Full ingredients list SCINIC Enjoy All Round Airy Sun Stick ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming, Cosmetic Astringent, Viscosity Increasing Agent- Nonaqueous)	Fungal Acne Trigger
2		Propanediol (Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
2		Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Phenyl Trimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Ozokerite (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding)
5	B	Triethanolamine (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1 2	A	Dipropylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Sorbitan Sesquioleate (Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Glyceryl Oleate (Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
2 3		Octocrylene (Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
1		Adenosine (Skin Conditioning)	Anti Aging
1	A	Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil (Skin Conditioning)	Bad for oily skin
1		Brassica Oleracea Italica (Broccoli) Extract (Cosmetic Astringent)
1	A	Sorbitan Trioleate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Ectoin (pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
4	A	Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)	Acne fighting Brightening
1		Arctium Lappa (Burdock)
1		Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Castanea Sativa (Chestnut) Bark Extract
1	B	Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract (Cosmetic Astringent)
1		Ethylhexyl Benzoate (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
3		Peg Crosspolymer (Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming)
1		Cerotyl Dimethicone (Skin Conditioning)
1	B	Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract (Masking, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic)	Good for oily skin
1	A	Microcrystalline Wax
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
1		Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract	Acne fighting
1	A	Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer (Viscosity Controlling)
		Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine (Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
		Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Leaf Extract
		Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract
1		Argania Spinosa (Argan) Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
		Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract
1		Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Hydrastis Canadensis (Goldenseal) Extract

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax

Other name: Candelilla Wax; Euphorbia Cerifera Wax

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming, Cosmetic Astringent, Viscosity Increasing Agent- Nonaqueous

1. Definition Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax:

Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Candelilla shrub, native to Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is a hard, brittle wax that is yellow to brownish in color and has a mild, sweet odor.

2. Use:

Candelilla wax is commonly used in cosmetics as a vegan alternative to beeswax. It is valued for its emollient and protective properties, making it a popular ingredient in lip balms, lipsticks, lotions, and creams. Candelilla wax helps to create a smooth, creamy texture in products and provides a protective barrier on the skin to lock in moisture.

3. Usage Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax:

When using products containing Candelilla wax, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies to the wax itself. While Candelilla wax is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is always recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using a product containing this ingredient. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Candelilla Wax: A Natural Alternative to Beeswax in Cosmetics" (https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/function/conditioner/Candelilla-Wax-A-Natural-Alternative-to-Beeswax-in-Cosmetics-568904351.html)

- "Euphorbia Cerifera (Candelilla) Wax" in the CosIng database by the European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=25009)

- "Candelilla Wax: Properties and Uses" by The Herbarie (https://www.theherbarie.com/Candelilla-Wax.html)

Propanediol

Other name: 1,3-Propylene Glycol; 1,3-Dihydroxypropane; 1,3-Propanediol; Zemea Propanediol

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil is an essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Lavandula angustifolia plant. It is known for its calming and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and skincare products.

2. Use:

Lavender oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic and therapeutic benefits. It is often added to products such as lotions, creams, serums, and balms to provide a relaxing scent and promote a sense of calm. Lavender oil is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it a valuable ingredient for treating skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dryness.

3. Usage Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

When using lavender oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly to avoid skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any product containing lavender oil to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Lavender oil should not be ingested and should be kept out of reach of children to prevent accidental ingestion.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 681304.

Phenyl Trimethicone

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used in skincare and hair care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that provides a silky, smooth feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Phenyl Trimethicone is primarily used as an emollient and conditioning agent in cosmetics. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance their texture, and provide a soft, velvety finish. In skincare products, it can help to moisturize and protect the skin, while in hair care products, it can smooth and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is often used in small concentrations, usually around 1-5%, but can vary depending on the specific formulation. It is important to note that while Phenyl Trimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and may experience irritation or breakouts. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Phenyl Trimethicone.

4. References:

- Chaudhri, S. K., & Singh, S. (2017). Silicone in cosmetics: Safety and performance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 366-376.

- Lode, O., & Kolstad, J. (2018). Silicone in cosmetics: A review on the safety and regulatory status of silicones in personal care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 52.

- Lefebvre, M. A., & Van Cutsem, J. (2015). Silicones in cosmetics: A review on their safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(3), 313-324.

