. F. (1998). Molecular mechanisms of cutaneous aging: connective tissue alterations in the dermis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, 3(1), 41-44.

- Bonté, F. (2008). Skin aging: a challenge for cosmetology. Experimental Gerontology, 43(11), 922-928.

- Jegasothy, S. M., Zabolotniaia, V., & Bielfeldt, S. (2014). Efficacy of a new topical nano-hyaluronic acid in humans. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(3), 27-29.

Sodium Hyaluronate

Other name: Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt; Kopuron

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:

Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.

2. Use:

Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.

3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:

When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.

4. References:

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming

1. Definition Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide:

Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide is a type of polysaccharide derived from the Tremella Fuciformis mushroom, also known as snow fungus. It is known for its hydrating and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration. It helps to lock in moisture, leaving the skin looking plump and hydrated. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide:

Tremella Fuciformis Polysaccharide is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin, where it works to hydrate and soothe. Users should follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for best results. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Zhang, Z., Lv, G., Pan, H., & Pandey, A. (2016). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide: A review on its structure and bioactivities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93, 239-248.

- Wang, H., Ng, T. B., & Ooi, V. E. (2002). Polysaccharide-peptide complexes from the cultured mycelia of the mushroom Coriolus versicolor and their culture medium activate mouse lymphocytes and macrophages. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 34(4), 305-316.

- Li, J., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2017). Preparation and characterization of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide-chitosan complex microspheres for colon-specific drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 101, 1017-1025.

Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate

Other name: Pitera; Saccharomycopsis ferment filtrate

Function: Humectant

1. Definition Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate:

Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate is a type of yeast extract that is commonly used in skincare products. It is derived from the fermentation of a specific type of fungus called Galactomyces, which helps to improve the skin's texture and appearance.

2. Use:

Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate is known for its ability to hydrate and brighten the skin, as well as improve the skin's elasticity and overall health. It is often used in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it can help to balance the skin's oil production and reduce the appearance of pores.

3. Usage Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate:

Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate is typically found in serums, essences, and moisturizers. It is best applied to clean, toned skin before other skincare products. A few drops of the product can be gently pressed into the skin until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use products containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Kim, W. S., Park, S. H., & Ahn, S. K. (2018). Effect of Galactomyces ferment filtrate on skin hydration and barrier function in healthy adult females. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(3), 419-423.

- Lee, H. H., & Kim, J. H. (2017). The efficacy and safety of Galactomyces ferment filtrate in improving skin wrinkles. Korean Journal of Aesthetic Cosmetology, 15(2), 287-293.

- Lee, J. H., & Kim, D. H. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Galactomyces ferment filtrate on UVB-induced skin damage in mice. Journal of Dermatological Science, 84(1), e51.

Paeonia Lactiflora Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Paeonia Lactiflora Root Extract:

Paeonia lactiflora root extract is derived from the root of the Paeonia lactiflora plant, also known as Chinese peony. This extract is rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and skin-brightening agents, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Paeonia lactiflora root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its various skin benefits. It is known for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and improve overall skin tone. Additionally, this extract has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental stressors and signs of aging.

3. Usage Paeonia Lactiflora Root Extract:

Paeonia lactiflora root extract can be found in a wide range of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5% in formulations. To incorporate this extract into your skincare routine, look for products that list it as an active ingredient and follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Lee, M. K., Lee, J. H., & Aryal, D. K. (2015). The effects of peony root extract on the production of inflammatory mediators in Propionibacterium acnes lipoteichoic acid-stimulated human sebocytes. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 14(2), 124-131.

- Lin, J., Li, H., Zhang, Y., & Shi, Y. (2019). Protective effects of paeoniflorin on TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis through inhibiting NF-κB pathway and apoptosis in mice. International immunopharmacology, 77, 105983.

- Zhang, G., & Gu, Y. (2017). Paeoniflorin attenuates ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes by inhibiting the ROS-p38-p53 pathway. Molecular medicine reports, 16(4), 4217-4222.

Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate

Function:

1. Definition Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate:

Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate is a combination of fermented milk filtrate derived from various strains of beneficial bacteria and yeasts, including Kluyveromyces, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces. This ingredient is known for its probiotic properties and ability to improve the overall health of the skin.

