Full ingredients list IUNIK Centella Calming AC Spot Cream

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
2		Propanediol (Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1	B	Centella Asiatica Extract (Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Cleansing, Soothing, Smoothing)	Promotes Wound Healing
1		Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Extract (Skin Conditioning)	Good for oily skin Acne fighting
1		Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract	Acne fighting
		Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate (Skin Conditioning)
1 2		Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract (Tonic)
1		Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose)
1		Pueraria Lobata Root Extract (Humectant)
1		Glucuronic Acid (Humectant, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Rhamnose (Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Flavoring Agent)
		Cordyceps Militaris Extract
1	A	Glucose (Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous)
1		Totarol (Antioxidant, Deodorant)
1	A	Panthenol (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent)
1	A	Allantoin (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing)	Good for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
1 3	B	Salicylic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover)	Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin Acne fighting
1		Glycolipids (Skin Conditioning)
1		Adenosine (Skin Conditioning)	Anti Aging
1		Gluconolactone (Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant)	Anti Aging
1	B	Capryloyl Salicylic Acid (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Polyisobutene (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming)
1		Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer (Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Opacifying, Anticaking Agent, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant)
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Cellulose Gum (Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming)
1		Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside (Sufactant)
1	A	Sorbitan Oleate (Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer (Humectant, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1 2	A	Ethoxydiglycol (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent)
1		Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer (Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Slip Modifier)
1		Hydroxyacetophenone (Antioxidant)
1 2	A	Tromethamine (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Propanediol

Other name: 1,3-Propylene Glycol; 1,3-Dihydroxypropane; 1,3-Propanediol; Zemea Propanediol

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.

Centella Asiatica Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Cleansing, Soothing, Smoothing

1. Definition Centella Asiatica Extract:

Centella Asiatica Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the Centella Asiatica plant, also known as Gotu Kola. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties.

2. Use:

Centella Asiatica Extract is used in cosmetics to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. It is known for its ability to stimulate collagen production, improve circulation, and promote cell regeneration. This can result in smoother, firmer, and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Centella Asiatica Extract:

Centella Asiatica Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5%. When using products containing Centella Asiatica Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Kim J, Park M. (2008). Panax ginseng induces human Type I collagen synthesis through activation of Smad signaling. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(3), 589-95.

- Bylka W, Znajdek-Awizyn A, Studzinska-Sroka E, Brzezinska M. (2013). Centella asiatica in cosmetology. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 30(1), 46-49.

- Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan BN. (1999). In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(1), 1-11.

Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

Definition Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Extract:

Melaleuca Alternifolia, commonly known as Tea Tree, is a species of tree native to Australia. Tea Tree Extract, derived from the leaves of the Melaleuca Alternifolia plant, is renowned for its potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In cosmetics, Tea Tree Extract is valued for its versatility and therapeutic benefits, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care formulations.

Use and Usage Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Extract:

Tea Tree Extract is incorporated into various cosmetic products, including cleansers, toners, serums, moisturizers, shampoos, conditioners, and acne treatments. Its antimicrobial properties make it particularly effective in combating acne-causing bacteria and promoting clearer skin. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties help soothe irritated skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. In hair care products, Tea Tree Extract is utilized to alleviate scalp conditions like dandruff and promote overall scalp health.

Precautions When Using:

Although Tea Tree Extract is generally considered safe for topical use, certain precautions should be taken to prevent adverse reactions. Individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products containing concentrated Tea Tree Extract. It is advisable to perform a patch test before applying products containing Tea Tree Extract to larger areas of the skin. Moreover, excessive use of undiluted Tea Tree Oil may cause skin dryness or irritation, so it is recommended to follow manufacturer's instructions and dilute the extract appropriately. Ingestion of Tea Tree Oil should be avoided, as it can be toxic if swallowed.

