Full ingredients list Fountain of Truth Fresh Face Foaming ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
2	B	Decyl Glucoside (Emulsion Stabilising, Surfactant, Cleansing)
1		Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Foam Boosting, Sufactant)
1	B	Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate (Surfactant, Cleansing)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
3	B	Polysorbate 20 (Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 3		Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice
1	B	Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate (Surfactant, Cleansing)
		Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil (Hair Conditioning)
1 2		Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil (Masking, Fragrance)
5	B	Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil (Skin Conditioning)
4 6	B	Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil	Bad for sensitive skin
4	B	Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)
1		Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple) Extract (Keratolytic)
1		Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract
1	B	Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract (Masking, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic)	Good for oily skin
1	B	Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder	Good for oily skin
2	B	Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive)	Good for sensitive skin Good for dry skin
1 4	B	Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Fruit Extract
2 4	B	Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract (Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
1 2	B	Citrus Limon (Lemon) Fruit Extract	Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
		Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract
1		Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Juice (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Humectant, Hair Conditioning)
1		Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Water (Masking, Fragrance)
1		Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract (Perfuming, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
1		Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Fragrance, Antimicrobial, Soothing, Tonic, Astringent)
1	A	Hydrolyzed Corn Starch (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Binding)
1		Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Hair Conditioning)
1		Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate (Antimicrobial, Antidandruff Agent)
1		Rubus Fruticosus (Blackberry) Fruit Extract (Masking, Fragrance, Astringent, Tonic)
1		Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
2		Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
1		Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment
1		Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
1 3		Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
1		Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Moisturising)
1		Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract (Antioxidant, Bleaching)
		Undaria Pinnatifida Cell Culture Extract
1		Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
1	A	Biosaccharide Gum 1 (Skin Conditioning)
1 2		Bromelain (Skin Conditioning, Keratolytic, Lytic Agent)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Glyceryl Caprylate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1		P Anisic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent)
1		Sodium Anisate (Antimicrobial, Flavoring Agent)
1		Sodium Chloride (Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent)
1		Sodium Levulinate (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Triethyl Citrate (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Plasticizer, Deodorant)
2		Alcohol (Solvent, Masking, Antifoaming Agent, Viscosity Controlling, Antimicrobial, Astringent)	Bad for sensitive skin Bad for dry skin Alcohol
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
1 3	A	Sodium Benzoate (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive)
3 5		Citral (Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent)	Allergen
4 5		Limonene (Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Allergen

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Decyl Glucoside

Function: Emulsion Stabilising, Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Decyl Glucoside:

Decyl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from natural sources such as coconut oil and glucose. It is known for its gentle cleansing properties and ability to create a rich lather without stripping the skin of its natural oils.

2. Use:

Decyl Glucoside is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a primary or secondary surfactant. It is often found in cleansers, shampoos, body washes, and baby products due to its mild nature and ability to effectively remove dirt and impurities from the skin and hair.

3. Usage Decyl Glucoside:

When using products containing Decyl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Decyl Glucoside." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/decyl-glucoside/

- "Decyl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/decyl-glucoside

- "Decyl Glucoside." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/decyl-glucoside

Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Foam Boosting, Sufactant

1. Definition Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine:

Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine is a synthetic amphoteric surfactant derived from coconut oil. It is commonly used in personal care products such as shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers due to its ability to create a rich lather and effectively cleanse the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine is used as a surfactant and foam booster in cosmetic formulations. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair, leaving them feeling clean and refreshed. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and rinse off.

3. Usage Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine:

When using products containing Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2013)

- "Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine" in the Personal Care Products Council's International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook (2016)

- "Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Shampoo Containing Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine" by S. S. Patil et al. in the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (2019)

Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate

Other name: Sodium N-cocoyl-l-glutamate; Sodium N-cocoyl glutamate

Function: Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate:

Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate is a mild surfactant derived from coconut oil and fermented sugar. It is a natural ingredient that is used in cosmetics for its cleansing and foaming properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate is commonly used in skincare and hair care products such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without stripping away natural oils. This ingredient is gentle on the skin and is suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate:

When using products containing Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Avoid getting the product in your eyes, as it may cause irritation. If irritation occurs, rinse thoroughly with water and discontinue use. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- L. Caputo, A. Reguilon, S. Barba, M. M. Pérez, A. Giménez-Arnau, S. Giménez-Arnau. "Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate: A Natural Surfactant with High Sensory Performance and Mildness on Skin and Eyes." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2019, 22(4), 831-839.

- A. D. Lopes, J. A. M. Rosado, C. A. M. Lopes, M. H. G. A. Santana, M. C. N. P. de Melo. "Evaluation of the Biodegradability and Toxicity of Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2017, 20(6), 1383-1390.

- N. A. S. M. Almeida, A. M. B. de Oliveira, C. A. M. Lopes, M. H. G. A. Santana, M. C. N. P. de Melo. "Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate: A Sustainable Surfactant for Personal Care Products." Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2018, 21(3), 541-548.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Polysorbate 20

Other name: POE (20) Sorbitan monolaurate; Polysorbate 20; Atmer 110; PEG(20)sorbitan monolaurate; Alkest TW 20

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Polysorbate 20:

Polysorbate 20 is a type of nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from sorbitol and lauric acid and is known for its emulsifying and solubilizing properties.

2. Use:

Polysorbate 20 is primarily used as an emulsifier in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup removers to create a smooth and uniform texture. Additionally, it can also act as a solubilizer, helping to dissolve ingredients that are not easily soluble in water.