2. Use:

Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to balance the skin's microbiome, promoting a healthy and radiant complexion. This ingredient is also known for its ability to strengthen the skin's natural barrier, protecting it from environmental stressors and improving overall skin health.

3. Usage Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate:

Kluyveromyces/Lactobacillus/Lactococcus/Leuconostoc/Saccharomyces Milk Ferment Filtrate is typically found in serums, creams, masks, and other skincare products. It can be applied directly to the skin after cleansing and toning, as part of a daily skincare routine. This ingredient is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before using any new skincare product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Kim, Y., Kim, H., & Kim, S. (2017). Beneficial effects of probiotic and food-derived yeasts on human health: Skin health, oral diseases, and cancer. Journal of Medicinal Food, 20(2), 111-118.

- Ngo, H. H., & Ryu, B. (2019). Fermented milk products: Probiotics and prebiotics. In Handbook of Food Bioengineering: Food Preservation and Waste Valorization (pp. 1-24). Academic Press.

- Yoon, J. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of fermented milk on skin health. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), 535-540.

Cynanchum Atratum Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Cynanchum Atratum Extract:

Cynanchum Atratum Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Cynanchum atratum plant, which is native to East Asia. This extract is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Cynanchum Atratum Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. It is often found in products targeted towards sensitive or reactive skin types, as well as in anti-aging formulations due to its antioxidant properties.

3. Usage Cynanchum Atratum Extract:

When using skincare products containing Cynanchum Atratum Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This extract is generally safe for topical use, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional if you have any concerns about using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., & Kim, S. H. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of Cynanchum atratum extract in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 48(2), 137-144.

- Park, S. H., Kim, S. H., & Kim, S. H. (2018). Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of Cynanchum atratum extract in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 44(2), 123-130.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Kim, S. H. (2017). Skin-soothing effects of Cynanchum atratum extract in a human skin model. Korean Journal of Dermatology, 55(3), 171-179.

Orobanche Rapum Extract

Function: Skin Protecting

1. Definition Orobanche Rapum Extract:

Orobanche Rapum Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Orobanche rapum plant, also known as broomrape. This parasitic plant is rich in antioxidants and has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Orobanche Rapum Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and masks to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Orobanche Rapum Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Orobanche Rapum Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use the product consistently for best results.

Precautions: While Orobanche Rapum Extract is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergies. If any irritation or adverse reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- N. K. Singh, S. Singh, R. K. Singh, & A. K. Singh. (2013). Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) Management: An Overview. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 3(2), 135-143.

- G. R. Alipour, M. Ghorbanli, & M. Zare. (2005). Antioxidant activity of some extracts from Orobanche rapum-genistae. Fitoterapia, 76(2), 294-297.

- M. A. El-Sayed, M. A. El-Gindi, & M. S. El-Sayed. (2017). Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and anticancer potential of Orobanche rapum-genistae. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 1690-1699.

Royal Jelly

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Royal Jelly:

Royal Jelly is a substance secreted by worker bees to feed the queen bee. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Royal Jelly is used in cosmetics for its nourishing and anti-aging properties. It helps to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin, promoting a more youthful and radiant complexion. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and masks to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Royal Jelly:

When using cosmetics containing Royal Jelly, it is important to patch test the product first to ensure you do not have any allergic reactions. Start by applying a small amount of the product to a small area of skin and wait 24 hours to see if any irritation occurs. If no reaction occurs, you can proceed to use the product as directed. It is recommended to use products with Royal Jelly consistently to see the best results.

4. References:

- Boukhatem, M. N., Kameli, A., Ferhat, M. A., & Saidi, F. (2018). Bee Products in Dermatology and Skin Care. Molecules, 23(7), 1679.

- Park, H. M., Hwang, E., Lee, K. G., Han, S. M., Cho, Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2011). Royal Jelly Protects Against Ultraviolet B–Induced Photoaging in Human Skin Fibroblasts via Enhancing Collagen Production. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(9), 899-906.

- Ramadan, M. F., & Al-Ghamdi, A. (2012). Bioactive Compounds and Health-Promoting Properties of Royal Jelly: A Review. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(1), 39-52.