References:

Carson, C. F., Hammer, K. A., & Riley, T. V. (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(1), 50-62.
Bassett, I. B., Pannowitz, D. L., & Barnetson, R. S. (1990). A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne. The Medical Journal of Australia, 153(8), 455-458.
Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (1996). In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 37(6), 1177-1178.

Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract

Function:

Definition Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract:

Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract is derived from the bark of the white willow tree (Salix alba). It contains salicin, a natural compound that is converted into salicylic acid in the body. Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) known for its exfoliating, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Salix Alba Bark Extract is utilized in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to gently exfoliate the skin, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin health.

Use and Usage Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract:

Salix Alba Bark Extract is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and exfoliants. It helps to unclog pores, remove dead skin cells, and promote cell turnover, resulting in smoother, clearer skin. Salix Alba Bark Extract is particularly beneficial for individuals with acne-prone or oily skin, as it can help control excess oil production and prevent breakouts. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties make it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin conditions.

Precautions When Using:

While Salix Alba Bark Extract is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, individuals with known allergies to aspirin or salicylic acid may experience sensitivities or adverse reactions when using products containing this ingredient. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with Salix Alba Bark Extract extensively, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergic reactions to skincare ingredients. Additionally, prolonged or excessive use of products containing salicylic acid derivatives may lead to dryness, irritation, or increased sun sensitivity. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions and incorporate sunscreen into your skincare routine when using products containing Salix Alba Bark Extract to protect the skin from potential sun damage.

References:

Garg, S., & Mehta, A. (2016). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Salix alba Linn. (White Willow Bark). International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8(7), 1143-1147.
Jung, H. A., Kim, J. E., & Chung, H. Y. (2008). Chin YW. ACE inhibitors from Salix glandulosa.* Arch Pharm Res, 31(12), 1517-1522.
Gfeller, H., & Böni, R. (1995). Acne vulgaris: current concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment. Dermatology, 191(1), 1-7.

Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate:

Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate is a natural ingredient derived from the fermentation of Hibiscus Sabdariffa flowers by Lactobacillus bacteria. This process creates a nutrient-rich extract that is beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate is commonly used in skincare products for its hydrating, soothing, and antioxidant properties. It helps to improve skin texture, reduce inflammation, and promote a healthy skin barrier. Additionally, it can also help to balance the skin's microbiome, promoting a healthy environment for beneficial bacteria to thrive.

3. Usage Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate:

Lactobacillus/Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower Ferment Filtrate is typically found in serums, creams, and masks. To incorporate it into your skincare routine, simply apply a small amount of product containing this ingredient onto clean skin, gently massaging it in until fully absorbed. It is safe for daily use and suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. However, as with any new skincare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Vigneshwari, S., & Mythili, R. (2017). Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. - An Overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 46(1), 50-55.

- Gagnon, M., & Savard, S. (2019). Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Lactobacillus plantarum: A potential functional food for cardiovascular health. Journal of Functional Foods, 59, 136-142.

- Lee, J. Y., Kim, Y. J., Kim, S. O., et al. (2016). Inhibitory effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 26(1), 130-134.

Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract

Function: Tonic

1. Definition Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract:

Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract is an ingredient derived from the longleaf pine tree, also known as the southern yellow pine. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce redness and irritation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract:

Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. To incorporate this extract into your skincare routine, apply a small amount of product containing Pinus Palustris Leaf Extract to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lee, H. S., Kim, M. R., Park, Y. H., & Park, E. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effect of Pinus densiflora bark extract in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(1), 151-157.

- Kim, Y. J., Uyama, H., & Kobayashi, S. (2005). Inhibition of melanin synthesis by pine (Pinus densiflora) extract. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 69(1), 93-99.

- Park, J. H., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, Y. S. (2012). Protective effects of pine needle extract against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(6), 2023-2028.

Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract:

Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract is an extract derived from the root of the Ulmus Davidiana tree, also known as the David Elm. This extract is rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and skin-brightening agents, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its various skin benefits. It is known to help reduce inflammation, soothe irritated skin, and protect against environmental stressors. Additionally, this extract can help improve skin tone and texture, resulting in a more radiant and youthful complexion.