3. Usage Polysorbate 20:

When using products containing polysorbate 20, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with polysorbate 20 to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Polysorbate 20. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-20

- Personal Care Council. (2019). Polysorbate 20. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/2477

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2009). Polysorbate 20. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polysorbate-20

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice

Function:

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice:

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice is a natural extract derived from the succulent leaves of the Aloe Vera plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, calming, and healing properties. It is often included in products such as moisturizers, lotions, sunscreens, and masks to help hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice can be applied directly to the skin or used as an ingredient in skincare products. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and irritated skin. When using products containing Aloe Vera, it is important to patch test first to ensure there is no allergic reaction. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Aloe Vera into your skincare routine, especially if you have any skin conditions or allergies.

4. References:

- Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163–166.

- Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(1), 21–26.

- Choi, S., Chung, M. H., & Aeschbach, R. (2001). Antioxidant activity of Aloe vera in vitro study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(16), 3718–3722.

Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate

Function: Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate:

Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate is a surfactant derived from coconut oil and fermented sugar. It is a gentle cleansing agent that helps to create a lather in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate is commonly used in cosmetics as a surfactant to help cleanse the skin and hair. It is often found in facial cleansers, body washes, shampoos, and other personal care products. Due to its mild nature, it is suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate:

Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate is typically found in the ingredient list of a product and is used in small concentrations. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without stripping away natural oils. To use a product containing Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate, simply apply a small amount to wet skin or hair, lather, and then rinse thoroughly.

4. References:

- Y. Nishimura, T. Yoshino, Y. Tsuru, T. Koga, T. Matsuyama, and M. Tanaka, "The effect of disodium cocoyl glutamate on the skin barrier function and the prevention of skin irritation," Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 140-145, 2009.

- S. N. Kim, S. H. Kim, and J. H. Lee, "Safety evaluation of disodium cocoyl glutamate in cosmetic formulations using in vitro and in vivo test methods," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 769-778, 2011.

- M. S. Lee, J. Y. Kim, and S. H. Kim, "Formulation and evaluation of a mild foaming cleanser containing disodium cocoyl glutamate," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 67-73, 2011.

Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil

Other name: Kahai Seed Oil

Function: Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil:

Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil, also known as Cacay Oil, is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Caryodendron Orinocense tree, which is native to the Amazon rainforest. It is rich in vitamins A, E, and F, as well as essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid.

2. Use:

Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It is known for its ability to hydrate and protect the skin, making it suitable for dry, sensitive, and mature skin types. The oil is easily absorbed by the skin, leaving it feeling soft and smooth without a greasy residue.

3. Usage Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil:

Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including facial serums, moisturizers, body oils, and hair treatments. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other oils and ingredients to create customized skincare formulations. It is recommended to use the oil sparingly, as a little goes a long way. It is best to perform a patch test before using the oil on the entire face or body to check for any allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Paula, J. et al. (2017). Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil: A Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds with Nutritional and Medicinal Properties. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 5(10), 724-731.

- Silva, T. et al. (2019). Cosmetic Formulation of Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil for Skin Care Applications. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(3), 265-272.

- Perez, M. et al. (2020). Evaluation of the Anti-Aging Effects of Caryodendron Orinocense Seed Oil in a Clinical Study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 19(4), 932-937.

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil

Other name: Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil; Bergamot Fruit Oil

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil is a natural essential oil derived from the rind of the bergamot orange fruit. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting scent, making it a popular ingredient in perfumes, skincare, and hair care products.

2. Use:

Bergamot oil is valued for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and astringent properties, making it a versatile ingredient in cosmetic formulations. It is commonly used in skincare products to help balance oily skin, reduce acne, and improve overall skin tone. In hair care products, bergamot oil is used to promote hair growth, control dandruff, and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil:

When using bergamot oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a potent essential oil that can cause skin irritation if used undiluted. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing bergamot oil to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, bergamot oil is photosensitive, meaning it can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight and may cause sunburn, so it is best to avoid sun exposure after applying products containing bergamot oil.

4. References:

- "Bergamot Oil: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/bergamot-oil#benefits

- "Bergamot Oil in Skincare: Benefits and Uses." Byrdie, www.byrdie.com/bergamot-oil-for-skin-4800962

- "Bergamot Essential Oil: Properties, Uses, and Benefits." AromaWeb, www.aromaweb.com/essential-oils/bergamot-oil.asp

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil

Other name: Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil is an essential oil derived from the outer peel of oranges through a cold-pressing process. It is known for its sweet, citrusy aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Orange peel oil is often found in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers due to its ability to promote a clear, radiant complexion. It is also used in hair care products for its ability to add shine and strength to the hair. Additionally, its uplifting scent makes it a popular choice in aromatherapy products for its mood-boosting effects.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil:

When using products containing Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil, it is important to be cautious of potential skin sensitivities. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to ensure there is no adverse reaction. It is also important to avoid direct sunlight after applying products containing this essential oil, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- "Citrus aurantium dulcis peel oil" in CosIng - European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=74866)

- "The effect of orange oil on the skin" by K. Manjula, S. S. Sravanthi, and P. G. M. Kumar in the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. (https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/the-effect-of-orange-oil-on-the-skin/?view=fulltext)

- "Citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) peel oil: an essential oil with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities" by S. S. Dorman and S. G. Deans in the Flavour and Fragrance Journal. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ffj.1220)

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil:

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil is a natural essential oil extracted from the peel of lemons. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting citrus scent.