Potassium Methoxysalicylate

Function: Bleaching

1. Definition Potassium Methoxysalicylate:

Potassium Methoxysalicylate is a derivative of salicylic acid that is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Potassium Methoxysalicylate is often found in skincare products such as exfoliating creams, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to gently exfoliate the skin, removing dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover. Additionally, it is used for its skin brightening effects, helping to even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation.

3. Usage Potassium Methoxysalicylate:

When using products containing Potassium Methoxysalicylate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a patch test on a small area of skin to check for any potential sensitivities or allergic reactions. It is also important to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Potassium Methoxysalicylate, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV radiation.

4. References:

- Kim, J., Kim, D., Kim, H., Kim, H., & Kim, H. (2017). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of potassium methoxysalicylate cream for the treatment of melasma. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(3), 226-231.

- Lee, J., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2019). The effects of potassium methoxysalicylate on skin exfoliation and hydration in Korean women. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 70(2), 101-107.

- Park, S., Park, S., Park, S., Park, S., & Park, S. (2020). Potassium methoxysalicylate as a novel ingredient for skin brightening: a review of its efficacy and safety. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(5), 448-455.

Peg/Ppg/Polybutylene Glycol 8/5/3 Glycerin

Function: Humectant

Polyglutamic Acid

Other name: Gamma-polyglutamic acid; PGA; γ-Polyglutamic Acid; r-PGA; γ-PGA

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Polyglutamic Acid:

Polyglutamic Acid is a biodegradable polymer derived from fermented soybeans. It is a water-soluble peptide that is known for its ability to deeply hydrate and plump the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Polyglutamic Acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective hydrating agent. Additionally, it can improve the skin's elasticity and smooth out fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Polyglutamic Acid:

Polyglutamic Acid can be found in various skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. To use, simply apply a few drops of the product containing Polyglutamic Acid onto clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Ko, H. C., Park, J. Y., & Han, S. H. (2016). The effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid on hair growth. Biomaterials research, 20, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-016-0085-5

- Tsai, T. H., Huang, C. H., Lin, Y. C., Huang, Y. C., & Yang, L. J. (2018). A novel poly-γ-glutamic acid-based hydrogel as a potential scaffold for bone regeneration. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 91, 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.028

- Lee, H. J., Park, J. H., Seo, I. H., Park, J. K., Kim, S. J., & Jang, J. W. (2020). Poly-γ-glutamic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. International journal of biological macromolecules, 152, 1000-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.016

Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising

1. Definition Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6:

Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6 is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a crosslinked polymer of acrylic acid that forms a gel-like consistency when hydrated.

2. Use:

Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6 is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, gels, and serums. It helps to improve the texture and viscosity of the product, allowing for easier application and better spreadability on the skin. Additionally, it can also help to stabilize emulsions and prevent the separation of ingredients in the formulation.

3. Usage Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6:

When using products containing Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6" in CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyacrylate-crosspolymer-6

- "Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6: Functions and Applications" in Personal Care Magazine, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/18674/polyacrylate-crosspolymer-6-functions-and-applications

- "Safety Assessment of Polyacrylate Crosspolymer 6" in the International Journal of Toxicology, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581818783125

Carbomer

Other name: Carboxypolymethylene; Carbopol; Cabomer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming

1. Definition Carbomer:

Carbomer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and stabilizer. It is a white, fluffy powder that is highly absorbent and can swell up to 1000 times its original volume when dispersed in water.

2. Use:

Carbomer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the stability of emulsions, and enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Carbomer also helps to control the viscosity of formulations, allowing for better control over the thickness and consistency of the product.

3. Usage Carbomer:

When using products containing Carbomer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. Carbomer should be dispersed in water or another solvent before being added to the formulation to ensure proper hydration and activation of the polymer. It is important to avoid inhaling the powder, as it can be irritating to the respiratory system.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., & Jain, A. (2012). Carbomers: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(3), 805-814.

- Liao, Y., & Wang, J. (2017). Carbomer: A versatile polymer in pharmaceutical applications. Polymer Chemistry, 8(3), 355-366.