3. Usage Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract:

Ulmus Davidiana Root Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing this extract as directed by the manufacturer. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using it on the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Lee, Y. H., Kim, J. H., Song, M. Y., & Park, S. Y. (2015). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. Journal of Life Science, 25(2), 177-183.

- Kim, J. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, O. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Life Science, 26(8), 904-911.

- Park, S. Y., Lee, Y. H., Kim, J. H., & Song, M. Y. (2017). Skin-brightening effects of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica extract in human skin cells. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 185-192.

Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose)

Function:

1. Definition Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose):

Evening Primrose, scientifically known as Oenothera Biennis, is a flowering plant native to North America that is widely cultivated for its oil-rich seeds. The oil extracted from Evening Primrose seeds is rich in essential fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is known for its hydrating and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Evening Primrose oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and skin-soothing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help hydrate and nourish the skin. The oil is also known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose):

Evening Primrose oil can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other skincare ingredients to create customized beauty products. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. When using Evening Primrose oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is recommended to store the oil in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain its efficacy.

4. References:

- Chebbi Mahjoub, R., Rezig, L., Daoudi, A., & Martinez-Force, E. (2012). Oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol concentration in seeds of nine Tunisian wild Oenothera species. Natural Product Research, 26(2), 126-133.

- Sena, L. M., & Tavares, R. S. (2016). Evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 38(8), 394-399.

- Horrobin, D. F. (1993). Fatty acid metabolism in health and disease: the role of Δ-6-desaturase. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(5), 732S-738S.

Pueraria Lobata Root Extract

Function: Humectant

1. Definition Pueraria Lobata Root Extract:

Pueraria Lobata Root Extract, also known as kudzu root extract, is derived from the root of the Pueraria lobata plant, a perennial vine native to East Asia. It is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-brightening properties.

2. Use:

Pueraria Lobata Root Extract is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its ability to promote skin health and improve overall complexion. It is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help reduce inflammation, protect against environmental stressors, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Pueraria Lobata Root Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Pueraria Lobata Root Extract, it is important to patch test the product first to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess tolerance. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with this extract into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Lee, J., Jung, E., Lee, J., Huh, S., Kim, J., & Park, D. (2008). Anti-inflammatory effects of Pueraria lobata root extract on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125(2), 286-290.

- Kim, H. H., Park, Y. E., & Kim, D. S. (2013). Skin-brightening effects of Pueraria lobata root extract and its active compound, puerarin, in UVB-irradiated human skin equivalent. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 12(4), 287-295.

- Liu, R., Wang, M., Duan, J. A., Guo, J. M., Tang, Y. P., & Zhang, J. (2008). Puerarin: a review of pharmacological effects. Phytotherapy Research, 22(7), 831-840.

Glucuronic Acid

Function: Humectant, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Glucuronic Acid:

Glucuronic Acid is a natural substance found in the body that plays a crucial role in the detoxification process. It is a key component of the body's natural detoxification pathways, helping to eliminate waste and toxins from the body.

2. Use:

Glucuronic Acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. It is known for its moisturizing properties, helping to keep the skin hydrated and supple. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Glucuronic Acid:

Glucuronic Acid is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product containing Glucuronic Acid to ensure there are no adverse reactions. It is best to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for optimal results.

4. References:

- Rathi, S., & Rathi, J. C. (2012). Glucuronic Acid: A Promising New Cosmetic Ingredient. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(4), 327-333.

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2016). Glucuronic Acid in Skincare: A Review. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 15(9), 1090-1093.

- Wang, J., Liu, Z., & Wang, A. (2018). The Role of Glucuronic Acid in Cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 20(6), 364-369.

Rhamnose

Other name: L-Rhamnose

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Rhamnose:

Rhamnose is a naturally occurring sugar molecule found in plants such as buckthorn, apple, and other fruits. It is known for its skin-friendly properties and is often used in skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Rhamnose is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is a gentle ingredient that is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. Rhamnose helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion.

3. Usage Rhamnose:

Rhamnose can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product containing Rhamnose.

4. References:

- S. S. Patil, S. A. Wagh, S. S. Kadam, and S. S. Patil, "Rhamnose: a review on its pharmacological properties," International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 625-632, 2019.

- J. L. Bissett, M. A. Hannon, and S. K. Boissy, "Rhamnose: a novel cosmetic ingredient with skin anti-aging properties," Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 247-253, 2013.

- M. A. R. Meireles, L. M. Oliveira, and A. M. R. Costa, "Rhamnose in cosmetics: a review of its properties and applications," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2014.

Cordyceps Militaris Extract

Function:

Glucose

Other name: Dextrose; Grape sugar

Function: Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous

1. Definition Glucose:

Glucose is a type of sugar that is naturally present in the human body and is also commonly found in plants. In cosmetics, glucose is often used as a moisturizing agent and humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

2. Use:

Glucose is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, preventing moisture loss and promoting a healthy complexion. Glucose is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive and dry skin types.

3. Usage Glucose:

Glucose is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often listed on the ingredient label as "glucose," "glucose syrup," or "dextrose." To use products containing glucose, simply apply them to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the instructions carefully and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Purnamawati, S., Indrastuti, N., & Danarti, R. (2017). The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clinical Medicine & Research, 15(3-4), 75-87.

- Pumori, S. K., & Patra, A. (2019). Glucose as a potential active ingredient in cosmetics: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(7), 3323-3330.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2016). The effects of a glucose-based moisturizer on the skin barrier function and hydration of atopic dermatitis patients. Annals of Dermatology, 28(5), 574-580.

Totarol

Function: Antioxidant, Deodorant

1. Definition Totarol:

Totarol is a natural compound extracted from the heartwood of the Totara tree (Podocarpus totara), native to New Zealand. It is known for its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and skincare products.

2. Use:

Totarol is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to combat acne-causing bacteria, reduce inflammation, and protect the skin from oxidative stress. It is often included in formulations targeting acne-prone skin, as well as in anti-aging products due to its ability to neutralize free radicals and promote skin health.

3. Usage Totarol:

When using cosmetics containing Totarol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Totarol is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess tolerance. As with any skincare ingredient, it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Sharma, S., & Sharma, S. (2018). Antimicrobial Activity of Totarol: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(3), 901-906.

- Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 162750.

- Sadowska, B., & Paszkiewicz, M. (2019). Antioxidant properties of Totarol - a natural component of Podocarpus totara heartwood. Industrial Crops and Products, 140, 111605.

Panthenol

Other name: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Panthenol:

Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.

2. Use:

Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.

3. Usage Panthenol:

Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate

Other name: Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate; Di-Potassium Glycyrrhizinate; K2

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is a white, odorless powder derived from licorice root extract. It is a natural ingredient known for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin. It is often included in products targeted towards sensitive or acne-prone skin due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it can help to brighten the complexion and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in skincare formulations. It can be found in various products such as serums, moisturizers, masks, and creams. When using products containing Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to full application to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Allured Publishing Corporation, 1994.

- Baumann, Leslie. Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009.

- Draelos, Zoe Diana. Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

Allantoin

Other name: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

Salicylic Acid

Other name: Salicylates; 2-hydroxybenzoic; Salicylic Acid; Beta Hydroxy Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover

1. Definition Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.

2. Use:

Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1

See more: Salicylic Acid

Glycolipids

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Glycolipids:

Glycolipids are a type of lipid molecule that contains a carbohydrate group attached to a lipid molecule. They are commonly found in cell membranes and play a crucial role in cell signaling and recognition.

2. Use:

Glycolipids are commonly used in cosmetics for their moisturizing and skin conditioning properties. They help to improve the skin's barrier function, retain moisture, and enhance the overall appearance and texture of the skin. Glycolipids are often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and cleansers.