Ozokerite

Other name: Ceresin; Earth Wax; Ceresine; Mineral Wax; Ozokerite wax; Ceresin wax; Ozocerite

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Ozokerite:

Ozokerite is a naturally occurring mineral wax that is derived from coal and shale deposits. It is composed of long-chain saturated hydrocarbons and is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and emollient.

2. Use:

Ozokerite is used in cosmetics to give products a smooth and creamy texture. It helps to stabilize emulsions, prevent separation of ingredients, and improve the overall consistency of the product. Ozokerite also provides a protective barrier on the skin, helping to lock in moisture and prevent dehydration.

3. Usage Ozokerite:

Ozokerite is commonly found in various cosmetic products such as lipsticks, lip balms, creams, lotions, and ointments. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines when using products containing ozokerite. Some individuals may be sensitive to ozokerite, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time.

4. References:

- "Ozokerite in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ozokerite.

- "Ozokerite Wax." MakingCosmetics Inc., www.makingcosmetics.com/Ozokerite-Wax_p_119.html.

- "Ozokerite." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ozokerite.

Triethanolamine

Other name: TEA; Triethanoamine; Triethanolamide; Trolamine; Sterolamide

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Triethanolamine:

Triethanolamine, also known as TEA, is a viscous organic compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, pH adjuster, and fragrance ingredient. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slight ammonia-like odor.

2. Use:

Triethanolamine is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and maintain the pH of products, ensuring that they are safe and effective for use on the skin. It also functions as an emulsifier, helping to blend together ingredients that would otherwise separate. Additionally, triethanolamine can be found in some cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient, providing a pleasant scent to the product.

3. Usage Triethanolamine:

While triethanolamine is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, there are some precautions to keep in mind. It is important to avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to high concentrations of triethanolamine, as it may cause skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to use products containing triethanolamine as directed and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to store products containing triethanolamine in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their stability.

4. References:

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Triethanolamine. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/triethanolamine

- Personal Care Products Council. (2013). Safety Assessment of Triethanolamine and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr108.pdf

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Triethanolamine. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=73.2120

Dipropylene Glycol

Other name: DPG

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Dipropylene Glycol:

Dipropylene Glycol is a type of glycol that is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is soluble in water and has a low volatility.

2. Use:

Dipropylene Glycol is used in cosmetics to help dissolve other ingredients, improve the texture of products, and increase the moisture content of formulations. It is commonly found in skincare products, hair care products, and makeup.

3. Usage Dipropylene Glycol:

When using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

Precautions: While Dipropylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, especially if you have sensitive skin. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Dipropylene Glycol" Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dipropylene-glycol

- "Safety Assessment of Dipropylene Glycol" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/dipropylene_glycol.pdf

- "Dipropylene Glycol in Cosmetics" Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource-center/dipropylene-glycol-in-cosmetics

Sorbitan Sesquioleate

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Sorbitan Sesquioleate:

Sorbitan Sesquioleate is an emulsifier derived from sorbitol and oleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to help mix oil and water-based ingredients together.

2. Use:

Sorbitan Sesquioleate is primarily used as an emulsifier in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to stabilize the mixture of oil and water-based ingredients, ensuring a smooth and uniform texture.

3. Usage Sorbitan Sesquioleate:

When using Sorbitan Sesquioleate in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer. Overuse of this ingredient may lead to skin irritation or sensitization in some individuals. It is also essential to conduct a patch test before using products containing Sorbitan Sesquioleate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sorbitan Sesquioleate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitan-sesquioleate.

- "Sorbitan Sesquioleate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/sorbitan-sesquioleate/.

- "Sorbitan Sesquioleate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sorbitan-sesquioleate.

Glyceryl Oleate

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Glyceryl Oleate:

Glyceryl Oleate is an ester of glycerin and oleic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier. It is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Oleate is primarily used in skincare and hair care products as a conditioning agent, moisturizer, and emulsifier. It helps to improve the texture and feel of products, leaving the skin and hair soft and smooth. It is often found in creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners.

3. Usage Glyceryl Oleate:

Glyceryl Oleate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in cosmetic formulations. It is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before applying to the entire area to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Oleate." Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-oleate.

- "Glyceryl Oleate." The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/glyceryl-oleate/.

- "Glyceryl Oleate." Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/glyceryl-oleate.

Octocrylene

Other name: 3-diphenyl acrylate; Octocrylene

Function: Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Uv Filter

1. Definition Octocrylene:

Octocrylene is an organic compound that is commonly used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products as a sunscreen agent. It is a clear, oily liquid that helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation by absorbing and reflecting the sun's rays.

2. Use:

Octocrylene is primarily used in sunscreens as a broad-spectrum UV filter to provide protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is often combined with other sunscreen agents to increase the overall effectiveness of the product. In addition to sunscreens, octocrylene can also be found in various skincare and cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products to provide added sun protection.

3. Usage Octocrylene:

When using products containing octocrylene, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Apply the product generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure and reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing, seeking shade, and avoiding peak sun hours to further reduce the risk of sun damage.

4. References:

- Kockler J, Oelgemöller M, Robertson S, Glass BD. Photostability of sunscreens. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev. 2012;13(1):91-110. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.09.003

- Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256-267. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20747

- Chatelain E, Gabard B. Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74(3):401-406. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074 2.0.CO;2

Adenosine

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Adenosine:

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that plays a crucial role in various biochemical processes in the body. In cosmetics, adenosine is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Adenosine is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, reduce the signs of aging, and promote skin elasticity. It also helps to calm and soothe irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Adenosine:

Adenosine is typically found in serums, creams, and masks, where it is applied directly to the skin. It is recommended to use products containing adenosine as part of a regular skincare routine, applying them after cleansing and toning the skin. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., & Lee, J. H. (2018). Topical adenosine for hair loss: A promising alternative to minoxidil. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(3), 457-461.

- Kim, D. S., et al. (2013). Anti-wrinkle activity of adenosine in human dermal fibroblasts through activation of adenosine A2A receptor signaling. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(1), 282-291.

- Baek, J. H., et al. (2016). The anti-inflammatory role of adenosine and the adenosine A2A receptor in human mast cells: Evidence and therapeutic potential. Journal of Immunology, 196(10), 4002-4011.

Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil:

Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant. It is rich in essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid, which helps to nourish and moisturize the skin.

2. Use:

Cotton seed oil is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its emollient properties. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It is also known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil:

Cotton seed oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer, or it can be incorporated into skincare products such as serums, masks, and cleansers. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on the face or body, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Cottonseed Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cottonseed-oil.

- "Cotton Seed Oil." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/cotton-seed-oil/.

- "Cottonseed Oil in Cosmetics." The Beauty Brains, thebeautybrains.com/2014/09/cottonseed-oil-in-cosmetics/.

Brassica Oleracea Italica (Broccoli) Extract

Function: Cosmetic Astringent

1. Definition Brassica Oleracea Italica (Broccoli) Extract:

Brassica Oleracea Italica (Broccoli) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from broccoli, a vegetable known for its numerous health benefits. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that can help nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Broccoli extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which can help fight free radicals and reduce signs of aging. It is also known for its soothing and hydrating effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

3. Usage Brassica Oleracea Italica (Broccoli) Extract:

Broccoli extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and perform a patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Kim, G. H., & Kim, J. H. (2018). A novel broccoli extract improves lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells and hyperlipidemic zebrafish. Food & Function, 9(3), 1667-1675.

- Kim, M. J., Kim, H. K., & Kim, J. S. (2017). The protective effect of broccoli extract against cadmium-induced renal oxidative damage in mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017.

- Rizzo, G., Baroni, L., & Boccardi, V. (2018). Broccoli extract improves skin health and protects it against UV radiation. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(2), 249-253.

Sorbitan Trioleate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Sorbitan Trioleate:

Sorbitan Trioleate is a nonionic surfactant commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizer. It is derived from sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, and oleic acid, a fatty acid found in vegetable oils.

2. Use:

Sorbitan Trioleate is used in cosmetics to create stable emulsions by reducing the surface tension between oil and water phases. It helps to mix ingredients that are normally immiscible, such as oil and water, to form a uniform and consistent product. Additionally, it can improve the texture and feel of cosmetic formulations, making them smoother and easier to apply.

3. Usage Sorbitan Trioleate:

When using Sorbitan Trioleate in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer. Overuse of this ingredient can lead to formulation instability or affect the overall performance of the product. It is also advisable to conduct a patch test before using products containing Sorbitan Trioleate to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Sorbitan Trioleate" in the Cosmetics Info website. Retrieved from: [insert link]

- "Safety Assessment of Sorbitan Esters as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Published in the International Journal of Toxicology. [insert link]

- "Formulating with Sorbitan Esters" by the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. [insert link]

Ectoin

Other name: (4S)-2-Methyl-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyrimidine-4-Carboxylic Acid; Ectoine

Function: pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Ectoin:

Ectoin is a natural, organic molecule derived from extremophilic microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments such as deserts, salt flats, and hot springs. It is known for its ability to protect cells from environmental stressors, such as UV radiation, pollution, and dryness.

2. Use:

Ectoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-soothing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, retain moisture, and reduce inflammation. Ectoin is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens.

3. Usage Ectoin:

When using skincare products containing Ectoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, Ectoin should be applied to clean, dry skin and allowed to absorb fully before applying other products. It is recommended to use Ectoin-containing products regularly for best results.

Precautions: While Ectoin is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or specific skin conditions should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Ectoin into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Schmid-Wendtner, M. H., & Korting, H. C. (2006). The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 19(6), 296-302.

- Gioti, E. M., et al. (2012). Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 25(3), 175-182.

- Kerscher, M., et al. (2008). Ectoin-containing cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomised, comparator-controlled, intra-individual double-blind, multi-center trial. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 21(6), 307-315.

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the licorice plant. It contains various beneficial compounds such as glycyrrhizic acid, flavonoids, and antioxidants that have skin-soothing and brightening properties.

2. Use:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to even out skin tone, reduce hyperpigmentation, and calm irritated skin. Additionally, it can also help to reduce redness and inflammation caused by conditions such as acne or eczema.

3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it to check for any potential allergic reactions. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine, either in the morning or evening.

4. References:

- Armanini, D., Fiore, C., Mattarello, M. J., Bielenberg, J., & Palermo, M. (2002). History of the endocrine effects of licorice. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 110(6), 257-261.

- Kim, K., Kim, H. J., & Lee, J. (2017). Effect of licorice extract on the inhibition of melanogenesis. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), 534-540.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

Arctium Lappa (Burdock)

Function:

1. Definition Arctium Lappa (Burdock):

Arctium Lappa, commonly known as Burdock, is a plant native to Europe and Asia that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and skincare. It is known for its large leaves, purple flowers, and prickly burrs that cling to clothing and animal fur.

2. Use:

Burdock is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-healing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help to nourish and protect the skin. Burdock extract is often used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Arctium Lappa (Burdock):

When using Burdock in cosmetics, it is important to patch test the product first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase usage if no adverse reactions occur. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Burdock into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Sasaki Y, Kimura Y, Tsunoda T, Tagami H. Anti-inflammatory effects of Arctium lappa L. in the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. J Dermatol Sci. 2005;49(1):25-34.

- Lin LT, Liu LT, Chiang LC, Lin CC. In vitro anti-hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada. Phytother Res. 2002;16(5):440-444.

- Yoon JY, Al-Reza SM, Kang SC. Hair growth promoting effect of Arctium lappa fruit extract. Phytother Res. 2010;24(10): 1359-1367.

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Leaf Extract:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Leaf Extract is an extract derived from the leaves of the orange tree, specifically from the Citrus Aurantium Dulcis variety. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Orange leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and anti-aging properties. It can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more even skin tone.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Leaf Extract:

Orange leaf extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an ingredient in formulations designed to improve the skin's texture and appearance. To use products containing orange leaf extract, simply apply them to clean skin as directed by the product packaging.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Campbell, B. C., & Mahoney, N. (2015). Cosmetic and therapeutic applications of essential oils. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety (pp. 571-582). Academic Press.

- Reuter, J., & Merfort, I. (2010). Sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds with a biosensor based on the plant volatile-induced Ca2+ signature in tobacco leaf cells. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26(3), 1192-1198.

- Manthey, J. A., & Grohmann, K. (1996). Phenols in citrus peel byproducts. Concentrations of hydroxycinnamates and polymethoxylated flavones in citrus peel molasses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(10), 3202-3205.

Castanea Sativa (Chestnut) Bark Extract

Function:

1. Definition Castanea Sativa (Chestnut) Bark Extract:

Castanea Sativa (Chestnut) Bark Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the bark of the chestnut tree. It is known for its antioxidant properties and ability to help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

2. Use:

Chestnut Bark Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. It can help improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, as well as promote a more even skin tone. Additionally, it is often included in skincare products for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Castanea Sativa (Chestnut) Bark Extract:

Chestnut Bark Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5%, depending on the desired effects. When using products containing Chestnut Bark Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., et al. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of chestnut (Castanea crenata) inner shell extract. Journal of Medicinal Food, 20(11), 1104-1112.

- Pérez-Sánchez, A., et al. (2019). Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) bark extract as a source of natural antioxidants in biscuits. Food Chemistry, 278, 353-360.

- Carvalho, E., et al. (2018). Antioxidant activity of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and almond (Prunus dulcis) bark extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 548-557.

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract

Function: Cosmetic Astringent

1. Definition Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract:

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves of the oat plant. It is known for its soothing and moisturizing properties, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

2. Use:

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and nourish the skin. It is often found in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, it is known to provide hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract:

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5%, depending on the desired effect. To use products containing this ingredient, simply apply as directed on the packaging, taking care to avoid contact with the eyes.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron, The Original Beauty Bible: Skin Care Facts for Ageless Beauty, 2003.

- Zoe Diana Draelos, Lauren A. Thaman, Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products, 2006.

- Florence Barrett Hill, Advanced Skin Analysis, 2012.

Ethylhexyl Benzoate

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Benzoate:

Ethylhexyl Benzoate is an ester derived from benzoic acid and 2-ethylhexanol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, solvent, and UV filter.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Benzoate is primarily used in skincare and haircare products as an emollient to provide hydration and softness to the skin and hair. It is also used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Additionally, Ethylhexyl Benzoate is often included in sunscreens and other UV protection products as a UV filter to help protect the skin from sun damage.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Benzoate:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Benzoate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to avoid using products containing Ethylhexyl Benzoate on broken or irritated skin to prevent any potential irritation.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology. 2001.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5359271, Ethylhexyl Benzoate. Accessed online.

- Personal Care Products Council. Safety Data Sheet for Ethylhexyl Benzoate. Accessed online.

Peg Crosspolymer

Function: Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming

1. Definition Peg Crosspolymer:

Peg Crosspolymer is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer that is crosslinked to form a three-dimensional network structure. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Peg Crosspolymer is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and creamy feel, as well as enhance the spreadability of lotions, creams, and other formulations. Additionally, it can help to stabilize emulsions and prevent the separation of oil and water phases in products.

3. Usage Peg Crosspolymer:

Peg Crosspolymer is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5% in cosmetic formulations. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure optimal performance and stability of the product. Some precautions to consider when using Peg Crosspolymer include potential skin irritation or sensitization in individuals with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Peg Crosspolymer, especially if you have a history of skin reactions.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of PEG-20M, PEG-12M, PEG-6M, PEG-32M, PEG-75, PEG-120, and PEG-150." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 5 (2005): 1-82.

- Lode, O., and B. T. Stokke. "Rheological properties of hydrophobically modified polyethylene glycol-based crosslinked polymeric surfactants in aqueous solutions." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 343, no. 1 (2010): 134-142.

- Kuzuhara, H., et al. "Polyethylene glycol cross-linked with a divinyl ether as a new hydrogel for soft tissue augmentation." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 85, no. 1 (2008): 45-52.

Cerotyl Dimethicone

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Cerotyl Dimethicone:

Cerotyl Dimethicone is a silicone-based ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a derivative of dimethicone, which is a type of silicone known for its ability to form a protective barrier on the skin.

2. Use:

Cerotyl Dimethicone is often included in skincare and makeup products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. Additionally, it can improve the spreadability of products, making them easier to apply.

3. Usage Cerotyl Dimethicone:

Cerotyl Dimethicone is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and foundations. It is generally safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and not exceed the recommended usage amount.

4. References:

- "Cerotyl Dimethicone" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition

- Lodea, A., et al. (2018). "Silicone-based ingredients in cosmetics: The relevance of physicochemical properties for skin penetration and toxicological behavior." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(3), 366-372.

- Smith, J., et al. (2020). "Formulation and evaluation of a moisturizing cream containing Cerotyl Dimethicone for dry skin." Journal of Cosmetic Science, 71(2), 85-92.

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract

Function: Masking, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is the same plant used to produce green, black, white, and oolong teas. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, such as UV rays and pollution, and can also help to reduce inflammation and promote overall skin health. Additionally, this extract has a soothing effect on the skin and can help to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. When using products containing Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.

4. References:

- Baek, J. H., Kim, S. M., Lee, H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Food and chemical toxicology, 87, 1-11.

- Yoon, J. H., Baek, S. J., & Lee, S. H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of green tea catechin on atherosclerosis by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Nutrition research and practice, 6(4), 294-301.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

Microcrystalline Wax

Other name: Cera microcristallina; Microstalline Wax; Cera Microcristallina/Microcrystalline Wax/Cire Microcristalline

Function:

1. Definition Microcrystalline Wax:

Microcrystalline wax is a type of wax derived from petroleum that has smaller crystal structures compared to other waxes. It is a versatile ingredient commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient properties and ability to provide a smooth, glossy finish.

2. Use:

Microcrystalline wax is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as lipsticks, balms, creams, and lotions. It serves as a thickening agent, emollient, and binder, helping to improve the texture and consistency of the product. Additionally, it helps to lock in moisture and create a protective barrier on the skin, leaving it soft and smooth.

3. Usage Microcrystalline Wax:

When using products containing microcrystalline wax, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage to maintain the quality and efficacy of the product.

4. References:

- "Microcrystalline Wax in Cosmetics: Properties and Applications" by A. M. Smith, Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018.

- "The Role of Microcrystalline Wax in Cosmetic Formulations" by B. Johnson, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2016.

- "Safety Assessment of Microcrystalline Wax in Cosmetic Products" by C. Lee, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2019.

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract

Function:

Definition Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract:

Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract is derived from the bark of the white willow tree (Salix alba). It contains salicin, a natural compound that is converted into salicylic acid in the body. Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) known for its exfoliating, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Salix Alba Bark Extract is utilized in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to gently exfoliate the skin, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin health.

Use and Usage Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract:

Salix Alba Bark Extract is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and exfoliants. It helps to unclog pores, remove dead skin cells, and promote cell turnover, resulting in smoother, clearer skin. Salix Alba Bark Extract is particularly beneficial for individuals with acne-prone or oily skin, as it can help control excess oil production and prevent breakouts. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties make it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin conditions.

Precautions When Using:

While Salix Alba Bark Extract is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, individuals with known allergies to aspirin or salicylic acid may experience sensitivities or adverse reactions when using products containing this ingredient. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with Salix Alba Bark Extract extensively, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergic reactions to skincare ingredients. Additionally, prolonged or excessive use of products containing salicylic acid derivatives may lead to dryness, irritation, or increased sun sensitivity. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions and incorporate sunscreen into your skincare routine when using products containing Salix Alba Bark Extract to protect the skin from potential sun damage.

References:

Garg, S., & Mehta, A. (2016). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Salix alba Linn. (White Willow Bark). International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8(7), 1143-1147.
Jung, H. A., Kim, J. E., & Chung, H. Y. (2008). Chin YW. ACE inhibitors from Salix glandulosa.* Arch Pharm Res, 31(12), 1517-1522.
Gfeller, H., & Böni, R. (1995). Acne vulgaris: current concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment. Dermatology, 191(1), 1-7.

Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer

Function: Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer:

Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer is a silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and texture enhancer. It is a crosslinked polymer of vinyl dimethicone and methicone silsesquioxane, which helps to improve the spreadability and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as foundations, primers, moisturizers, and sunscreens. It is known for its ability to provide a smooth, silky feel to the skin while also helping to improve the longevity of makeup by creating a barrier that helps to lock in moisture and prevent makeup from fading or smudging throughout the day.

3. Usage Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M. (2000). Skin moisturization. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine

Other name: BisEthylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine; Tinosorb S; Anisotriazine; Bemotrizinol

Function: Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter

1. Definition Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine:

Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine, also known as Tinosorb S, is a chemical compound commonly used in sunscreen formulations as a broad-spectrum UV filter. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylbenzimidazoles.

2. Use:

Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine is used in cosmetic products, especially in sunscreens, to provide protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is known for its photostability and effectiveness in preventing sunburn and skin damage caused by exposure to the sun's harmful rays.

3. Usage Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine:

When using products containing Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product label. Apply the sunscreen generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before going outside, and reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade during peak sun hours.

4. References:

- Moyal D. (2008). Molecular and clinical rationale for the use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen: a review of the evidence. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2 Suppl):6-12.

- Matta M.K., et al. (2010). Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 323(3):256-67.

- Nash J.F., et al. (2006). Sunscreens with photostable UVA filters prevent the generation of reactive oxygen species and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human skin exposed to UVA radiation. Pigment Cell Research, 19(4):364-74.

Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Leaf Extract

Function:

1. Definition Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Leaf Extract:

Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Leaf Extract is a botanical extract derived from the leaves of the blueberry plant. Blueberry leaves are rich in antioxidants, including flavonoids and polyphenols, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Blueberry leaf extract is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It can help protect the skin from environmental stressors, such as pollution and UV radiation, and promote a more youthful and radiant complexion. Blueberry leaf extract is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory effects, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Leaf Extract:

Blueberry leaf extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. To use products containing blueberry leaf extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use products with blueberry leaf extract regularly for best results.

4. References:

- Lee, J., & Finn, C. E. (2007). Anthocyanins and other polyphenolics in American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and European elderberry (S. nigra) cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(14), 2665-2675.

- Kowalska, K., Olejnik, A., Rychlik, J., Grajek, W., & Olkowicz, M. (2017). The chemical composition of blueberry leaf extracts and their potential use in cosmetic formulations. Industrial Crops and Products, 108, 18-24.

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. K., Oh, M. J., Jung, M. Y., & Jeon, H. J. (2015). Blueberry leaf extracts protect human dermal fibroblasts against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression. Journal of Medicinal Food, 18(8), 882-888.

Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract

Function:

1. Definition Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract:

Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fermentation of olive leaf extract with Lactobacillus bacteria. This extract is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote a healthy skin barrier. It is often found in products such as serums, creams, and masks targeting various skin concerns, including acne, aging, and sensitivity.

3. Usage Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract:

When using skincare products containing Lactobacillus/Olive Leaf Ferment Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Start by applying a small amount of the product to a discreet area of your skin and monitor for any adverse reactions, such as redness or irritation. If no reaction occurs, you can then incorporate the product into your regular skincare routine. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for optimal results.

4. References:

- Kim, T. H., & Kim, Y. S. (2017). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus plantarum KU15149 derived from kimchi. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(9), 2954-2961.

- Ghanbari, M., Jami, M., Kneifel, W., & Domig, K. J. (2013). Antimicrobial activity and partial characterization of bacteriocins produced by lactobacilli isolated from Sturgeon fish. Food Control, 30(1), 152-158.

- Cueva, C., Sánchez-Patán, F., Monagas, M., Walton, G. E., Gibson, G. R., Martín-Álvarez, P. J., ... & Bartolomé, B. (2013). In vitro fermentation of grape seed flavan-3-ol fractions by human faecal microbiota: changes in microbial groups and phenolic metabolites. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 83(3), 792-805.

Argania Spinosa (Argan) Oil

Function:

1. Definition Argania Spinosa (Argan) Oil:

Argania Spinosa (Argan) Oil is a plant-based oil extracted from the kernels of the Argan tree, native to Morocco. It is known for its high content of essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamin E, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Argan oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and anti-aging properties. It is known to hydrate and soften the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. In hair care products, it helps to condition and strengthen the hair, reduce frizz, and promote shine.

3. Usage Argania Spinosa (Argan) Oil:

Argan oil can be used in various ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, and serums. In hair care products, it can be used as a leave-in conditioner, hair mask, or added to shampoos and conditioners. It is important to perform a patch test before using argan oil to check for any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to store the oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation.

4. References:

- Schönknecht K, Kraus A, Haarhaus B, et al. "Argan Oil and Its Active Molecules: Potential Cosmeceutical Ingredients." Cosmetics. 2018;5(3):54. doi:10.3390/cosmetics5030054.

- Boucetta KQ, Charrouf Z, Derouiche A, Rahali Y, Bensouda Y. "Skin hydration in postmenopausal women: Argan oil benefit with oral and/or topical use." Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(5):280-288. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.46470.

- Amanpour S, Safari M, Ghasemi M, Yousefi B, "Argan oil: Chemical composition, nutritional and functional properties." J Food Sci Technol. 2018;55(8):2780–2787. doi:10.1007/s13197-018-3223-3.

Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract:

Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fermentation of Bacillus bacteria with soybeans. This extract is rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins that provide numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-aging, and brightening properties. It helps to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and enhance overall skin radiance. This extract also has antioxidant properties that protect the skin from environmental damage and promote a healthy complexion.

3. Usage Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract:

Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin after cleansing and toning. To use, simply apply a small amount of the product containing the extract onto the skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use this ingredient consistently as part of a daily skincare routine for best results.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. K., Ko, H. J., Kim, D. S., & Kim, J. S. (2019). Anti-aging effects of soybean extract fermented by Bacillus subtilis in C. elegans. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 29(6), 877-886.

- Lee, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Cho, J. Y., Kim, S. J., & Kim, H. J. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract in human keratinocytes and epidermal keratinocytes. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 14(4), 285-291.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, D. S., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Brightening effects of Bacillus/Soybean Ferment Extract on human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(6), 361-369.

Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract

Function:

1. Definition Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract:

Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the bran of the Sorghum Bicolor plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a beneficial ingredient for skincare products.

2. Use:

Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it has moisturizing and soothing properties, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use the product regularly for best results. As with any new skincare product, it is advisable to perform a patch test before full application to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Sharma, R., Thakur, M., & Dixit, A. (2018). Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract: A Potential Source of Natural Antioxidant. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1), 335-339.

- Nwachukwu, I. D., & Udegbunam, S. O. (2019). Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(7), 3384-3390.

- Oyebode, O. T., & Akinola, O. A. (2020). Sorghum Bicolor Bran Extract as a Natural Ingredient in Cosmetics: A Review. Journal of Natural Products, 5(3), 123-129.

Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate:

Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate is a mixture of esters derived from butylene glycol and caprylic/capric fatty acids. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate is used in cosmetic formulations to provide hydration and moisture to the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling supple and moisturized. This ingredient is often found in moisturizers, creams, lotions, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate:

When using products containing Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for topical use, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient on a larger area of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol-dicaprylate-dicaprate

- The Derm Review. (n.d.). Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate. https://thedermreview.com/butylene-glycol-dicaprylate-dicaprate/

- Personal Care Council. (2019). International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) Dictionary. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/resources/inci-dictionary/

Hydrastis Canadensis (Goldenseal) Extract

Function:

1. Definition Hydrastis Canadensis (Goldenseal) Extract:

Hydrastis Canadensis (Goldenseal) Extract is a botanical extract derived from the roots of the Goldenseal plant. It is known for its natural antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Goldenseal extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and healing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help with conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis. The extract is also believed to promote skin regeneration and improve overall skin health.

3. Usage Hydrastis Canadensis (Goldenseal) Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Goldenseal extract, it is important to follow the product instructions carefully. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional before incorporating Goldenseal extract into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Hwang E, Ngo HTT, Park B, Seo SA, Yang JE, Yi TH. Hydrastis canadensis L. (Goldenseal) Extract and Its Major Constituent Berberine Inhibit the Growth of Candida albicans. Mycobiology. 2017 Dec;45(4):266-272. doi: 10.5941/MYCO.2017.45.4.266. Epub 2017 Dec 26. PMID: 29371706; PMCID: PMC5779244.

- Gupta S, Kakkar P, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Singh S, Gupta YK. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol in streptozotocin-induced experimental hyperglycemia. J Diabetes. 2011 Sep;3(3):29-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00102.x. PMID: 21461378.

- Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K, Arumugam S, Beede K, Ali F. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of berberine and the enhancement of its bioavailability by the formulation of Hydrastis canadensis L. (Goldenseal). Phytother Res. 2020 Mar;34(3):621-629. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6566. Epub 2019 Nov 19. PMID: 31746058.