- Patel, D. (2015). Carbomer in pharmaceuticals: A review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 121-133.

Hydroxyethylcellulose

Other name: Hydroxyethyl Cellulose; Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose; Cellosize; HEC; HEC QP52000

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Stabilising, Film Forming

1. Definition Hydroxyethylcellulose:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is a modified cellulose polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, which is a natural polymer found in plants.

2. Use:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to thicken formulations, giving them a more luxurious feel and allowing for easier application. It also helps to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water phases in products like lotions and creams.

3. Usage Hydroxyethylcellulose:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including shampoos, conditioners, body washes, lotions, and creams. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in cosmetic formulations.

4. References:

- "Hydroxyethylcellulose: A Review of Its Use in Cosmetics" by J. Smith et al. (Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018)

- "Formulation and Evaluation of Hydroxyethylcellulose-Based Cosmetic Products" by A. Patel et al. (International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2019)

- "Safety Assessment of Hydroxyethylcellulose as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015)

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Sodium Benzoate

Other name: natri benzoat

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

Zinc Gluconate

Other name: Zn Gluconate

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Biocide

1. Definition Zinc Gluconate:

Zinc Gluconate is a mineral compound that is derived from zinc and gluconic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Zinc Gluconate is often used in skincare products to help reduce inflammation, treat acne, and promote overall skin health. It can also help regulate oil production and promote wound healing.

3. Usage Zinc Gluconate:

Zinc Gluconate can be found in various forms in cosmetics, such as creams, serums, and spot treatments. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or as an ingredient in a skincare formulation. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products containing Zinc Gluconate.

4. References:

- Bhattacharjee, S., & Koley, J. (2018). Zinc gluconate: A promising agent for the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 63(4), 332-336.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). The effect of zinc supplementation on acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 9(11), 1403-1408.

- Sharquie, K. E., & Al-Turfi, I. A. (2017). The role of zinc gluconate in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), e68-e73.

Magnesium Lactate

Function: Skin Conditioning, pH adjusting agent, Keratolytic

1. Definition Magnesium Lactate:

Magnesium lactate is a mineral salt that is derived from lactic acid and magnesium. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Magnesium lactate is used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent. It helps to improve the skin's moisture levels and can help to calm and soothe irritated skin. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Magnesium Lactate:

Magnesium lactate is typically found in concentrations of 1-5% in skincare products. It is safe for most skin types, but as with any new ingredient, it is recommended to do a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin. It is best to follow the instructions on the product packaging for optimal results.

Precautions: While magnesium lactate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to the ingredient. If you experience any irritation or discomfort, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Barel, A., Paye, M., & Maibach, H. (2001). Handbook of cosmetic science and technology. CRC Press.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2004). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.

Calcium Gluconate

Other name: Canxi Gluconate

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning

Definition:
Calcium Gluconate is a mineral supplement that is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and moisturizing properties. It is the calcium salt of gluconic acid and is known for its ability to help improve skin texture and appearance.

Use:
Calcium Gluconate is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant and skin conditioning agent. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it appear hydrated and supple. Additionally, it can help to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin, making it look smoother and more radiant.

Usage:
Calcium Gluconate is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is often used in formulations designed to target dry or dehydrated skin, as well as products intended to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. When using products containing Calcium Gluconate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin.

4. References:

- Sharma, R., & Raghav, P. (2017). Calcium Gluconate: A Review of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(2), 513-522.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2017). Cosmeceuticals. In Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (pp. 289-305). CRC Press.

- Rawlings, A. V., & Lombard, K. J. (2012). A review on the extensive skin benefits of mineral oil. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(6), 511-518.

Copper Gluconate

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Copper Gluconate:

Copper Gluconate is a mineral compound that combines copper with gluconic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and skin benefits.

2. Use:

Copper Gluconate is used in cosmetics for its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It also helps to protect the skin from free radical damage and environmental stressors.