3. Usage Glycolipids:

When using cosmetics containing glycolipids, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using the product on a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is also important to store glycolipid-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Sato, T., & Sakane, T. (2013). Glycolipids and skin health. In Skin Stress Response Pathways (pp. 215-224). Springer, Tokyo.

- Rawlings, A. V., & Harding, C. R. (2004). Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatologic therapy, 17, 43-48.

- Imokawa, G., Takagi, Y., & Hayashi, N. (1991). The effects of glycolipids on the barrier function and water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 96(2), 215-223.

Adenosine

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Adenosine:

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that plays a crucial role in various biochemical processes in the body. In cosmetics, adenosine is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Adenosine is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, reduce the signs of aging, and promote skin elasticity. It also helps to calm and soothe irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Adenosine:

Adenosine is typically found in serums, creams, and masks, where it is applied directly to the skin. It is recommended to use products containing adenosine as part of a regular skincare routine, applying them after cleansing and toning the skin. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., & Lee, J. H. (2018). Topical adenosine for hair loss: A promising alternative to minoxidil. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(3), 457-461.

- Kim, D. S., et al. (2013). Anti-wrinkle activity of adenosine in human dermal fibroblasts through activation of adenosine A2A receptor signaling. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(1), 282-291.

- Baek, J. H., et al. (2016). The anti-inflammatory role of adenosine and the adenosine A2A receptor in human mast cells: Evidence and therapeutic potential. Journal of Immunology, 196(10), 4002-4011.

Gluconolactone

Other name: Glucono delta-lactone; D-glucono-1,5-lactone

Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant

1. Definition Gluconolactone:

Gluconolactone is a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that is derived from natural sources such as fruits and honey. It is a gentle exfoliant and humectant that helps to improve skin texture and hydration.

2. Use:

Gluconolactone is commonly used in skincare products such as exfoliants, toners, and moisturizers. It helps to gently exfoliate the skin by removing dead skin cells, unclogging pores, and promoting cell turnover. Additionally, it has hydrating properties that help to attract and retain moisture, making it suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin.

3. Usage Gluconolactone:

When using skincare products containing Gluconolactone, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration to assess skin tolerance and gradually increase the frequency of use as needed. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using products with Gluconolactone, as it can increase skin sensitivity to UV radiation.

4. References:

- Bhatia, A., & Maisuria, V. (2016). Polyhydroxy acids: A new generation of hydroxy acids. International Journal of Research in Cosmetic Science, 6(1), 1-5.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

- Obagi, Z. E., & Obagi, S. (2003). Chemical peeling and aging skin. Journal of Geriatric Dermatology, 11(2), 67-71.

Capryloyl Salicylic Acid

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Capryloyl Salicylic Acid:

Capryloyl Salicylic Acid is a derivative of salicylic acid that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a lipophilic beta-hydroxy acid that is known for its ability to penetrate the skin and unclog pores.

2. Use:

Capryloyl Salicylic Acid is often used in cosmetics and skincare products as an exfoliant to help remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve overall skin texture. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for acne-prone or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Capryloyl Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Capryloyl Salicylic Acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of the ingredient to minimize the risk of irritation or sensitivity. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products with Capryloyl Salicylic Acid, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kwon HH, Lee JB, Yoon JY, et al. Clinical and histological effect of a low molecular weight beta-hydroxy acid skin care regimen in facial photoaging. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2009;8(4):228-233.

- Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):327-348.

- Draelos ZD. Cosmeceuticals for the aging skin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(9):879-882.

Polyisobutene

Other name: PIB

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming

1. Definition Polyisobutene:

Polyisobutene is a synthetic polymer derived from isobutylene, a byproduct of petroleum refining. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emollient, and binder.

2. Use:

Polyisobutene is often included in cosmetic formulations for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture in creams, lotions, and lip products. Additionally, it can act as a moisturizing agent, helping to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Polyisobutene:

When using cosmetics containing polyisobutene, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing polyisobutene on a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- "Polyisobutene in Cosmetics: A Review of its Uses and Safety." Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, 2016, pp. 187-195.

- "Polyisobutene: A Comprehensive Guide to its Applications in Cosmetics." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 28, no. 5, 2006, pp. 321-330.

- "Safety Assessment of Polyisobutene as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2019.

Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer

Function: Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Opacifying, Anticaking Agent, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer:

Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a copolymer of sodium acrylate and sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate, which helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, sunscreens, and hair care products. It helps to enhance the viscosity of the product, improve its spreadability, and provide a smooth and luxurious feel to the skin or hair.

3. Usage Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer:

When using products containing Sodium Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts" by Paul C. Hiemenz and Timothy P. Lodge

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Cellulose Gum

Other name: Carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC; Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming

1. Definition Cellulose Gum:

Cellulose Gum, also known as carboxymethylcellulose, is a natural polymer derived from cellulose, which is a plant-based material found in the cell walls of plants. It is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cellulose Gum is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as lotions, creams, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, as well as provide a moisturizing effect. Additionally, Cellulose Gum can also help to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water-based ingredients in formulations.

3. Usage Cellulose Gum:

When using products containing Cellulose Gum, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with Cellulose Gum to ensure they do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting Cellulose Gum in the eyes or mouth, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- "Cellulose Gum," Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cellulose-gum

- "Carboxymethylcellulose," Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/carboxymethylcellulose

- "Cellulose Gum," The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/cellulose-gum/

Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside

Other name: Caprylyl/Capryl Glucoside

Function: Sufactant

1. Definition Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside:

Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from coconut oil and glucose. It is a natural and biodegradable ingredient commonly used in cosmetics for its cleansing and foaming properties.

2. Use:

Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside is used in various skincare and hair care products such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes. It is known for its ability to effectively remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair without causing irritation. Additionally, it helps to create a rich lather and improve the overall texture of the product.

3. Usage Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside:

When using products containing Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application. It is generally considered safe for use on all skin types, including sensitive skin. However, as with any new skincare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is also important to avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes and to keep it out of reach of children.

4. References:

- "Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/caprylyl-capryl-glucoside.

- "Caprylyl/Capryl Glucoside." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylyl-capryl-glucoside.

- "Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside." Making Cosmetics, www.makingcosmetics.com/Caprylyl-Capryl-Glucoside_p_1387.html.

Sorbitan Oleate

Function: Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Sorbitan Oleate:

Sorbitan Oleate is a synthetic compound derived from sorbitol and oleic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Sorbitan Oleate is used in cosmetics to help mix oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products to create a smooth texture and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Sorbitan Oleate:

When using cosmetics containing Sorbitan Oleate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and experience allergic reactions or skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sorbitan Oleate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Sorbitan Oleate" in the Cosmetics Info database. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitan-oleate

- "Safety Assessment of Sorbitan Esters as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/sorbitan%20esters.pdf

- "Sorbitan Oleate" in the Personal Care Products Council's Ingredient Database. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredients-dictionary/sorbitan-oleate

Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer

Function: Humectant, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer:

Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer is a copolymer consisting of glyceryl acrylate and acrylic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and viscosity increasing agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and even application, as well as enhance the overall performance of the product.

3. Usage Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer:

Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is also used in makeup products like foundations, primers, and concealers. When using products containing this copolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Copolymer." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-acrylateacrylic-acid-copolymer.

- Kim, J., et al. "Safety Assessment of Acrylic Acid, Methyl Acrylate, and Ethyl Acrylate as Used in Cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 27, no. 1, 2008, pp. 1-39.

- "Safety and efficacy of glyceryl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer when used as a film former in cosmetic products." European Commission, 2018, ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_220.pdf.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Ethoxydiglycol

Other name: 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol; Carbitol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent

1. Definition Ethoxydiglycol:

Ethoxydiglycol is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used as a solvent in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a diethylene glycol ether with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as its main component.

2. Use:

Ethoxydiglycol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients and to improve the texture and consistency of products. It is commonly found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, serums, and sunscreens.

3. Usage Ethoxydiglycol:

Ethoxydiglycol is considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 10%. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing ethoxydiglycol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Ethoxydiglycol." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethoxydiglycol.

- "Ethoxydiglycol." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/ethoxydiglycol/.

- "Ethoxydiglycol." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethoxydiglycol.

Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer

Other name: Aristoflex AVC

Function: Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer:

Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer is a synthetic polymer used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier. It is a copolymer of acryloyldimethyl taurate and vinylpyrrolidone, which helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer is commonly used in skincare and haircare products such as lotions, creams, gels, and hair styling products. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, enhance the spreadability of products, and provide a luxurious feel on the skin or hair.

3. Usage Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer:

When using products containing Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2014). Safety Assessment of Acryloyldimethyltaurate Polymers as Used in Cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 33(3), 53S-60S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ammonium-acryloyldimethyltauratevp-copolymer

- Paula's Choice Skincare. (n.d.). Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/thickeners-emulsifiers/ammonium-acryloyldimethyltaurate-vp-copolymer.html

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate

Other name: VEEGUM

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Magnesium Aluminum Silicate:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate is a naturally occurring mineral derived from refined and purified clay. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and opacifying agent.

2. Use:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate is primarily used in cosmetic formulations to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, while also providing a matte finish. Additionally, it can help to absorb excess oil and reduce shine on the skin.

3. Usage Magnesium Aluminum Silicate:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate should be used in cosmetics according to the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to avoid inhaling the powder form of Magnesium Aluminum Silicate and to wash hands thoroughly after handling.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Magnesium Aluminum Silicate. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/magnesium-aluminum-silicate

- Personal Care Council. (2019). International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. Washington, DC: Personal Care Products Council.

- Loretz, L., Api, A. M., Babcock, L., Barraj, L., Burdick, J., Cater, K. C., ... & Wilcox, D. K. (2008). Exposure data for cosmetic products: facial cleanser, hair conditioner, and eye shadow. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(5), 1516-1524.

Hydroxyacetophenone

Other name: SymSave H

Function: Antioxidant

1. Definition Hydroxyacetophenone:

Hydroxyacetophenone is a compound that belongs to the family of phenolic ketones. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative due to its antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Hydroxyacetophenone is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products. It helps to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi, thereby maintaining the quality and safety of the cosmetic formulation.

3. Usage Hydroxyacetophenone:

When using products containing hydroxyacetophenone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically used in small concentrations and should not be ingested or applied to broken skin. Individuals with sensitive skin should perform a patch test before using products with hydroxyacetophenone to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, S., Kim, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Hydroxyacetophenone as a novel cosmetic preservative. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(1), 25-33.

- De Groot, A. C., & Flyvholm, M. A. (2019). Contact allergy to hydroxyacetophenone in cosmetic products. Contact Dermatitis, 81(4), 267-272.

- European Commission. (2020). Opinion on hydroxyacetophenone. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety.

Tromethamine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Tromethamine:

Tromethamine, also known as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, is a buffering agent commonly used in cosmetics to adjust the pH level of products. It is a synthetic organic compound that is water-soluble and odorless.

2. Use:

Tromethamine is used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster to help maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is often included in skincare products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, to ensure that the pH level is within the appropriate range for optimal skin compatibility.

3. Usage Tromethamine:

When using cosmetics containing Tromethamine, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Avoid direct contact with eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Tromethamine, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, S. (1969). Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals). Montclair, NJ: Allured Publishing Corporation.

- Loden, M. (2003). The clinical benefit of moisturizers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 17(S1), 20-23.

- Korting, H. C., & Kerscher, M. J. (2006). The efficacy of moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 19(5), 256-261.