Ingredients list Estée Lauder Perfectionist Pro Multi-zone ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
3		Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Solvent to dissolve substances insoluble in water, Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Foam Boosting)
1	B	Isopropyl Isostearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Binding Agent, Binding)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Behenyl Alcohol (Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding)
1	B	Trimethylsiloxysilicate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
1	A	Phenyl Trimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1		Ascorbyl Glucoside (Antioxidant)	Brightening
1	A	Sodium Hyaluronate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
1		Algae Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Fragrance, Humectant)
1		Chlorella Vulgaris Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Geranium Robertianum Extract (Tonic, Astringent)
4	A	Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)	Acne fighting Brightening
1	A	Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract (Skin Conditioning, Sunscreen Agent)
1		Hordeum Vulgare (Barley) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil (Emollient, Deodorant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Caffeine (Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2 (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
3	A	Peg 10 Dimethicone (Skin Conditioning, Hair Conditioning)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)
1	B	C13 14 Isoparaffin (Solvent, Emollient)
1	B	Propylene Glycol Dicaprate (Emollient, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive)
1	A	Cetyl Alcohol (Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant)
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Sucrose (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Soothing, Flavoring Agent)
1		Tocopherol	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1 3	A	Peg 32 (Solvent, Humectant, Binding Agent)
3	B	Polysorbate 40 (Surfactant, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 2	A	Hydrogenated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant)
1 3	A	Peg 6 (Solvent, Humectant)
1	A	Carbomer (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming)
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
1 3	B	Laureth 7 (Emulsifying, Surfactant)
2 4	B	Polyacrylamide (Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing)
1 4	B	Sodium Hydroxide (Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
3	A	Bht (Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant)
1	A	Sodium Citrate (Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating)
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
3	A	Chlorphenesin (Preservative, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Solvent to dissolve substances insoluble in water, Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Foam Boosting

1. Definition Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane:

Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane is a silicone-based ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless liquid that helps to improve the texture and feel of skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is known for its ability to provide a smooth, silky feel to the skin and hair, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to hydrate and soften the skin, as well as to reduce frizz and enhance shine in hair products.

3. Usage Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane:

When using products containing Bis Peg 18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivity.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Bis Peg-18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Silicones in Cosmetics: Are They Safe?" by Paula Begoun, 2019.

- "Silicone in Cosmetics: Are They Safe?" by The Derm Review, 2020.

Isopropyl Isostearate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Isopropyl Isostearate:

Isopropyl Isostearate is a synthetic ester of isostearic acid and isopropyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, skin-conditioning agent, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Isopropyl Isostearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lipsticks, lip balms, lotions, and creams. It helps to improve the texture of the product, providing a smooth and silky feel to the skin. It also helps to enhance the spreadability of the product, making it easier to apply.

3. Usage Isopropyl Isostearate:

Isopropyl Isostearate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but like any other ingredient, it should be used with caution. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to avoid any potential skin irritation or sensitization. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing Isopropyl Isostearate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Isopropyl Isostearate" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isopropyl-isostearate

- "Isopropyl Isostearate" Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/isopropyl-isostearate

- "Isopropyl Isostearate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/isopropyl-isostearate/

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Behenyl Alcohol

Other name: Docosanol; Behenic alcohol

Function: Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Behenyl Alcohol:

Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol derived from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is used in cosmetics as an emollient, thickening agent, and emulsifier.

2. Use:

Behenyl Alcohol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products such as creams, lotions, conditioners, and shampoos. It helps to moisturize and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and hydrated. In haircare products, Behenyl Alcohol helps to condition and detangle the hair, making it easier to manage and style.

3. Usage Behenyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Behenyl Alcohol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to fatty alcohols and experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Behenyl Alcohol" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/behenyl-alcohol

- "Behenyl Alcohol" The Derm Review, https://www.thedermreview.com/behenyl-alcohol/

- "Behenyl Alcohol" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/behenyl-alcohol

Trimethylsiloxysilicate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Trimethylsiloxysilicate:

Trimethylsiloxysilicate is a silicone-based ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and binder. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps create a smooth, long-lasting finish on the skin.

2. Use:

Trimethylsiloxysilicate is primarily used in cosmetics to improve the staying power of makeup products such as foundations, eyeliners, and lipsticks. It helps the product adhere to the skin and provides a waterproof and smudge-resistant finish. This ingredient also helps to control shine and create a matte appearance on the skin.

3. Usage Trimethylsiloxysilicate:

Trimethylsiloxysilicate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken when using products containing this ingredient. It is important to avoid contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs. Additionally, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Trimethylsiloxysilicate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2011). Final report on the safety assessment of trimethylsiloxysilicate. International Journal of Toxicology, 30(2 Suppl), 95S-110S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (n.d.). Trimethylsiloxysilicate. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/trimethylsiloxysilicate

- Luebberding, S., & Krueger, N. (2013). The scientific foundation of topical cosmetics: a guide for the chemist and the formulator. Springer Science & Business Media.

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Phenyl Trimethicone

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used in skincare and hair care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that provides a silky, smooth feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Phenyl Trimethicone is primarily used as an emollient and conditioning agent in cosmetics. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance their texture, and provide a soft, velvety finish. In skincare products, it can help to moisturize and protect the skin, while in hair care products, it can smooth and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is often used in small concentrations, usually around 1-5%, but can vary depending on the specific formulation. It is important to note that while Phenyl Trimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and may experience irritation or breakouts. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Phenyl Trimethicone.

4. References:

- Chaudhri, S. K., & Singh, S. (2017). Silicone in cosmetics: Safety and performance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 366-376.

- Lode, O., & Kolstad, J. (2018). Silicone in cosmetics: A review on the safety and regulatory status of silicones in personal care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 52.

- Lefebvre, M. A., & Van Cutsem, J. (2015). Silicones in cosmetics: A review on their safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(3), 313-324.

Ascorbyl Glucoside

Other name: Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside; AA2G

Function: Antioxidant

1. Definition Ascorbyl Glucoside:

Ascorbyl Glucoside is a stable derivative of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and skin brightening effects.

2. Use:

Ascorbyl Glucoside is used in cosmetics and skincare products to help protect the skin from free radical damage, promote collagen production, and reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation. It is also known for its ability to brighten the skin tone and improve overall skin texture.

3. Usage Ascorbyl Glucoside:

Ascorbyl Glucoside is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions, where it is applied directly to the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Ascorbyl Glucoside in the morning, as Vitamin C can help protect the skin from environmental damage and UV exposure. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to start with a lower concentration to avoid any potential irritation.

4. References:

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. (2017). The roles of Vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866

- Lin, F. H., Lin, J. Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Grichnik, J. M., Zielinski, J., Pinnell, S. R. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23768.x

Sodium Hyaluronate

Other name: Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt; Kopuron

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:

Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.

2. Use:

Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.

3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:

When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.

4. References:

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

Algae Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Fragrance, Humectant

1. Definition Algae Extract:

Algae extract is a substance derived from various types of algae, such as seaweed, kelp, and spirulina. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and amino acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Algae extract is known for its hydrating, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it an ideal ingredient for moisturizers, serums, masks, and other skincare products. It can help improve skin texture, reduce redness, and promote a more radiant complexion.

3. Usage Algae Extract:

Algae extract is typically found in skincare products in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5%. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with allergies to seafood or iodine should exercise caution when using products containing algae extract. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with algae extract to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Lubrizol. (n.d.). Algae Extract. Retrieved from https://www.lubrizol.com/PersonalCare/Products/Algae-Extract

- Raman, S. (2020). Algae Extract: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects. Retrieved from https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/algae-extract-benefits-uses-and-side-effects/

- Pinsky, N. (2019). The Benefits of Algae Extract in Skincare. Retrieved from https://www.byrdie.com/algae-extract-skincare-4774567

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is a type of algae extract derived from the green freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris. It is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its numerous skin benefits. It is known for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which help to nourish and protect the skin. Additionally, it can help to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is typically included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in formulations designed to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin, as well as in products targeting specific skin concerns such as aging or inflammation. When using products containing Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to regular use to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. K., & Thomas, N. V. (2011). Chlorella: a powerful skin care ingredient. In Marine Cosmeceuticals (pp. 235-245). CRC Press.

- Gellen, A., & Marques, M. R. (2018). Chlorella vulgaris extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in aged skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 706-711.

- Karkos, P. D., Leong, S. C., Karkos, C. D., Sivaji, N., & Assimakopoulos, D. A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.

Geranium Robertianum Extract

Function: Tonic, Astringent

1. Definition Geranium Robertianum Extract:

Geranium Robertianum Extract, also known as Herb Robert Extract, is derived from the Geranium Robertianum plant, a species of cranesbill native to Europe and parts of Asia. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that provide numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Geranium Robertianum Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It helps to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and protect against environmental stressors. This extract is also known for its astringent properties, which can help to tighten and tone the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Geranium Robertianum Extract:

Geranium Robertianum Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in low concentrations to avoid potential skin sensitivities. When using products containing this extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Geranium Robertianum Extract into your routine.

4. References:

- Sarker, S. D., & Nahar, L. (2012). Natural Products Isolation (2nd ed.). Humana Press.

- Yoon, W. J., Kim, M. J., Moon, J. Y., & Kang, H. (2010). Kim, J. Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of Geranium thunbergii extract via inhibition of NF-κB activation in mast cells. Food and chemical toxicology, 48(1), 165-172.

- Jang, Y. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. S., Kim, J., Kim, M. J., Kwon, S. H., ... & Kim, J. Y. (2017). Geranium thunbergii extract attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by suppressing the NF-κB pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 17(1), 1-10.

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the licorice plant. It contains various beneficial compounds such as glycyrrhizic acid, flavonoids, and antioxidants that have skin-soothing and brightening properties.

2. Use:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to even out skin tone, reduce hyperpigmentation, and calm irritated skin. Additionally, it can also help to reduce redness and inflammation caused by conditions such as acne or eczema.

3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Leaf Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it to check for any potential allergic reactions. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine, either in the morning or evening.

4. References:

- Armanini, D., Fiore, C., Mattarello, M. J., Bielenberg, J., & Palermo, M. (2002). History of the endocrine effects of licorice. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 110(6), 257-261.

- Kim, K., Kim, H. J., & Lee, J. (2017). Effect of licorice extract on the inhibition of melanogenesis. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), 534-540.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:

Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract is a botanical extract derived from the fruit of the cucumber plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare products for its refreshing and calming effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Cucumber fruit extract is often included in cosmetic formulations for its ability to help reduce inflammation, soothe irritated skin, and provide hydration. It is also rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging. Additionally, cucumber extract is known for its cooling and refreshing sensation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to calm and revitalize the skin.

3. Usage Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:

Cucumber fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and eye creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients to enhance its benefits. When using products containing cucumber extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and perform a patch test to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Kim, S., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Cucumber extract and its major compound cucurbitacin D show potent antileukemic activity through the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3), 772.

- Mukherjee, P. K., Maity, N., Nema, N. K., & Sarkar, B. K. (2013). Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 84, 227-236.

- Yoon, J., Kwon, H. H., Min, S., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2018). The effect of a cucumber extract on skin hydration and sebum production in human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(6), 391-397.

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Sunscreen Agent

1. Definition Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract:

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract is a botanical extract derived from the seeds of the sunflower plant. It is rich in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Sunflower seed extract is known for its moisturizing, soothing, and protective properties. It helps to hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it soft and supple. The antioxidants in sunflower seed extract also help to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals, reducing the signs of aging.

3. Usage Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Extract:

Sunflower seed extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, lotions, and hair care products. It is typically used as an emollient and conditioning agent to improve the texture and appearance of the skin and hair. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or incorporated into formulations at recommended concentrations.

Precautions: While sunflower seed extract is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, individuals with known allergies to sunflower seeds should exercise caution when using products containing this ingredient. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Extract" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, available at: https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/plant-extracts/sunflower-seed-extract.html

- "Sunflower Seed Extract" by Truth In Aging, available at: https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/helianthus-annuus-sunflower-seed-extract

- "Sunflower Seed Extract in Skin Care" by Dermstore, available at: https://www.dermstore.com/blog/sunflower-seed-extract-in-skin-care/

Hordeum Vulgare (Barley) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Hordeum Vulgare (Barley) Extract:

Hordeum Vulgare (Barley) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the barley plant. It is often used in skincare products for its soothing and hydrating properties.

2. Use:

Barley extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for soothing irritated skin and reducing redness. Additionally, barley extract is rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Hordeum Vulgare (Barley) Extract:

Barley extract is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and masks. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other skincare ingredients. When using products containing barley extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, Y. J., Lee, J. S., Park, S. Y., & Lee, H. J. (2015). Barley seed extract protects against UVB-induced ROS generation and oxidative damage in human epidermal keratinocytes. Biomed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/465310

- Saric, S., Sivamani, R. K., & McClain, D. A. (2019). Barley: A novel whole food to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 91, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.028

- Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. S., Song, M. J., Park, Y. K., & Ryu, H. W. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of Hordeum vulgare L. on in vitro and in vivo models of atopic dermatitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 226, 136-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.033

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter

Function:

1. Definition Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is rich in vitamins and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Shea butter is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular choice for hydrating dry skin. It is often used in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair products to help improve skin elasticity and promote a healthy glow. Shea butter is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, making it a versatile ingredient in various cosmetic formulations.

3. Usage Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:

When using products containing Shea butter, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Shea butter is generally safe for most people, but some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as itching, redness, or irritation. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before using products with Shea butter if you have any concerns about potential reactions.

4. References:

- Akihisa T, Kojima N, Kikuchi T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, and Masters ET. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat. Journal of Oleo Science. 2010; 59(6):273-80.

- Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(1):70.

- Aremu AO, Oyedeji AO, Oyedeji O, Okorie DO, and Nkeh-Chungag BN. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(26):4467-4472.

Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil

Function: Emollient, Deodorant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive

1. Definition Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil:

Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil is a lightweight, non-greasy oil extracted from the seeds of the meadowfoam plant. It is rich in antioxidants and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Meadowfoam Seed Oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it an excellent choice for hydrating dry skin and hair. It helps to lock in moisture, leaving the skin and hair soft and smooth. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil:

Meadowfoam Seed Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and lip balms. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other oils and ingredients to create customized beauty products. When using Meadowfoam Seed Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a dermatologist before using it.

4. References:

- Kim, H., & Moon, E. (2017). Effect of limnanthes alba seed oil on skin barrier function. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 137(5), S197.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Reis, L. (2019). Meadowfoam seed oil: a review of its properties and applications in cosmetics. Cosmetics, 6(1), 16.

Caffeine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Caffeine:

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that belongs to the class of compounds known as xanthines. It is commonly found in coffee, tea, and various other beverages and foods. In cosmetics, caffeine is often used for its stimulating and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Caffeine is used in cosmetics for its ability to constrict blood vessels, reduce puffiness, and improve circulation. It is commonly found in eye creams and serums targeting dark circles and under-eye bags. Caffeine can also help to smooth and tighten the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.

3. Usage Caffeine:

When using cosmetics containing caffeine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. Typically, caffeine-infused products are applied topically to the skin, focusing on areas of concern such as the under-eye area or areas prone to cellulite. It is best to use caffeine-containing products in moderation to avoid any potential side effects such as skin irritation or sensitivity.

4. References:

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2012). Nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's actions of medicinal plants: molecular insight into therapeutic potential to alleviate cognitive impairments. In Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease (pp. 605-619). Academic Press.

- Costa, R., Rodrigues, I., Guardão, L., Lima, J. L., & Fernandes, E. (2012). Antioxidant activity and inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative burst by coffees of several origins. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1435-1441.

- Albasini, A., Zech, K., & Taddei, C. (2012). Use of caffeine in cosmetic compositions. U.S. Patent No. 8,119,371.

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2:

Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2 is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from diglycerin and polyacyladipate, which are both moisturizing agents that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2 is primarily used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and moisturizers. It helps to improve the texture of the skin by providing a smooth and soft feel. Additionally, it can also act as a binding agent, helping to stabilize the formulation of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2:

When using products containing Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the body. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- "Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition, 2016.

- "Emollients and Skin Conditioning Agents" by Draelos, Z.D. in Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures, 2010.

- "Safety Assessment of Bis Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate 2" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, 2012.

Peg 10 Dimethicone

Function: Skin Conditioning, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Peg 10 Dimethicone:

Peg 10 Dimethicone is a type of silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is created by attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to dimethicone, a type of silicone oil. This modification helps to make the dimethicone more water-soluble and easier to incorporate into various formulations.

2. Use:

Peg 10 Dimethicone is a versatile ingredient that is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products. It is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens, as well as in hair care products like conditioners and styling products. Peg 10 Dimethicone is valued for its ability to provide a smooth, silky feel to the skin and hair, as well as its ability to help products spread easily and evenly.

3. Usage Peg 10 Dimethicone:

When using products containing Peg 10 Dimethicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. While Peg 10 Dimethicone is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Peg 10 Dimethicone and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Peg-10 Dimethicone." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-10-dimethicone.

- Smith, Sarah. "The Benefits of Dimethicone in Skin Care." Dermstore, 20 Sept. 2019, www.dermstore.com/blog/dimethicone-in-skin-care/.

- "Silicones in Cosmetics." Personal Care Products Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource-center/silicones-in-cosmetics/.

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

C13 14 Isoparaffin

Function: Solvent, Emollient

1. Definition C13 14 Isoparaffin:

C13-14 Isoparaffin is a mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a low viscosity and high flash point, making it a common ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

C13-14 Isoparaffin is primarily used as a solvent in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of formulations. It is commonly found in skin care products such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks.

3. Usage C13 14 Isoparaffin:

When using products containing C13-14 Isoparaffin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reaction occurs. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of C13-14 Isoparaffin as Used in Cosmetics" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015.

- "Isoparaffin" Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isoparaffin

- "C13-14 Isoparaffin" The Dermatology Review, https://thedermreview.com/c13-14-isoparaffin/

Propylene Glycol Dicaprate

Function: Emollient, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive

1. Definition Propylene Glycol Dicaprate:

Propylene Glycol Dicaprate is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a diester of propylene glycol and dicapric acid, which is derived from capric acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil.

2. Use:

Propylene Glycol Dicaprate is used in cosmetics for its ability to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to improve the texture of the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and supple. Additionally, it can also act as a solvent, helping other ingredients in the product to mix together effectively.

3. Usage Propylene Glycol Dicaprate:

When using products containing Propylene Glycol Dicaprate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2011). Final report on the safety assessment of Propylene Glycol Dicaprate. International Journal of Toxicology, 30(3 Suppl), 55S-62S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2008). Propylene Glycol Dicaprate. Retrieved from https://www.cosing.eu/

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5281183, Propylene Glycol Dicaprate. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281183

Cetyl Alcohol

Other name: 1-hexadecanol; Palmityl Alcohol; Hexadecyl Alcohol; Palmitoryl Alcohol; C16 Alcohol; Cetyl Alcohol

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant

1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:

Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Sucrose

Other name: Saccarose

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Soothing, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Sucrose:

Sucrose is a naturally occurring disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose molecules. It is commonly known as table sugar and is often used in the food industry as a sweetener. In cosmetics, sucrose is used for its exfoliating properties and ability to help hydrate and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Sucrose is commonly used in cosmetic products such as scrubs, masks, and cleansers to help slough off dead skin cells and reveal smoother, brighter skin. Its small granules provide gentle physical exfoliation, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Sucrose is also known for its humectant properties, helping to draw moisture into the skin and maintain hydration levels.

3. Usage Sucrose:

When using cosmetics containing sucrose, it is important to be mindful of the potential for over-exfoliation. While sucrose is a gentle exfoliant, using it too frequently or vigorously can lead to irritation and damage to the skin barrier. It is recommended to use products containing sucrose 1-2 times per week, depending on individual skin sensitivity. Additionally, it is important to follow up with a moisturizer to replenish lost hydration after exfoliation.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients. Crown.

Tocopherol

Other name: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Peg 32

Function: Solvent, Humectant, Binding Agent

1. Definition Peg 32:

PEG-32, also known as Polyethylene Glycol-32, is a polyethylene glycol derivative that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and solvent. It is a water-soluble polymer that helps to improve the texture, feel, and stability of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

PEG-32 is often used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums due to its ability to hydrate and soften the skin. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture in formulations, making it easier to apply and spread on the skin. Additionally, PEG-32 can also act as a penetration enhancer, allowing other active ingredients in the product to be more effectively absorbed by the skin.

3. Usage Peg 32:

When using products containing PEG-32, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to polyethylene glycol compounds. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with PEG-32, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. It is also advisable to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 9896934, Polyethylene Glycol 32. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polyethylene-glycol-32

- Cosmetics Info. Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs). https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyethylene-glycols-pegs

- Personal Care Council. PEG-32. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/peg-32/

Polysorbate 40

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Polysorbate 40:

Polysorbate 40 is a synthetic compound that belongs to the class of surfactants known as polysorbates. It is derived from sorbitol and oleic acid, and is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and dispersing agent.

2. Use:

Polysorbate 40 is used in cosmetics to help blend together ingredients that are normally immiscible, such as oil and water. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products to create a smooth and uniform texture. Additionally, it can improve the stability and shelf-life of the product by preventing separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Polysorbate 40:

When using cosmetics containing Polysorbate 40, it is important to be aware of any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities. Some individuals may experience irritation or redness when using products with this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before widespread use. It is also advised to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product.

4. References:

- "Polysorbate 40." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-40.

- "Polysorbate 40." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polysorbate-40.

- "Polysorbate 40." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/polysorbate-40.

Hydrogenated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Hydrogenated Lecithin:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a naturally occurring fatty substance found in plants and animals. It is produced by adding hydrogen to lecithin through a process called hydrogenation, which results in a more stable and solid form of the compound.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and surfactant. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance their spreadability and moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare formulations.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- S. R. Kulkarni, L. J. M. Coelho, E. M. R. Fairhurst, A. J. R. Porter, "Hydrogenated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties, Manufacture, and Applications in Drug Delivery," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1681-1691, 2017.

- M. A. G. de Lima, C. A. S. Batista, L. B. de Oliveira, "Hydrogenated Lecithin as a Cosmetic Ingredient: A Review," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2020.

- H. S. R. Silva, E. M. M. Santos, R. A. F. Souza, "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Lecithin in Cosmetics: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 2020.

Peg 6

Function: Solvent, Humectant

1. Definition Peg 6:

Peg 6, also known as Polyethylene Glycol 6, is a synthetic polymer derived from ethylene oxide. It is a water-soluble compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and moisturizer.

2. Use:

Peg 6 is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulations by reducing the surface tension between different ingredients. It is often found in creams, lotions, and serums to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. Peg 6 can also enhance the penetration of other active ingredients into the skin, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

3. Usage Peg 6:

When using products containing Peg 6, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Peg 6, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the instructions on the product label and consult with a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Chemotechnique Diagnostics. (2017). Polyethylene Glycol 6. Retrieved from https://www.chemotechnique.se/products/polyethylene-glycol-6/

- Personal Care Council. (n.d.). Polyethylene Glycols. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/ingredients-dictionary/polyethylene-glycols/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Carbomer

Other name: Carboxypolymethylene; Carbopol; Cabomer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming

1. Definition Carbomer:

Carbomer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and stabilizer. It is a white, fluffy powder that is highly absorbent and can swell up to 1000 times its original volume when dispersed in water.

2. Use:

Carbomer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the stability of emulsions, and enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Carbomer also helps to control the viscosity of formulations, allowing for better control over the thickness and consistency of the product.

3. Usage Carbomer:

When using products containing Carbomer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. Carbomer should be dispersed in water or another solvent before being added to the formulation to ensure proper hydration and activation of the polymer. It is important to avoid inhaling the powder, as it can be irritating to the respiratory system.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., & Jain, A. (2012). Carbomers: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(3), 805-814.

- Liao, Y., & Wang, J. (2017). Carbomer: A versatile polymer in pharmaceutical applications. Polymer Chemistry, 8(3), 355-366.

- Patel, D. (2015). Carbomer in pharmaceuticals: A review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 121-133.

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Laureth 7

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Laureth 7:

Laureth 7 is a polyethylene glycol ether of lauryl alcohol, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It is a mild cleansing agent that helps to remove dirt and oil from the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Laureth 7 is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, and lotions. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture in formulations, allowing for easier application and distribution of active ingredients.

3. Usage Laureth 7:

When using products containing Laureth 7, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with Laureth 7 to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to avoid getting Laureth 7 in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Laureth-7. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/laureth-7

- Personal Care Council. (2007). Safety Assessment of Laureth-7 and PEG-7 Laureate. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr110.pdf

- U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). Laureth-7. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Laureth-7

Polyacrylamide

Other name: Polyacryamide

Function: Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing

1. Definition Polyacrylamide:

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and film-former. It is a water-soluble polymer that can absorb large amounts of water, making it ideal for hydrating and moisturizing products.

2. Use:

Polyacrylamide is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products, allowing for a smooth and even application. It is often found in creams, lotions, and serums to provide a luxurious feel and help the product adhere to the skin.

3. Usage Polyacrylamide:

When using cosmetics containing polyacrylamide, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. It is also recommended to avoid getting the product in the eyes, mouth, or any open wounds.

4. References:

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2014). Safety assessment of acrylamide and polyacrylamides as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 33(2_suppl), 3S-22S.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2005). Final report on the safety assessment of polyacrylamide. International journal of toxicology, 24(2_suppl), 21-50.

- Lode, O., & Dufour, P. (2012). Polyacrylamides in cosmetics: a risk for human health?. Contact dermatitis, 66(6), 330-331.

Sodium Hydroxide

Other name: NaOH

Function: Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Sodium Hydroxide:

Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and cleansing agent.

2. Use:

Sodium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, ensuring that the product is within the desired range for optimal skin compatibility. It is also used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform products. Additionally, sodium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent in skincare products, helping to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Sodium Hydroxide:

When using products containing sodium hydroxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, as it can cause irritation or burns. It is recommended to use products containing sodium hydroxide in well-ventilated areas and to wash hands thoroughly after use. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of sodium hydroxide. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(1), 59S-80S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2020). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-hydroxide/

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-hydroxide

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Bht

Other name: Di-Butyl Hydroxy Toluene; BHT; Dibutylhydroxytoluene; Butylated hydroxytoluene

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant

1. Definition Bht:

Bht, or Butylated Hydroxytoluene, is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in fats and oils.

2. Use:

Bht is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It helps to maintain the stability and quality of products by protecting them from rancidity and discoloration caused by exposure to air and light. Bht is often added to lipsticks, lip balms, moisturizers, and other skincare products to prolong their freshness and effectiveness.

3. Usage Bht:

When using cosmetics containing Bht, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Bht. It is recommended to store Bht-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (1988). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT. International journal of toxicology, 7(5), 669-735.

- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.110

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 31404, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylated-hydroxytoluene

Sodium Citrate

Other name: Sodium Acid Citrate

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Chlorphenesin

Other name: Maolate

Function: Preservative, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide

1. Definition Chlorphenesin:

Chlorphenesin is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and antiseptic agent. It is a white crystalline powder with a mild, pleasant odor.

2. Use:

Chlorphenesin is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various personal care products. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of harmful organisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Chlorphenesin:

Chlorphenesin is typically found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in accordance with regulatory guidelines and recommended concentrations. However, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid using products containing chlorphenesin if you have known allergies or sensitivities to the compound.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of chlorphenesin. Int J Toxicol. 2007;26 Suppl 3:61-72. doi: 10.1080/10915810701663150.

- Personal Care Products Council. Safety Assessment of Chlorphenesin as Used in Cosmetics. 2013. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr126.pdf.

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.822.