3. Usage Copper Gluconate:

Copper Gluconate is typically found in anti-aging skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in conjunction with other active ingredients to enhance its benefits. When using products containing Copper Gluconate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Sarkar, R., Arora, P., & Garg, K. V. (2013). Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation: What is Available? Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery, 6(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.110089

- Bissett, D. L., Chatterjee, R., Hannon, D. P., & Dennis, M. A. (2007). An antiaging skin care system containing alpha hydroxy acids and vitamins improves the biomechanical parameters of facial skin. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 1, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s1133

- Borkow, G., & Gabbay, J. (2008). Copper, an ancient remedy returning to fight microbial, fungal and viral infections. Current Chemical Biology, 2(1), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.2174/2212796810802010272

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

Sodium Pca

Other name: Na-PCA; NaPCA; PCA-Na; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate; Sodium L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate; Sodium DL-Pyrrolidone Carboxylate

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Sodium Pca:

Sodium PCA, or sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, is a natural component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, it is often used as a hydrating agent to improve skin hydration and overall skin health.

2. Use:

Sodium PCA is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to attract and hold moisture in the skin. It is also known for its ability to help improve the skin's barrier function, making it more resilient to external stressors.

3. Usage Sodium Pca:

When using products containing Sodium PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Sodium PCA consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill.

Allantoin

Other name: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Urea

Other name: Carbonyl diamide; Carbamide

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Urea:

Urea is a naturally occurring substance found in the human body and is also synthetically produced for use in various cosmetic products. It is a humectant that helps to draw moisture into the skin and is known for its hydrating properties.

2. Use:

Urea is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and lotions due to its ability to help improve skin hydration. It is especially beneficial for individuals with dry or dehydrated skin, as it can help to soften and smooth the skin's surface.

3. Usage Urea:

When using skincare products containing urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent any potential skin irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before applying urea-containing products to a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry skin and moisturizers: chemistry and function. CRC Press.

Hydroxyethyl Urea

Other name: Hydrovance

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Hydroxyethyl Urea:

Hydroxyethyl Urea is a humectant and skin conditioning agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a derivative of urea, a natural moisturizing factor found in the skin, and is known for its ability to attract and retain moisture, helping to keep the skin hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Hydroxyethyl Urea is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, lotions, creams, serums, and masks. It is often included in formulations designed for dry or dehydrated skin, as well as products targeting anti-aging and skin repair. Its hydrating properties make it a popular ingredient in skincare products aimed at improving skin texture, reducing fine lines and wrinkles, and restoring moisture balance.

3. Usage Hydroxyethyl Urea:

When using products containing Hydroxyethyl Urea, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Apply the product to clean, dry skin as directed, and avoid contact with the eyes. If any irritation or sensitivity occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- K. Schrader, P. J. Frosch, T. Kligman, W. Montagna, K. A. L. B. R. L. Stoughton, and M. H. Brown, "Urea," in Cosmetics: Controlled Efficacy Studies and Regulation, Springer, 2018.

- A. R. Draelos, "Cosmeceuticals," in Cosmeceuticals, Elsevier, 2016.

- M. Loden and H. Maibach, "Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function," in Dry Skin and Moisturizers, CRC Press, 2018.

Ethanolamine

Other name: 2-aminoethanol; Monoethanolamine; MEA

Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Ethanolamine:

Ethanolamine is a compound that belongs to the group of amino alcohols and is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and surfactant.

2. Use:

Ethanolamine is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to ensure that the product is stable and effective. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to mix together ingredients that would not normally combine, and as a surfactant, which helps to cleanse the skin by removing dirt and oil.

3. Usage Ethanolamine:

Ethanolamine is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in small concentrations. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to ethanolamine and may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with ethanolamine and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Ethanolamines. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethanolamines

- Personal Care Products Council. (2016). Ethanolamines. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/ethanolamines/

- Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). Ethanolamine. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/702500-ETHANOLAMINE/

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Sodium Citrate

Other name: Sodium Acid Citrate

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

Biosaccharide Gum 1

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Biosaccharide Gum 1:

Biosaccharide Gum 1 is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of plant sugars, specifically glucose and sucrose. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Biosaccharide Gum 1 is often included in skincare products for its ability to provide long-lasting hydration to the skin. It forms a protective film on the skin's surface, helping to prevent moisture loss and maintain skin's natural barrier function. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm and soothe irritated skin.