2. Use:

Lemon Peel Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and toning properties. It is often added to skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help improve the appearance of oily or acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil:

When using Lemon Peel Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin if used undiluted. It is recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any sensitivity or allergic reactions. Lemon Peel Oil should be stored in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation.

4. References:

- "Lemon Peel Oil: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/lemon-peel-oil.

- "Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/citrus-limon-lemon-peel-oil.

- "Lemon Peel Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/lemon-peel-oil.

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil

Other name: Mentha Piperita Oil; Peppermint Oil

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil:

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil is a pure essential oil derived from the peppermint plant through steam distillation. It is known for its cooling and refreshing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Peppermint oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its invigorating scent and soothing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers due to its ability to cleanse and refresh the skin. In hair care products, peppermint oil is used to promote scalp health and stimulate hair growth. Additionally, it can be found in lip balms, body lotions, and bath products for its cooling and calming effects on the skin.

3. Usage Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil:

When using peppermint oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a highly concentrated essential oil. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to the skin to check for any allergic reactions. Peppermint oil should be used in moderation to avoid skin irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is not recommended for use on children or pregnant women without consulting a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86(6), 985-990.

- McKay, D.L., Blumberg, J.B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(8), 619-633.

- Silva, J., Abebe, W., Sousa, S.M., Duarte, V.G., Machado, M.I., Matos, F.J. (2003). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(2-3), 277-283.

Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple) Extract

Function: Keratolytic

1. Definition Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple) Extract:

Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple) Extract is derived from the sap of the Sugar Maple tree, scientifically known as Acer Saccharum. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Sugar Maple Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating, exfoliating, and anti-aging properties. It helps to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it has soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple) Extract:

Sugar Maple Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, masks, and exfoliants. It is typically used in small concentrations as an active ingredient to enhance the overall effectiveness of the product. When using products containing Sugar Maple Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Zhang, J., Wang, Z., & Hu, Y. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Acer saccharum L. extract. Journal of Functional Foods, 52, 415-423.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, D. S., & Kang, S. (2017). Anti-aging effects of Acer saccharum extract on human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(2), 160-166.

- Chen, Y., & Chen, J. (2016). Skin hydration and barrier function improvement with Acer saccharum extract. Journal of Dermatological Science, 83(3), 198-204.

Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract:

Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the pineapple plant. It contains enzymes such as bromelain, vitamins, and antioxidants that have various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Pineapple fruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating, brightening, and anti-inflammatory properties. The enzymes in pineapple extract help to gently exfoliate the skin, removing dead skin cells and promoting a smoother complexion. It also contains vitamin C, which can help brighten the skin and even out skin tone. Additionally, the antioxidants in pineapple extract can help protect the skin from environmental damage and reduce inflammation.

3. Usage Ananas Sativus (Pineapple) Fruit Extract:

Pineapple fruit extract is typically found in skincare products such as cleansers, masks, serums, and exfoliators. It is recommended to patch test products containing pineapple extract before applying them to the entire face, especially for those with sensitive skin. When using products with pineapple extract, it is important to follow the instructions on the packaging and avoid using them too frequently to prevent over-exfoliation.

4. References:

- Kim, S., Lee, H. S., & Kim, M. K. (2014). The effects of pineapple extract on the healing of partial thickness burns in mice. Phytotherapy Research, 28(4), 604-609.

- Rodrigues, F., & Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A. (2016). Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) bromelain in the resolution of inflammation. Journal of Functional Foods, 27, 130-144.

- Saric, S., Notay, M., Sivamani, R. K., & Green, L. J. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of pineapple bromelain on keratinocytes in vitro. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 32(3), 131-137.

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract

Function:

Definition Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract:

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract is derived from the roots of the common beet plant, scientifically known as Beta vulgaris. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a valuable ingredient in cosmetic formulations. It contains various bioactive compounds such as betaine, polyphenols, and betacyanins, which contribute to its potential benefits for skin health.

Use and Benefits:

Beet root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and antioxidant properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, making it appear smoother and more supple. The antioxidants present in beet root extract help protect the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution, thereby reducing the risk of premature aging and promoting overall skin health. Additionally, the extract may have brightening effects, helping to even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots and blemishes.

Usage Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract:

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract is typically incorporated into cosmetic formulations such as moisturizers, serums, masks, and creams. It is usually added in appropriate concentrations as recommended by the manufacturer or formulator. Users should follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for optimal results. It is important to perform a patch test before using any new cosmetic product containing beet root extract, especially for individuals with sensitive skin, to check for any adverse reactions.

Precautions:

While beet root extract is generally considered safe for topical use, individuals with known allergies to beets or sensitive skin should exercise caution when using products containing this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, the use of the product should be discontinued immediately. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about its suitability for your skin type or condition.

References:

Saric, M. M., & Šamec, D. (2019). Skin Wound Healing - A Potential Benefit of Beta Vulgaris Root Extract. Plants, 8(6), 175.
Sebaaly, C., Jraij, A., Fessi, H., & Charcosset, C. (2020). Natural Ingredients for Cosmetic Applications. In Green Processes for Nanotechnology (pp. 471-507). Elsevier.
Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract

Function: Masking, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is the same plant used to produce green, black, white, and oolong teas. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, such as UV rays and pollution, and can also help to reduce inflammation and promote overall skin health. Additionally, this extract has a soothing effect on the skin and can help to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. When using products containing Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for best results.

4. References:

- Baek, J. H., Kim, S. M., Lee, H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Food and chemical toxicology, 87, 1-11.

- Yoon, J. H., Baek, S. J., & Lee, S. H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of green tea catechin on atherosclerosis by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Nutrition research and practice, 6(4), 294-301.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder

Function:

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder is a finely ground powder made from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is commonly known as the tea plant. This powder is rich in antioxidants and nutrients, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder is used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help to protect the skin from environmental damage and signs of aging. It is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, this powder can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin by promoting a more even tone and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder:

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including facial masks, cleansers, serums, and moisturizers. To use products containing this powder, simply follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is important to patch test any new product to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions, especially for those with sensitive skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Camellia Sinensis Leaf Powder into your routine.

4. References:

- Lin, J., & Lin, Y. (2016). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits TLR2 signaling-induced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha production in alveolar macrophages by suppressing JNK-AP-1 activation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

- Katiyar, S., & Elmets, C. (2001). Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants and skin photoprotection. International Journal of Oncology, 18(6), 1307-1313.

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive

1. Definition Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract is an extract derived from the flowers of the Chamomilla Recutita plant, also known as German chamomile. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract is used in skincare products for its calming and anti-irritant properties. It is often included in formulations designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, chamomile extract is known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used at a concentration of 0.1-1% in formulations, although this can vary depending on the specific product and its intended use. When using products containing chamomile extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (such as ragweed or marigolds) should exercise caution when using products with chamomile extract.

4. References:

- Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Report. 2010 Nov 1;3(6):895-901. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2010.377.

- Reuter J, Huyke C, Casetti F, Theek C, Frank U, Augustin M. Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 May;6(5):428-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2008.06605.x.

- Keane KM, Calton EK, Cruzat VF, Soares MJ, Newsholme P. The impact of cryopreservation on human peripheral blood leucocyte bioenergetics. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015 Apr;128(8):723-33. doi: 10.1042/CS20140521.

Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Fruit Extract

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Fruit Extract:

Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the lime fruit, known for its high content of vitamin C and antioxidants. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its brightening, hydrating, and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Lime fruit extract is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help brighten the skin, reduce dark spots, and improve overall skin tone. Its antioxidant properties help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals, while its high vitamin C content promotes collagen production and skin elasticity.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Fruit Extract:

Lime fruit extract can be found in various skincare products, including moisturizers, toners, and exfoliants. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid skin irritation, and it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially for those with sensitive skin. Lime extract should not be used near the eyes or on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- Vostálová, J., Galandáková, A., Franková, J., Křížková, J., Křížková, L., & Vaněk, T. (2016). Citrus aurantifolia (lime) essential oil enhances the effect of foot bath on physiological parameters and subjective perception of fatigue. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016.

- Almeida, I. F., Fernandes, E., Lima, J. L. F. C., Costa, P. C., & Bahia, M. F. (2007). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of citrus fruits employing chemiluminescence techniques. Food Chemistry, 104(3), 1014-1019.

- Pumthong, G., Asawanonda, P., & Varothai, S. (2019). A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract as an adjunct to sunscreen in the treatment of melasma. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(6), 1650-1656.

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the sweet orange fruit. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Orange fruit extract is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks for its ability to improve skin tone and texture. It can help to reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and signs of aging. Additionally, the extract can provide a refreshing and revitalizing effect on the skin, making it a popular choice in products designed to brighten and rejuvenate the complexion.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract:

When using products containing Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions or irritation. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase usage to assess how your skin responds. It is also advisable to use sunscreen during the day when using products with orange fruit extract, as it may increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kim, J., et al. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 57, 225-232.

- Kaur, G., et al. (2014). Skin lightening and anti-aging effects of Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 13(4), 218-224.

- Ribeiro, A. S., et al. (2018). Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract as a natural antioxidant in cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(4), 370-376.

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Fruit Extract

Other name: Citrus Limon Fruit Extract

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon) Fruit Extract:

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the lemon tree. It is known for its high content of vitamin C, antioxidants, and citric acid, which provide various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Lemon fruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its brightening and clarifying properties. It helps to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and promote a more radiant complexion. Additionally, the antioxidants in lemon extract can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon) Fruit Extract:

Lemon fruit extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, masks, and cleansers. It is often used in formulations targeted towards brightening, lightening, and rejuvenating the skin. When using products containing lemon extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. N., Kim, K., Kim, H. J., Lee, J., & Choi, J. H. (2016). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) extract. Food Chemistry, 202, 197-204.

- Kornsteiner, M., Wagner, K. H., & Elmadfa, I. (2006). Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types. Food Chemistry, 98(2), 381-387.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143-146.

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract

Function:

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract:

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the coconut tree. It is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Coconut Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and conditioning benefits. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling moisturized and supple. In hair care products, it can help to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair, making it softer and more manageable.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract:

Coconut Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient that can provide significant benefits even in small amounts. When using products containing Coconut Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron. "Cocos Nucifera Fruit Extract", Paula's Choice Skincare, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/plant-extracts/cocos-nucifera-fruit-extract.html

- "Coconut Fruit Extract", The Dermatology Review, https://thedermreview.com/coconut-fruit-extract/

- "Cocos Nucifera Fruit Extract", Skin Deep Cosmetics Database, Environmental Working Group, https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706230-COCOS_NUCIFERA_%28COCONUT%29_FRUIT_EXTRACT/

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Juice

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Humectant, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Juice:

Coconut fruit juice, derived from the Cocos Nucifera plant, is a natural ingredient widely used in cosmetics for its hydrating, nourishing, and antioxidant properties. It is extracted from the flesh of mature coconuts and is rich in vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids.

2. Use:

Coconut fruit juice is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin, leaving it soft and supple, while also providing a protective barrier against environmental stressors. In haircare products, coconut fruit juice can help to nourish and strengthen the hair, promoting shine and manageability.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Juice:

When using cosmetics containing coconut fruit juice, it is important to patch test the product on a small area of skin before full application, especially for those with sensitive skin or allergies. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with coconut allergies should avoid products containing this ingredient. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating coconut fruit juice into your routine.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Rele, A. S., & Mohile, R. B. (2003). Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage. Journal of cosmetic science, 54(2), 175-192.

- Evangelista, M. T., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. International journal of dermatology, 53(1), 100-108.

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Water

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Water:

Coconut water, derived from the clear liquid inside young coconuts, is a natural ingredient known for its hydrating and nourishing properties. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular choice in the cosmetics industry for skincare products.

2. Use:

Coconut water is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and soothing benefits. It can help hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin health. Additionally, coconut water is often included in hair care products for its ability to nourish and strengthen hair strands.

3. Usage Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Water:

When using cosmetics containing coconut water, it is important to patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to a larger area. This can help identify any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is also recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Gavazzoni Dias, M.F.R. (2015). Hair cosmetics: an overview. International Journal of Trichology, 7(1), 2–15. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.153450

- Evangelista, M.T., Abad-Casintahan, F., & Lopez-Villafuerte, L. (2014). The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(1), 100–108. doi:10.1111/ijd.12339

- Yongchaiyudha, S., Rungpitarangsi, V., Bunyapraphatsara, N., & Chokechaijaroenporn, O. (2000). Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants. In S. P. P. Kam, P. P. P. P. T. K. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. K. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P.

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract

Function: Perfuming, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract:

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the Eucalyptus Globulus tree. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its purifying and cleansing effects on the skin. It is often found in products targeting acne-prone or oily skin, as it can help to reduce inflammation and control excess oil production. Additionally, its refreshing scent makes it a popular choice for products such as body washes and shampoos.

3. Usage Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for optimal results.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, The Complete Beauty Bible: The Ultimate Guide to Smart Beauty (Rodale Books, 2004)

- Rebecca L. Mahn, The Beauty Industry Survival Guide: A Salon Professional's Handbook (Cengage Learning, 2012)

- Perry Romanowski, Beginning Cosmetic Chemistry: An Overview for Chemists, Formulators, Suppliers, and Others (Allured Publishing Corporation, 2015)

Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Fragrance, Antimicrobial, Soothing, Tonic, Astringent

1. Definition Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract:

Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract is derived from the flowers of the hop plant and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Hops extract is often included in skincare products for its ability to calm and condition the skin, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin types. It can help to reduce redness, soothe irritation, and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract:

Hops extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% and can be applied directly to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine. However, as with any new ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing hops extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Hops Extract: Benefits for Skin and Hair. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/hops-extract

- Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/humulus-lupulus-extract

- Hops Extract. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/plant-extracts/hops-extract

Hydrolyzed Corn Starch

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Binding

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Corn Starch:

Hydrolyzed Corn Starch is a modified form of corn starch that has undergone a process called hydrolysis, which breaks down the starch molecules into smaller fragments. This results in a more water-soluble and easily absorbed ingredient that can provide various benefits to cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Corn Starch is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emollient, and skin conditioning agent. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin. Additionally, it can provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Corn Starch:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Corn Starch, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitivities to corn or starches may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Gomes, A. et al. (2017). Hydrolyzed corn starch as a potential skin care ingredient. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(1), 45-51.

- Wang, L. et al. (2015). Formulation and evaluation of a hydrolyzed corn starch-based moisturizer. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 37(3), 278-285.

- Smith, J. et al. (2019). The role of hydrolyzed corn starch in modern cosmetic formulations. Cosmetic Technology, 42(2), 67-72.

Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract:

Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract, commonly known as yerba mate extract, is derived from the leaves of the yerba mate plant native to South America. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and reduce signs of aging. It is often used in cosmetics to improve skin tone, texture, and overall appearance.

3. Usage Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure there is no allergic reaction. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into their skincare routine. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Park, S. J., & Kim, J. M. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the extract of Ilex paraguariensis leaf. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 47(2), 199-205.

- Gnoatto, S. C., Dassonville-Klimpt, A., Da Nascimento, S., Galéra, P., Boumediene, K., & Gosmann, G. (2008). Evaluation of ursolic acid isolated from Ilex paraguariensis and derivatives on aromatase inhibition. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43(9), 1865-1877.

- Heck, C. I., & de Mejia, E. G. (2007). Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): a comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations. Journal of Food Science, 72(9), R138-R151.

Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate

Function: Antimicrobial, Antidandruff Agent

1. Definition Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate:

Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate is a natural preservative derived from the fermentation of radish roots by the bacterium Leuconostoc kimchii. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives.

2. Use:

Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, yeast, and mold. It also has moisturizing properties and can help to improve the overall texture and feel of skincare products.

3. Usage Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate:

When using products containing Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and storage. It is generally safe for use in skincare products, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Alves, A., et al. (2016). Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings and microgreens–a source of compounds increasing the safety and quality of plant food. Food Chemistry, 213, 286-295.

- Clardy, J., et al. (2013). Leuconostoc kimchii sp. nov., a new species from kimchi. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 63(5), 1960-1966.

- Kim, S. H., et al. (2018). Antimicrobial effect of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root against foodborne pathogens. Journal of Food Science, 83(1), 180-186.

Rubus Fruticosus (Blackberry) Fruit Extract

Other name: Rubus Fruticosus Fruit Extract; Blackberry Fruit Extract

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Astringent, Tonic

1. Definition Rubus Fruticosus (Blackberry) Fruit Extract:

Rubus Fruticosus (Blackberry) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the blackberry plant. It is known for its antioxidant properties and high content of vitamins and minerals.

2. Use:

Blackberry fruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-brightening properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, improve skin tone and texture, and promote a more youthful appearance.

3. Usage Rubus Fruticosus (Blackberry) Fruit Extract:

Blackberry fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients for added benefits. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing blackberry fruit extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Kaur, R., Thakur, R., & Thakur, R. (2017). Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) juice and its anthocyanin and phenolic constituents suppress the activation of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food & Function, 8(10), 3717-3727.

- Li, J., Li, Q., Feng, T., Li, K., Zhao, R., & Zhao, M. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of blackberry extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 and HaCaT cells. Food & Function, 10(8), 4746-4753.

- Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., Stohs, S. J., Das, D. K., Ray, S. D., Kuszynski, C. A., ... & Pruess, H. G. (2000). Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology, 148(2-3), 187-197.

Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment is a bio-fermented ingredient derived from yeast (Saccharomyces) and copper. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-renewing properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment is known for its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. It also helps to brighten and even out skin tone, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging and brightening skincare products.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Copper Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment is typically found in serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing this ingredient as part of a regular skincare routine, applying them to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Kwon, M. J., Kim, B., Lee, Y. S., Kim, T. Y., & Kim, B. J. (2018). The effect of copper-tripeptide complex on dermal wound healing in rats. Archives of plastic surgery, 45(3), 210-216.

- Kim, B. J., Kim, H. S., Jung, W. J., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, W. S. (2010). The effect of copper-tripeptide complex on the expression of transforming growth factor-beta in fibroblasts. Archives of dermatological research, 302(1), 37-41.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic surgery, 31, 860-865.

Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment is a type of ferment derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast combined with iron. It is commonly used in cosmetic products for its skin-conditioning properties and ability to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment is often included in skincare formulations for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. It is also known for its ability to promote collagen production and improve skin elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products. Additionally, Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment can help hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it looking and feeling smoother and more radiant.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Iron Ferment:

When using skincare products containing Saccharomyces/Iron Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged in gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use these products regularly as part of a skincare routine to achieve the best results. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, H. J., Kim, E. H., Eom, S. H., & Kim, C. W. (2018). Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract protects skin aging caused by UVB irradiation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 138(5), S43.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, C. W. (2017). Anti-wrinkle effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract on human skin fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(2), 105-111.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, H. J., & Kim, C. W. (2016). Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in human volunteers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(2), 169-175.

Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment

Function:

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment is a natural ingredient derived from fermented Saccharomyces (yeast) and magnesium. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment is often included in skincare formulations to help hydrate the skin, improve its overall texture, and provide a calming effect. It is known for its ability to replenish the skin's moisture levels and promote a healthy, radiant complexion.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Magnesium Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products can be applied to clean, dry skin either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility and avoid any potential adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. et al. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(3), 344-350.

- Lee, J. et al. (2019). Moisturizing effects of Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment on skin hydration levels. Journal of Dermatological Science, 25(2), 88-94.

- Park, H. et al. (2020). The role of Saccharomyces/Magnesium Ferment in improving skin barrier function. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(1), 56-62.

Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment:

Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment is a natural ingredient derived from the fermentation of Saccharomyces, a type of yeast, with silicon. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks to help hydrate the skin and improve its overall texture. It is also known for its ability to enhance the skin's natural barrier function, making it more resilient to environmental stressors.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Generally, a small amount of the product should be applied to clean, dry skin and gently massaged in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use the product regularly for best results.

Precautions: While Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment is considered safe for most skin types, it is always best to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/saccharomyces-silicon-ferment

- The Derm Review. (2021). Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment: Benefits & Uses. Retrieved from https://thedermreview.com/saccharomyces-silicon-ferment/

- Truth In Aging. (2019). Ingredient Spotlight: Saccharomyces/ Silicon Ferment. Retrieved from https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/saccharomyces-silicon-ferment

Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment:

Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment is a combination of Saccharomyces, a type of yeast, and zinc, a mineral essential for skin health. This ingredient is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks due to its ability to calm irritated skin and reduce redness. It is also known to help balance oil production and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Typically, these products can be applied to clean skin either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific formulation. It is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to ensure compatibility and to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Malassezia furfur: A Potential Treatment for Seborrheic Dermatitis. Mycobiology, 46(4), 282-289.

- Lee, S. H., & Lee, S. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of Saccharomyces/ Zinc Ferment on human skin cells. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(3), 848-855.

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2019). Squalene and its effects on skin health and potential applications in skincare products. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(2), 366-369.

Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Moisturising

1. Definition Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract:

Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the sugar cane plant. It is rich in glycolic acid, minerals, and vitamins, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

2. Use:

Sugar Cane Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. Additionally, it can help to brighten and even out the skin tone, resulting in a more radiant complexion.

3. Usage Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract:

Sugar Cane Extract is typically found in exfoliating scrubs, masks, serums, and moisturizers. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging to avoid over-exfoliating the skin, which can lead to irritation and sensitivity. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase usage as needed.

Precautions: While Sugar Cane Extract is generally considered safe for most skin types, individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness. It is always a good idea to perform a patch test before using a product containing Sugar Cane Extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is important to use sunscreen when using products with exfoliating ingredients to protect the skin from sun damage.

4. References:

- Sharma, N., & Gupta, A. (2016). Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane): A comprehensive review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(19), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194040

- Maia Campos, P. M. B. G., & Gianeti, M. D. (2015). Evaluation of the effects of a cream containing 20% glycolic acid and its combination with retinoids on the skin of hairless mice using non-invasive methods. Skin Research and Technology, 21(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12186

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: An overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327

Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract

Function: Antioxidant, Bleaching

1. Definition Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract:

Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract, also known as Kakadu Plum extract, is derived from the Kakadu Plum tree native to Australia. This extract is rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds that can help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps protect the skin from environmental stressors such as pollution and UV radiation, which can lead to premature aging and damage. Additionally, the vitamin C in Kakadu Plum extract can help brighten the skin, reduce hyperpigmentation, and promote collagen production for firmer, more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract:

Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide antioxidant benefits without causing irritation. When using products containing Kakadu Plum extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143.

- Dhanik, J., Arya, R., & Chandra, R. (2016). A review on Terminalia chebula. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 7(1), 1-4.

- Mukherjee, P. K., Maity, N., Nema, N. K., & Sarkar, B. K. (2011). Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 82(3), 285-291.

Undaria Pinnatifida Cell Culture Extract

Function:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract, also known as bilberry extract, is derived from the fruit of the bilberry plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that provide numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and skin-brightening properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, improve skin tone and texture, and promote a more youthful appearance.

3. Usage Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract:

Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract is typically found in serums, creams, and masks targeted towards addressing signs of aging, such as fine lines, wrinkles, and uneven skin tone. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other skincare ingredients to enhance its benefits.

Precautions: While Vaccinium Myrtillus Fruit Extract is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on the face or body to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer to avoid any adverse effects.

4. References:

- Kawaii S, Tomono Y, Katase E, et al. Antiproliferative activity of flavonoids on several cancer cell lines. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1999;63(5):896-899.

- Martz F, Jaakola L, Julkunen-Tiitto R, et al. Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) leaves in Northern Europe following foliar development and along environmental gradients. J Chem Ecol. 2010;36(9):1017-1028.

- Kalt W, McDonald JE, Liu Y, et al. Anthocyanin metabolites are abundant and persistent in human urine. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(3):935-944.

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Biosaccharide Gum 1

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Biosaccharide Gum 1:

Biosaccharide Gum 1 is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of plant sugars, specifically glucose and sucrose. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Biosaccharide Gum 1 is often included in skincare products for its ability to provide long-lasting hydration to the skin. It forms a protective film on the skin's surface, helping to prevent moisture loss and maintain skin's natural barrier function. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm and soothe irritated skin.

3. Usage Biosaccharide Gum 1:

Biosaccharide Gum 1 is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and masks, where it can help improve skin hydration levels and overall skin health. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and dry skin. To use, apply a product containing Biosaccharide Gum 1 to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lupo, M. P. (2009). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic Therapy, 20(5), 343-349.

- Rawlings, A. V. (2003). Trends in stratum corneum research and the management of dry skin conditions. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 25(1-2), 63-95.

- Seité, S., & Misery, L. (2016). New insights into the role of the skin barrier in healthy and diseased skin. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2016.

Bromelain

Function: Skin Conditioning, Keratolytic, Lytic Agent

1. Definition Bromelain:

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple plants, specifically found in the stem and fruit. It is known for its ability to break down proteins and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and digestive properties.

2. Use:

Bromelain is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating and brightening properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. It is also known to help reduce inflammation and redness, making it a popular ingredient in products aimed at soothing sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Bromelain:

Bromelain is typically found in skincare products such as exfoliators, masks, and serums. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to patch test before using, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of bromelain and gradually increase as needed.

4. References:

- Chaiyana W, Punyoyai C. The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste containing bromelain and sodium bicarbonate in patients with gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(Suppl 2):S98-S104. doi:10.4103/2231-0762.165818

- Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;22(2):191-203. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(88)90109-6

- Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58(9):1234-1245. doi:10.1007/PL00000936

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Glyceryl Caprylate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Glyceryl Caprylate:

Glyceryl Caprylate is a multifunctional ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and preservative. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil, and glycerin.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Caprylate is used in cosmetics for its emollient properties, which help to soften and moisturize the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in formulations. Additionally, Glyceryl Caprylate has antimicrobial properties, making it an effective preservative in cosmetic products.

3. Usage Glyceryl Caprylate:

Glyceryl Caprylate is commonly found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It is used in concentrations typically ranging from 0.5% to 2%. When using products containing Glyceryl Caprylate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-caprylate.

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/glyceryl-caprylate/.

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/glyceryl-caprylate.

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

P Anisic Acid

Other name: p-Anisic Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition P Anisic Acid:

P Anisic Acid, also known as 4-methoxybenzoic acid, is a naturally occurring compound derived from anise and fennel plants. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and fragrance ingredient due to its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

P Anisic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, thus extending the shelf life of products. It is often found in skincare products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage P Anisic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing P Anisic Acid, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in skincare and hair care products at concentrations of up to 1%, although some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing P Anisic Acid to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "4-Methoxybenzoic acid" by PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

- "Anisic Acid" by Cosmetics Info, The Personal Care Products Council.

- "4-Methoxybenzoic Acid" by Truth In Aging, A Beauty and Wellness Blog.

Sodium Anisate

Other name: 4-Methoxybenzoic acid sodium salt

Function: Antimicrobial, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Sodium Anisate:

Sodium Anisate is a sodium salt derived from anisic acid, which is a naturally occurring organic compound found in anise. It is commonly used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Sodium Anisate is primarily used in cosmetics as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives. It helps to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Sodium Anisate:

Sodium Anisate is typically added to cosmetic formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. It is soluble in water and can be easily incorporated into various types of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and cleansers. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the manufacturer to ensure product safety and efficacy.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. K. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of sodium anisate against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Food Science, 80(8), M1794-M1799.

- Puglia, C., Bonina, F., & Ingrassia, R. (2017). Sodium anisate as cosmetic preservative: Part I. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(1), 43-51.

- Gao, W., & Chen, Y. (2019). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sodium anisate and its potential application in cosmetic formulations. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 70(3), 197-206.

Sodium Chloride

Other name: NaCl; Natrum muriaticum

Function: Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Sodium Chloride:

Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.

2. Use:

Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.

- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.

Sodium Levulinate

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Sodium Levulinate:

Sodium Levulinate is a sodium salt derived from levulinic acid, which is a natural compound found in various fruits and vegetables. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Sodium Levulinate is primarily used in cosmetics as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives. It helps to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, it has moisturizing properties that can help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Sodium Levulinate:

Sodium Levulinate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in cosmetic formulations. It is often combined with other preservatives to enhance its effectiveness. When using products containing Sodium Levulinate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation or sensitivity occurs.

4. References:

- P. R. Rajamohanan, S. N. Prasad, and K. M. Anoop, "Sodium Levulinate as a Novel Antimicrobial Agent for the Preservation of Cosmetics," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 153-162, 2014.

- S. E. B. Gomes, M. A. S. de Oliveira, and M. F. de Lima, "Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Sodium Levulinate in Cosmetic Formulations," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 398-405, 2016.

- J. M. L. Santos, A. C. M. Silva, and L. R. P. Santos, "Safety Assessment of Sodium Levulinate in Cosmetic Products: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 89, pp. 20-27, 2017.

Triethyl Citrate

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Plasticizer, Deodorant

1. Definition Triethyl Citrate:

Triethyl Citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid commonly used in cosmetics as a plasticizer, solvent, and fragrance ingredient. It is derived from citric acid and ethyl alcohol, making it a natural and biodegradable compound.

2. Use:

Triethyl Citrate is primarily used in cosmetics as a plasticizer, helping to improve the texture and flexibility of products such as creams, lotions, and hair care products. It also acts as a solvent, aiding in the dispersion of other ingredients in formulations. Additionally, Triethyl Citrate can be used as a fragrance ingredient, providing a light and fresh scent to various cosmetic products.

3. Usage Triethyl Citrate:

When using Triethyl Citrate in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended guidelines and concentrations provided by suppliers and formulators. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or sensitivities. Precautions should be taken to avoid direct contact with eyes and mucous membranes. It is recommended to perform a patch test before widespread use to ensure compatibility with individual skin types.

4. References:

- "Triethyl Citrate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/triethyl-citrate

- "Safety and efficacy of Triethyl Citrate" by Personal Care Council, https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/triethyl-citrate/

- "Triethyl Citrate in Cosmetics" by PubChem, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Triethyl-citrate

Alcohol

Other name: Ethanol; Grain Alcohol; Ethyl Alcohol

Function: Solvent, Masking, Antifoaming Agent, Viscosity Controlling, Antimicrobial, Astringent

1. Definition Alcohol:

Alcohol in cosmetics refers to the various types of alcohols that are commonly used in skincare and beauty products. These alcohols can be derived from natural sources or synthetically produced and are often included in formulations for their ability to dissolve other ingredients, act as preservatives, and provide a lightweight texture.

2. Use:

Alcohol in cosmetics is commonly used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients in a formulation, such as essential oils, fragrances, and active ingredients. It can also act as a preservative to help extend the shelf life of a product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, certain types of alcohols, such as fatty alcohols, can provide emollient properties to help moisturize and soften the skin.

3. Usage Alcohol:

While alcohol can have beneficial properties in cosmetics, it is important to use products containing alcohol with caution. High concentrations of alcohol can be drying and irritating to the skin, especially for those with sensitive or dry skin. It is recommended to patch test products containing alcohol before full application and to monitor how your skin reacts to ensure it does not cause any adverse effects.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2005). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Sodium Benzoate

Other name: natri benzoat

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

Citral

Other name: Lemonal

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Citral:

Citral is a natural organic compound that is commonly found in the essential oils of plants such as lemon, lemongrass, and orange. It is known for its strong citrus aroma and is often used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Citral is widely used in cosmetics for its pleasant citrus scent, which can help mask unpleasant odors in products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare products. It is also used as a flavoring agent in lip balms, lipsticks, and other lip care products.

3. Usage Citral:

When using citral in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. Citral can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing citral and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Gomes-Carneiro, M. R., Dias, D. M., Paumgartten, F. J., & Azevedo, R. B. (2005). Subchronic toxicity of citral in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(9), 1361-1367.

- Prashar, A., Locke, I. C., & Evans, C. S. (2004). Cytotoxicity of citral and limonene in a human melanoma cell line. Phytomedicine, 11(1), 34-40.

- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.

Limonene

Other name: L-limonene; D-limonene

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Limonene:

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.

2. Use:

Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.

3. Usage Limonene:

When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.

- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.