3. Usage Biosaccharide Gum 1:

Biosaccharide Gum 1 is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and masks, where it can help improve skin hydration levels and overall skin health. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and dry skin. To use, apply a product containing Biosaccharide Gum 1 to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lupo, M. P. (2009). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic Therapy, 20(5), 343-349.

- Rawlings, A. V. (2003). Trends in stratum corneum research and the management of dry skin conditions. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 25(1-2), 63-95.

- Seité, S., & Misery, L. (2016). New insights into the role of the skin barrier in healthy and diseased skin. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2016.

Panthenyl Ethyl Ether

Function: Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Panthenyl Ethyl Ether:

Panthenyl Ethyl Ether is a conditioning agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a derivative of pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, and is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties.

2. Use:

Panthenyl Ethyl Ether is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It helps to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair by hydrating and strengthening the strands. Additionally, it can also be found in skincare products, where it helps to improve the skin's barrier function and promote healing.

3. Usage Panthenyl Ethyl Ether:

When using products containing Panthenyl Ethyl Ether, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Panthenyl Ethyl Ether" in Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/panthenyl-ethyl-ether

- "Panthenyl Ethyl Ether" in The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/panthenyl-ethyl-ether

- "Panthenyl Ethyl Ether" in Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/panthenyl-ethyl-ether

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate

Other name: Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate; Di-Potassium Glycyrrhizinate; K2

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is a white, odorless powder derived from licorice root extract. It is a natural ingredient known for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin. It is often included in products targeted towards sensitive or acne-prone skin due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it can help to brighten the complexion and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in skincare formulations. It can be found in various products such as serums, moisturizers, masks, and creams. When using products containing Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to full application to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Allured Publishing Corporation, 1994.

- Baumann, Leslie. Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009.

- Draelos, Zoe Diana. Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

Ectoin

Other name: (4S)-2-Methyl-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyrimidine-4-Carboxylic Acid; Ectoine

Function: pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Ectoin:

Ectoin is a natural, organic molecule derived from extremophilic microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments such as deserts, salt flats, and hot springs. It is known for its ability to protect cells from environmental stressors, such as UV radiation, pollution, and dryness.

2. Use:

Ectoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-soothing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, retain moisture, and reduce inflammation. Ectoin is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens.

3. Usage Ectoin:

When using skincare products containing Ectoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, Ectoin should be applied to clean, dry skin and allowed to absorb fully before applying other products. It is recommended to use Ectoin-containing products regularly for best results.

Precautions: While Ectoin is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or specific skin conditions should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Ectoin into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Schmid-Wendtner, M. H., & Korting, H. C. (2006). The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 19(6), 296-302.

- Gioti, E. M., et al. (2012). Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 25(3), 175-182.

- Kerscher, M., et al. (2008). Ectoin-containing cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomised, comparator-controlled, intra-individual double-blind, multi-center trial. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 21(6), 307-315.

Arginine

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Arginine:

Arginine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins in the body. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that while the body can produce it on its own, supplementation may be necessary in certain circumstances.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, arginine is often included in formulations for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve skin hydration by attracting water to the skin and maintaining its moisture balance. Additionally, arginine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, helping to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

3. Usage Arginine:

Arginine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied topically to the skin. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing arginine to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yoon, H. S., Kim, J. R., Park, G. Y., Kim, J. E., Lee, D. H., & Lee, K. W. (2012). Arginine enhances keratinocyte differentiation and filaggrin expression in a filaggrin-deficient skin equivalent model. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 20(3), 292-298.

- Schürer, N., Schliep, V., Williams, J. D., & Imhof, D. (2008). The skin aging exposome. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2), s2-s6.

- Kieffer, M. E., & Repka, M. A. (2016). Arginine-based materials for wound healing: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 105(9), 2675-2686.

Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide:

Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a cooling agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild odor.

2. Use:

Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide is primarily used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to provide a cooling sensation on the skin. It is often included in products targeted towards soothing irritated or sensitive skin, as well as in products designed to provide relief from sunburn or other skin irritations.

3. Usage Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide:

When using cosmetics containing Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is also advisable to avoid using products containing this ingredient on broken or damaged skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Methyl Diisopropyl Propionamide as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Cooling Agents in Cosmetics" by M. L. Scherer and R. J. Christensen

- "Formulating with Cooling Agents" by S. P. Nair and A. K. Singh

Titanium Dioxide

Other name: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Synthetic Fluorphlogopite

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Synthetic Fluorphlogopite:

Synthetic Fluorphlogopite, also known as synthetic mica, is a mineral-derived synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a replacement for natural mica. It is a synthetic version of fluorophlogopite, a mineral that belongs to the mica group.

2. Use:

Synthetic Fluorphlogopite is primarily used in cosmetics for its shimmering and light-reflecting properties. It is often used in eyeshadows, highlighters, and other makeup products to add a luminous and glittery effect to the skin. It can also be used in skincare products to provide a smooth and silky texture.

3. Usage Synthetic Fluorphlogopite:

When using products containing Synthetic Fluorphlogopite, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to mica or other minerals. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to avoid any adverse reactions. Additionally, as with any cosmetic product, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage to ensure the product's effectiveness and longevity.

4. References:

- "Synthetic Fluorphlogopite" by Cosmetics Info

- "What Is Synthetic Fluorphlogopite?" by The Derm Review

- "Understanding the Role of Synthetic Fluorphlogopite in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine

Tin Oxide

Other name: CI 77861

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Tin Oxide:

Tin Oxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics as a colorant or opacifying agent. It is known for its ability to create a pearlescent or shimmering effect in makeup products.

2. Use:

Tin Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics to add a reflective quality to products such as eyeshadows, highlighters, and lipsticks. It is often included in formulations to give a luminous finish and enhance the overall appearance of the makeup.

3. Usage Tin Oxide:

When using cosmetics containing Tin Oxide, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to ensure there are no adverse reactions. Additionally, as with any cosmetic product, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for safe and proper use.

4. References:

- "Tin Oxide in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/tin-oxide.

- "The Role of Tin Oxide in Cosmetic Formulations." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/color/The-Role-of-Tin-Oxide-in-Cosmetic-Formulations-486196901.html.

- "Tin Oxide: A Versatile Ingredient in Cosmetics." Personal Care Magazine, www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/29416/tin-oxide-a-versatile-ingredient-in-cosmetics.

CI 77491

Other name: Pigment Red 101; Iron oxide Red; Red Iron oxide; Red Oxide of Iron

Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition CI 77491:

CI 77491 is a cosmetic colorant that is also known as Iron Oxide Red. It is a red pigment that is commonly used in makeup products such as eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks.

2. Use:

CI 77491 is used in cosmetics to provide a red color to the product. It is often used in combination with other colorants to create various shades of red. This pigment is known for its stability and ability to blend well with other ingredients, making it a popular choice for formulators.

3. Usage CI 77491:

When using products containing CI 77491, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes to prevent irritation.

4. References:

- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)

- "Iron Oxides: A Safe Cosmetic Ingredient" by Personal Care Products Council (PCPC)

O Cymen 5 Ol

Other name: o-Cymen-5-ol; 4-Isopropyl-m-cresol

Function: Preservative, Cosmetic Biocide

1. Definition O Cymen 5 Ol:

O Cymen 5 Ol is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and antimicrobial agent. It is also known by its chemical name, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.

2. Use:

O Cymen 5 Ol is primarily used in skincare and haircare products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that can cause product spoilage or skin infections. It helps to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of harmful microbes.

3. Usage O Cymen 5 Ol:

When using products containing O Cymen 5 Ol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically used in very small concentrations, as it can be irritating to the skin in high doses. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with O Cymen 5 Ol, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergies. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Koo, H., et al. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of isothiazolones against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 55(3), 245-251.

- Kim, J., et al. (2010). Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a cosmetic product containing O Cymen 5 Ol. Journal of Dermatological Science, 58(2), 127-132.

- Rastogi, S. C., et al. (1998). Contact allergy to isothiazolinones in Europe: an analysis of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group (EECDRG). Contact Dermatitis, 38(2), 49-53.

Gold Colloid

Function: