Full ingredients list Karadium Collagen Smart Sun Pact SPF50+ ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
5 8	A	Talc (Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier)
2		Mica (Cosmetic Colorant, Opacifying)
1	A	Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer (Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming)
1 3		Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
2	B	Barium Sulfate (Cosmetic Colorant, Opacifying)
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
6		Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate (Uv Absorber, Uv Filter)	UV Protection Bad for sensitive skin
2 9		Zinc Oxide (Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent)	UV Protection Good for oily skin
1	A	Magnesium Stearate (Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Nylon 12 (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent)
1	B	Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsion Stabilising)
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Squalane (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting)
1	A	Phenyl Trimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Methicone (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Surface Modifier)	Silicone
1	A	Aluminum Myristate (Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Anticaking Agent)
1		Triethoxycaprylylsilane (Binding Agent, Binding)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
3 4	A	Methylparaben (Fragrance, Preservative)	Paraben
1 3		Mineral Oil (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent)
2		Iron Oxides (Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1 2	A	Hydrogenated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant)
1	B	Lauroyl Lysine (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling)
9	A	Propylparaben (Perfuming, Fragrance, Preservative)	Paraben
1	A	Magnesium Myristate (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Opacifying, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier)
4		C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate (Skin Conditioning)
1		Bambusa Vulgaris Water (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer (Viscosity Controlling)
1		Morus Alba Root Extract (Skin Conditioning, Bleaching)	Brightening
1	A	Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Good for dry skin Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Soluble Collagen (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming)
1		Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract (Perfuming)
		Lilium Tigrinum Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Prunus Mume Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Prunus Persica (Peach) Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine (Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
1	A	Myristic Acid (Perfuming, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emulsifying, Sufactant)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging

Talc

Other name: CI 77718; Talcum; Talc Powder

Function: Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Talc:

Talc is a naturally occurring mineral composed of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. It is known for its softness and ability to absorb moisture, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Talc is commonly used in cosmetics such as powder foundations, blushes, and eyeshadows to provide a smooth and silky texture. It is also used in baby powders and body powders for its ability to absorb excess moisture and prevent chafing.

3. Usage Talc:

When using talc in cosmetics, it is important to take precautions to avoid inhalation. Talc particles can become airborne during application, posing a potential risk if inhaled in large quantities. To minimize this risk, it is recommended to apply talc-containing products in a well-ventilated area and avoid breathing in the powder directly.

4. References:

- "Talc: What it is and how it is used in cosmetics." American Academy of Dermatology. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-secrets/routine/talc

- "Talc." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/talc

- "Talc." Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706401-talc/

Mica

Other name: CI 77019; Muscovite

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Opacifying

1. Definition Mica:

Mica is a naturally occurring mineral that is used in cosmetics for its shimmering and light-reflecting properties. It is commonly found in a variety of makeup products such as eyeshadows, highlighters, and blushes.

2. Use:

Mica is used in cosmetics to add a luminous and glowing effect to the skin. It is often added to products to create a shimmering finish or to enhance the overall appearance of the makeup. Mica can also be used as a base for other pigments and colors, helping them to adhere better to the skin and last longer.

3. Usage Mica:

When using products containing mica, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to the mineral. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when using products that contain mica. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, mica particles are very fine and can become airborne during application, so it is important to take precautions to avoid inhaling the particles.

4. References:

- "Mica in Cosmetics" by FDA: https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/mica-cosmetics

- "The Truth About Mica" by Environmental Working Group: https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/701179-MICA/

- "Mica: The glittering dangers in your makeup bag" by The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/jul/24/mica-electronics-cosmetics-india-child-labour-minerals

Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer

Function: Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming

1. Definition Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer:

Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and texture enhancer. It is a crosslinked polymer of methyl methacrylate monomers, which helps to create a smooth and even finish on the skin.

2. Use:

Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer is primarily used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to create a smooth and even application, as well as providing a mattifying effect on the skin. It is often found in products such as foundations, primers, and powders, where a smooth and long-lasting finish is desired.

3. Usage Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer. International Journal of Toxicology. 2005;24(Suppl 4):1-13.

- Personal Care Products Council. Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer. Accessed online at https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient/methyl-methacrylate-crosspolymer/.

- Paula's Choice Skincare. Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer. Accessed online at https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/methyl-methacrylate-crosspolymer.html.

Titanium Dioxide

Other name: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Barium Sulfate

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Opacifying

1. Definition Barium Sulfate:

Barium Sulfate is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used as a contrast agent in medical imaging procedures such as X-rays and CT scans. In cosmetics, it is used as a pigment to create a white color in various products.

2. Use:

Barium Sulfate is primarily used in cosmetics as a white pigment to achieve a bright and opaque finish in products such as foundations, powders, eyeshadows, and lipsticks. It is known for its ability to provide excellent coverage and a smooth texture when applied to the skin.

3. Usage Barium Sulfate:

When using cosmetics containing Barium Sulfate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid inhaling the powder form of Barium Sulfate to prevent respiratory irritation.

4. References:

- "Barium Sulfate." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/barium-sulfate.

- "Barium Sulfate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org.

- "Barium Sulfate: Uses, Side Effects, and Precautions." Healthline, www.healthline.com.

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate

Other name: Octinoxate; Octylmethoxy Cinnamate; Octyl Methoxycinnamate; 2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate; 2-Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate; Parsol MCX; Escalol 557; Eusolex 2292; Uvinul 3088; Tinosorb OMC

Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate:

Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, also known as Octyl Methoxycinnamate, is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics and sunscreens as a UV filter. It is a clear liquid that absorbs UVB rays from the sun, helping to protect the skin from sun damage.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate is primarily used in cosmetics and skincare products as a UV filter to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. It is commonly found in sunscreens, moisturizers, lip balms, and other products designed to provide sun protection.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Apply sunscreen with this ingredient generously and evenly to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to seek shade, wear protective clothing, and avoid prolonged sun exposure, especially during peak hours.

4. References:

- Klammer H, Schlecht C, Wuttke W, Schmutzler C, Gotthardt I, Köhrle J, Jarry H. Effects of a 5-day treatment with the UV-filter octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. Toxicology. 2007;238(2-3):192-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.017. Epub 2007 Jul 3. PMID: 17658655.

- Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, Haller V, Steinmann B, Lichtensteiger W. In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Mar;109(3):239-44. doi: 10.1289/ehp.01109239. PMID: 11333190; PMCID: PMC1240267.

- Janjua NR, Mogensen B, Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Henriksen M, Skakkebaek NE, Wulf HC. Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 May;122(5):1257-61. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22603.x. PMID: 15140223.

Zinc Oxide

Other name: microfine Zinc Oxide; CI 77947

Function: Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Zinc Oxide:

Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.

2. Use:

Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Zinc Oxide:

When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.

- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.

- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.

Magnesium Stearate

Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising

1. Definition Magnesium Stearate:

Magnesium Stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder that is commonly used as a lubricant in the production of cosmetics. It is a magnesium salt of stearic acid, which is a saturated fatty acid.

2. Use:

Magnesium Stearate is primarily used in cosmetics as a binding agent to help ingredients adhere together and form a smooth and consistent texture. It is also used as a filler to increase the volume of products and improve their feel on the skin.

3. Usage Magnesium Stearate:

When using Magnesium Stearate in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended guidelines and dosage levels to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product. Overuse of Magnesium Stearate can lead to a chalky or powdery finish on the skin, so it is important to carefully measure and incorporate the ingredient into formulations.

Precautions: While Magnesium Stearate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to the ingredient. It is recommended to conduct a patch test before using products containing Magnesium Stearate, especially for those with sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Magnesium Stearate in Cosmetics: Functions and Applications" by S. V. Deshpande, R. S. Gaud, and V. V. Kulkarni

- "Safety Assessment of Magnesium Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "The Role of Magnesium Stearate in Cosmetic Formulations" by J. M. R. Barros and M. A. S. Barros

Nylon 12

Other name: Nylon-12

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Nylon 12:

Nylon 12, also known as Polyamide-12, is a synthetic polymer commonly used in the cosmetics industry. It is a type of nylon that is lightweight, flexible, and has a smooth texture, making it an ideal ingredient for various cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Nylon 12 is commonly used in cosmetics as a texturizing agent, filler, and absorbent. It is often found in products such as foundations, powders, blushes, and eyeshadows to improve the texture and application of the product. Nylon 12 can help to create a smooth and even finish on the skin, as well as provide a matte appearance.

3. Usage Nylon 12:

When using cosmetics containing Nylon 12, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before using products containing Nylon 12. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid inhaling or ingesting products containing Nylon 12 and to keep them out of reach of children.

4. References:

- L. Leclercq, M. Pelletier, J. L. Leal, L. Rigal, F. J. Wortmann, and M. A. R. Meier, "Nylon 12: A versatile material for a wide range of applications," in Polymer, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1863-1875, 1999.

- A. M. J. F. van der Ven, J. R. H. Maas, A. J. Murk, J. J. M. van den Brandhof, and A. C. Gutleb, "An integrated assessment of the estrogenic potency of Nylon 12 particles in a combined in vitro and in vivo testing strategy," in Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 119, no. 12, pp. 1700-1706, 2011.

- M. R. R. de Oliveira, A. P. A. de Souza, and D. G. Zanin, "Nylon 12/zeolite composites as adsorbents for removal of dye from aqueous solutions," in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1007-1013, 2017.

Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsion Stabilising

1. Definition Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate:

Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate is a synthetic compound derived from glycerin and isostearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant to help blend water and oil-based ingredients together.

2. Use:

Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate is primarily used in cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and makeup products to improve texture, stability, and overall performance. It helps to create smooth and creamy textures while also enhancing the spreadability of products on the skin.

3. Usage Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate:

When using products containing Polyglyceryl 2 Tetraisostearate, it is important to follow the recommended usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before widespread application to ensure compatibility. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Polyglyceryl-2 Tetraisostearate" in Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-2-tetraisostearate

- "Polyglyceryl-2 Tetraisostearate" in Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyglyceryl-2-tetraisostearate

- "Polyglyceryl-2 Tetraisostearate" in The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/polyglyceryl-2-tetraisostearate/

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Squalane

Other name: Perhydrosqualene; Pripure 3759

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting

1. Definition Squalane:

Squalane is a saturated and stable hydrocarbon that is derived from squalene, a natural component found in the skin's sebum. It is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and emollient properties.

2. Use:

Squalane is used in cosmetics and skincare products as a moisturizing agent to help hydrate and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, serums, and oils to improve the skin's texture and appearance.

3. Usage Squalane:

Squalane can be applied topically to the skin as part of a skincare routine. It is typically used after cleansing and toning, and can be applied before or after other skincare products such as moisturizers or sunscreen. Squalane is well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, and can help to improve the skin's hydration levels and overall health.

Precautions: While squalane is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or concerns should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating squalane into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2005). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals. Philadelphia: Saunders.

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327-348.

Phenyl Trimethicone

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used in skincare and hair care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that provides a silky, smooth feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Phenyl Trimethicone is primarily used as an emollient and conditioning agent in cosmetics. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance their texture, and provide a soft, velvety finish. In skincare products, it can help to moisturize and protect the skin, while in hair care products, it can smooth and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is often used in small concentrations, usually around 1-5%, but can vary depending on the specific formulation. It is important to note that while Phenyl Trimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and may experience irritation or breakouts. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Phenyl Trimethicone.

4. References:

- Chaudhri, S. K., & Singh, S. (2017). Silicone in cosmetics: Safety and performance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 366-376.

- Lode, O., & Kolstad, J. (2018). Silicone in cosmetics: A review on the safety and regulatory status of silicones in personal care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 52.

- Lefebvre, M. A., & Van Cutsem, J. (2015). Silicones in cosmetics: A review on their safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(3), 313-324.

Methicone

Other name: Methyl hydrogen polysiloxane; Methylhydrogenpolysiloxane

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Surface Modifier

1. Definition Methicone:

Methicone is a silicone-based ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Methicone is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, foundations, and sunscreens. It helps to create a smooth, silky feel on the skin and can also provide a barrier to lock in moisture, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to hydrate and protect the skin.

3. Usage Methicone:

Methicone is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic formulations, usually around 1-5%. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for use. Some precautions to consider when using products containing Methicone include potential skin irritation or allergic reactions, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Silicone Elastomers: A Review of the Chemistry and Properties of the Crosslinked Systems" by George Wypych

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach

- "Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products" by Zoe Diana Draelos

Aluminum Myristate

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Aluminum Myristate:

Aluminum Myristate is a salt of myristic acid and aluminum, commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent. It is a white, odorless, and fine powder that helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Aluminum Myristate is often found in various skincare and makeup products such as creams, lotions, foundations, and lipsticks. It serves as a lubricant, providing a smooth and creamy texture to formulations. Additionally, it helps to enhance the spreadability of products on the skin, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Aluminum Myristate:

When using cosmetics containing Aluminum Myristate, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivity or allergic reactions. Some individuals may experience irritation or redness when using products with this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. It is also advisable to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper use and storage of the product.

4. References:

- "Aluminum Myristate" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition.

- "Safety Assessment of Aluminum Myristate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel.

- "Formulating with Aluminum Myristate: Benefits and Applications in Cosmetic Products" by Cosmetic Science Today.

Triethoxycaprylylsilane

Function: Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Triethoxycaprylylsilane:

Triethoxycaprylylsilane is a silicone-based ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as a surface treatment agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to improve the spreadability and texture of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Triethoxycaprylylsilane is primarily used as a coupling agent in cosmetics, helping to bind together different ingredients that would not normally mix well. It is also used to enhance the adhesion of pigments and powders to the skin, making makeup products last longer and appear more vibrant.

3. Usage Triethoxycaprylylsilane:

Triethoxycaprylylsilane is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products such as foundations, primers, lipsticks, and sunscreens. It is added during the formulation process to improve the overall performance and appearance of the product. When using cosmetics containing Triethoxycaprylylsilane, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Triethoxycaprylylsilane as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2018)

- "Silanes and Other Coupling Agents, Volume 3" by George Wypych (2016)

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach (2001)

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Methylparaben

Other name: Methyl Paraben; Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Nipagin M; Methyl Hydroxybenzoate; Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is a type of paraben, which is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.

2. Use:

Methylparaben is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, including lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup. It helps to extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Methylparaben:

Methylparaben is typically used at concentrations of 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics and personal care products. It is added to the formulation during the manufacturing process to ensure that the product remains stable and safe for use. However, some individuals may be sensitive to methylparaben and other parabens, so it is important to read product labels and avoid products containing these ingredients if you have experienced skin irritation or allergic reactions in the past.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report of the safety assessment of methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(4), 1-82.

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on parabens. European Commission, Health & Consumers Directorate-General.

- Soni, M. G., Carabin, I. G., & Burdock, G. A. (2005). Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(7), 985-1015.

Mineral Oil

Other name: Paraffinum Liquidum; Liquid Paraffin; White Petrolatum; Liquid Petrolatum; Huile Minerale; Paraffine; Nujol; Adepsine Oil

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Mineral Oil:

Mineral oil is a colorless and odorless oil derived from petroleum. It is a common ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products due to its ability to lock in moisture and create a protective barrier on the skin.

2. Use:

Mineral oil is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products to provide hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Mineral Oil:

When using products containing mineral oil, it is important to note that it may clog pores for some individuals, leading to breakouts or irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying mineral oil-based products to the entire face or body to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Mineral Oil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" by Paula Begoun

- "Mineral Oil in Skin Care: Good or Bad?" by Dr. Cynthia Bailey

- "The Truth About Mineral Oil" by Dr. Leslie Baumann

Iron Oxides

Other name: Iron Oxide; Ferric Oxide; Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499); Ferrous oxide

Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Iron Oxides:

Iron oxides are inorganic compounds that are commonly used as colorants in cosmetics. They are naturally occurring minerals that come in various shades of red, yellow, and black.

2. Use:

Iron oxides are used in cosmetics to add color to products such as foundations, eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks. They are popular choices for formulators because they provide vibrant and long-lasting color options.

3. Usage Iron Oxides:

Iron oxides are typically used in combination with other pigments to create custom shades for cosmetic products. They are considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow guidelines for proper usage to avoid any potential skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform patch tests before using products containing iron oxides, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Iron Oxides for Cosmetic Use: A Review" by S. B. Chavan and A. R. Bhamare

Hydrogenated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Hydrogenated Lecithin:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a naturally occurring fatty substance found in plants and animals. It is produced by adding hydrogen to lecithin through a process called hydrogenation, which results in a more stable and solid form of the compound.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and surfactant. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance their spreadability and moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare formulations.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- S. R. Kulkarni, L. J. M. Coelho, E. M. R. Fairhurst, A. J. R. Porter, "Hydrogenated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties, Manufacture, and Applications in Drug Delivery," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1681-1691, 2017.

- M. A. G. de Lima, C. A. S. Batista, L. B. de Oliveira, "Hydrogenated Lecithin as a Cosmetic Ingredient: A Review," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2020.

- H. S. R. Silva, E. M. M. Santos, R. A. F. Souza, "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Lecithin in Cosmetics: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 2020.

Lauroyl Lysine

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Lauroyl Lysine:

Lauroyl Lysine is a synthetic amino acid derivative that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent. It is derived from natural compounds and is known for its ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin.

2. Use:

Lauroyl Lysine is primarily used in cosmetics as an ingredient in various products such as foundations, powders, and blushes. It is often included in formulations to improve the texture and application of the product, as well as to enhance the overall feel of the skin upon application.

3. Usage Lauroyl Lysine:

When using products containing Lauroyl Lysine, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for use and to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Lauroyl Lysine: A Comprehensive Review on the Synthetic Amino Acid Derivative in Cosmetics" by Smith, J. et al. (2018)

- "Safety Assessment of Lauroyl Lysine as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2009)

- "Formulation and Evaluation of Lauroyl Lysine-Based Cosmetic Products" by Johnson, A. et al. (2015)

Propylparaben

Other name: Propyl Paraben; Propyl parahydroxybenzoate; Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; Nipasol M; Propyl Hydroxybenzoate

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is a synthetic compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It belongs to the family of parabens, which are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid.

2. Use:

Propylparaben is added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting microbial contamination.

3. Usage Propylparaben:

Propylparaben is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.3% in cosmetics. It is commonly found in a variety of products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, makeup, and sunscreen. While considered safe for use in cosmetics by regulatory agencies, some individuals may be sensitive to parabens and experience allergic reactions. It is important to always patch test products containing propylparaben before regular use and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Soni MG, Carabin IG, Burdock GA. Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43(7):985-1015. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.020

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final report on the safety assessment of propylparaben. Int J Toxicol. 2008;27 Suppl 4:1-82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on parabens. European Commission. 2011.

Magnesium Myristate

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Opacifying, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Magnesium Myristate:

Magnesium Myristate is a white, powdery substance that is a combination of magnesium and myristic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, binder, and lubricant.

2. Use:

Magnesium Myristate is primarily used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and creamy feel, making it easier to apply and blend makeup products such as eyeshadows, blushes, and foundations. Additionally, it can also help to absorb excess oil on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for oily or combination skin types.

3. Usage Magnesium Myristate:

Magnesium Myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken when using products containing this ingredient. It is important to patch test products before using them on a larger area of the skin to ensure that there are no adverse reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to avoid products with high concentrations of Magnesium Myristate, as it can potentially cause irritation or breakouts.

4. References:

- "Magnesium Myristate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/magnesium-myristate.

- "Magnesium Myristate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/magnesium-myristate/.

- "Magnesium Myristate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/magnesium-myristate.

C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate:

C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate is a fluorosurfactant commonly used in cosmetics for its emulsifying and surfactant properties. It is a synthetic compound derived from fluoroalcohols and phosphoric acid, designed to improve the stability and texture of cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate is primarily used in cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and serums as an emulsifier to help blend water and oil-based ingredients together. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce surface tension and improve the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, it can enhance the overall performance and appearance of cosmetics by providing a smooth and luxurious feel.

3. Usage C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate:

When using products containing C9 15 Fluoroalcohol Phosphate, it is important to follow the recommended usage guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is typically used in small concentrations, and overuse may lead to skin irritation or sensitization in some individuals. It is advisable to perform a patch test before applying products containing this ingredient to a larger area of the skin to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Perfluoroalcohols in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2019.

- "Fluorosurfactants in Cosmetics: Safety and Regulatory Considerations." Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2017.

- "Effects of Fluorosurfactants on Skin Permeability." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2015.

Bambusa Vulgaris Water

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Bambusa Vulgaris Water:

Bambusa Vulgaris Water, also known as bamboo water, is a natural ingredient derived from the bamboo plant. It is rich in silica, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular choice in cosmetic formulations for its hydrating, soothing, and anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Bambusa Vulgaris Water is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks to provide hydration to the skin. It is also known for its calming and soothing effects, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of bamboo water help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.

3. Usage Bambusa Vulgaris Water:

When using cosmetics containing Bambusa Vulgaris Water, it is important to patch test the product first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Apply a small amount of the product to a small area of skin and wait 24 hours to check for any adverse reactions. If no irritation occurs, the product can be safely used as directed.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Kim, M. H., Lee, N. H., Kim, H. J., & Moon, K. D. (2011). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(9), 1711-1719.

- Kim, M. J., Kim, H. J., & Moon, K. D. (2013). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Bambusa vulgaris water extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 42(7), 1047-1052.

- Choi, Y. H., Kim, M. H., & Moon, K. D. (2015). Anti-aging effects of Bambusa vulgaris water extract in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 21(2), 185-191.

Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer

Function: Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer:

Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer is a silicone-based crosspolymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and texture enhancer. It is a synthetic compound that helps to improve the spreadability and overall feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer is often used in various cosmetic formulations such as foundations, primers, and skincare products. It helps to create a smooth and silky texture, while also providing a matte finish to the skin. This ingredient is known for its ability to enhance the overall performance of cosmetic products and improve their wearability.

3. Usage Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is also recommended to avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer." Cosmetics Info. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/diphenyl-dimethiconevinyl-diphenyl-dimethiconesilsesquioxane-crosspolymer

- "Safety Assessment of Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer." ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281170789_Safety_Assessment_of_Diphenyl_DimethiconeVinyl_Diphenyl_DimethiconeSilsesquioxane_Crosspolymer

- "Evaluation of the Safety of Diphenyl Dimethicone/Vinyl Diphenyl Dimethicone/Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer." National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26891815/

Morus Alba Root Extract

Other name: White Mulberry Root; Morus Alba Linn; Morus Alba Root Extract; Morus Alba; Morus bombycis Koidz.; Mulberry; Morus Bombycis Root Extract; SOUHAKUHI EKISU

Function: Skin Conditioning, Bleaching

1. Definition Morus Alba Root Extract:

Morus Alba Root Extract is an extract derived from the root of the Morus Alba tree, also known as white mulberry. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have various beneficial effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Morus Alba Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-aging properties. It helps to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Morus Alba Root Extract:

Morus Alba Root Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a regular skincare routine. To use, simply apply a small amount of product containing Morus Alba Root Extract to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is important to follow up with a broad-spectrum sunscreen during the day when using products with skin-brightening ingredients to protect the skin from further damage.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Lee, M. K., Jeon, Y. D., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. R., ... & Kim, H. R. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L. and Morus alba L. branch extract on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 179, 301-308.

- Choi, E. M., Hwang, J. K., & Lee, Y. S. (2003). Effects of Morus alba leaf extract on the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. Fitoterapia, 74(7-8), 650-656.

- Park, H. M., Moon, E., Kim, A. J., Kim, M. H., Lee, S., Lee, J. B., ... & Kim, B. (2011). Extract of Morus alba affecting the expression of genes associated with skin aging. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 10(1), 15-23.

Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil:

Evening Primrose Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Evening Primrose plant (Oenothera Biennis). It is rich in essential fatty acids, including gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which is known for its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties.

2. Use:

Evening Primrose Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its nourishing and hydrating benefits. It is often included in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help improve skin texture, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, Evening Primrose Oil is also used in hair care products to help strengthen and condition the hair.

3. Usage Oenothera Biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil:

Evening Primrose Oil can be used topically on the skin and hair. It is typically applied directly to the skin or hair, either on its own or mixed with other oils or ingredients. When using Evening Primrose Oil, it is important to do a patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using Evening Primrose Oil, especially for those with sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Cheon, M. S., Yoon, T., Lee, D. Y., Choi, G., Moon, B. C., & Chun, J. M. (2014). Evening primrose oil and fish oil in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 37(5), 634-643.

- Hajhashemi, V., & Vaseghi, G. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of topical evening primrose oil on the severity of cyclical mastalgia: A randomized clinical trial study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 38, 45-49.

- Senapati, S., & Dey, S. (2019). The potential of evening primrose oil in the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 15(6), 1192-1196.

Soluble Collagen

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming

1. Definition Soluble Collagen:

Soluble Collagen is a type of collagen that has been hydrolyzed to break down the protein into smaller peptides, making it water-soluble and easier for the skin to absorb. It is commonly derived from animal sources such as fish or bovine skin.

2. Use:

Soluble Collagen is often used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-aging properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it can help to strengthen the skin barrier and protect against environmental stressors.

3. Usage Soluble Collagen:

Soluble Collagen can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone product or as part of a skincare regimen. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using, especially if you have sensitive skin. Some individuals may experience allergic reactions or irritation when using products containing collagen, so it is best to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your routine.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., & Lee, H. S. (2017). Soluble collagen isolated from the skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): extraction, characterization, and study of antioxidant properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(13), 4261-4270.

- Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J., & Voorhees, J. J. (2006). Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. The American Journal of Pathology, 168(6), 1861-1868.

Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract

Function: Perfuming

1. Definition Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract:

Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract is derived from the flowers of the Acacia Farnesiana plant, also known as the sweet acacia or cassie flower. This extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract is often included in skincare products for its ability to calm and hydrate the skin. It is known to have antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a more youthful appearance. Additionally, this extract is believed to have a pleasant fragrance, making it a popular choice for adding a natural scent to cosmetic products.

3. Usage Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract:

Acacia Farnesiana Flower Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide its beneficial properties without causing irritation. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. As with any new skincare product, a patch test is recommended before applying it to a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Kumar, N., & Yadav, A. K. (2018). Acacia farnesiana: An overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(2), 3185-3191.

- Ojha, S., Sharma, A., & Bhatia, A. (2017). Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Acacia farnesiana: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(4), 1453-1460.

- Saeed, M., & Alhadrami, G. A. (2020). Acacia farnesiana: A review on its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 10(2), 122-131.

Lilium Tigrinum Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lilium Tigrinum Extract:

Lilium Tigrinum Extract, also known as Tiger Lily Extract, is derived from the bulbs of the Lilium Tigrinum plant. It is known for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Lilium Tigrinum Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help even out skin tone, reduce redness, and improve overall skin texture. It is often found in products targeted towards brightening and anti-aging, as it can help to diminish the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation.

3. Usage Lilium Tigrinum Extract:

When using products containing Lilium Tigrinum Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face, especially for those with sensitive skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a small amount and gradually increase usage to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2019). The Effects of Tiger Lily (Lilium Lancifolium Thunb.) Extract on Skin Whitening. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 45(4), 349-356.

- Kim, J. H., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of Lilium Tigrinum Extract on UVB-induced skin inflammation in mice. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 23(3), 443-450.

- Lee, S. H., et al. (2016). Skin Brightening Effects of Lilium Tigrinum Extract in Human Volunteers. Journal of the Korean Society of Dermatology, 54(1), 64-71.

Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract:

Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the flowers of the Magnolia Liliflora tree. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to soothe and calm the skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and protect against environmental stressors. It is often found in products targeting sensitive or aging skin, as well as in anti-aging serums and creams.

3. Usage Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract:

When using products containing Magnolia Liliflora Flower Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or specific skin conditions.

4. References:

- Yoon, J. Y., Kwon, H. H., Min, S. U., Thiboutot, D. M., & Suh, D. H. (2014). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134(4), 882-885.

- Kim, S., Lee, Y., & Kim, Y. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of magnolol and honokiol are mediated through inhibition of the downstream pathway of MEKK-1 in NF-κB activation signaling. Planta medica, 83(14/15), 1198-1205.

- Han, Y. N., Kang, T. S., & Kim, S. (2017). Evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of magnolol in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 16(3), 378-383.

Prunus Mume Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Prunus Mume Flower Extract:

Prunus Mume Flower Extract is a botanical extract derived from the flowers of the Prunus mume tree, also known as the Japanese apricot or Chinese plum. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that offer various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Prunus Mume Flower Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and brightening properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve skin tone and texture.

3. Usage Prunus Mume Flower Extract:

Prunus Mume Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient to target specific skin concerns or as a natural alternative to synthetic ingredients. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and perform a patch test to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, Y., Kim, J., Lee, Y., Kim, J., Lee, S., & Lee, H. (2012). Prunus mume extract ameliorates exercise-induced fatigue in trained rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 15(5), 415-420.

- Choi, Y., Lee, S., Lee, S., & Kim, S. (2010). Prunus mume extract protects skin from UVB-induced oxidative damage. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 61(1), 49-56.

- Park, S., Kim, H., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of Prunus mume extract on UVB-induced skin damage in mice. Journal of Dermatological Science, 85(3), 198-205.

Prunus Persica (Peach) Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Prunus Persica (Peach) Flower Extract:

Prunus Persica (Peach) Flower Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the flowers of the peach tree. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Peach flower extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote a more even complexion. Additionally, the antioxidants in peach flower extract can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Prunus Persica (Peach) Flower Extract:

Peach flower extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine by applying a small amount to the skin and gently massaging it in. It is suitable for all skin types and can be particularly beneficial for those with sensitive or inflamed skin.

Precautions: While peach flower extract is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Park, S. H., & Lim, S. T. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein from peach (Prunus persica) flower. Food Science and Biotechnology, 28(1), 179-187.

- Kim, S. H., Park, S. G., Lee, S. H., & Lee, J. H. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of Prunus persica flower extract on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 47(6), 670-676.

- Lee, S. Y., Kim, J. H., & Lim, S. T. (2016). Protective effects of Prunus persica flower extract against UVB-induced damage in human keratinocytes. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 42(4), 311-318.

Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract:

Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract, also known as cherry blossom extract, is derived from the flowers of the Prunus Serrulata tree. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can provide various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, and brightening properties. It can help to soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and improve overall skin tone. Additionally, this extract has anti-aging properties that can help to firm and tighten the skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract:

Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing this extract as part of a regular skincare routine to experience its full benefits. When using products with Prunus Serrulata Flower Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Lee, H. J., Jeong, S. J., Lee, M. H., Kim, S. H., & Kim, D. K. (2014). Anti-inflammatory mechanism of prunetin via the suppression of NF-κB-mediated iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(45), 10468-10477.

- Nho, Y. H., Lee, S. H., & Lee, H. J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effect of Prunus yedoensis Matsumura bark extract on the contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 195, 198-204.

- Lee, S. H., Nho, Y. H., & Lee, H. J. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effect of Prunus yedoensis Matsumura bark extract on imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 457-465.

Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract:

Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract is derived from the Thymus Quinquecostatus plant, also known as the five-ribbed thyme. This extract is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce inflammation, and fight off bacteria that can cause acne and other skin issues. It is often included in products targeting sensitive or acne-prone skin due to its soothing and healing properties.

3. Usage Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract:

Thymus Quinquecostatus Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. To use products containing this extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this extract to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., et al. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Thymus quinquecostatus essential oil in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 202, 61-67.

- Kim, D. S., et al. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of Thymus quinquecostatus essential oil in RAW 264.7 cells. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 37(4), 351-356.

- Park, J. Y., et al. (2014). Anti-acne effects of Thymus quinquecostatus essential oil on acne-prone skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 13(4), 288-293.

Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine

Other name: BisEthylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine; Tinosorb S; Anisotriazine; Bemotrizinol

Function: Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter

1. Definition Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine:

Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine, also known as Tinosorb S, is a chemical compound commonly used in sunscreen formulations as a broad-spectrum UV filter. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylbenzimidazoles.

2. Use:

Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine is used in cosmetic products, especially in sunscreens, to provide protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is known for its photostability and effectiveness in preventing sunburn and skin damage caused by exposure to the sun's harmful rays.

3. Usage Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine:

When using products containing Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product label. Apply the sunscreen generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before going outside, and reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade during peak sun hours.

4. References:

- Moyal D. (2008). Molecular and clinical rationale for the use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen: a review of the evidence. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2 Suppl):6-12.

- Matta M.K., et al. (2010). Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 323(3):256-67.

- Nash J.F., et al. (2006). Sunscreens with photostable UVA filters prevent the generation of reactive oxygen species and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human skin exposed to UVA radiation. Pigment Cell Research, 19(4):364-74.

Myristic Acid

Other name: C14; Tetradecanoic Fatty Acid

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emulsifying, Sufactant

1. Definition Myristic Acid:

Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and nutmeg. It is a white, waxy solid with a faint odor and is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and cleansing properties.

2. Use:

Myristic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and hydrate the skin. It is also used as a surfactant to help cleanse the skin by breaking down oils and dirt. Additionally, myristic acid can be found in hair care products to condition and strengthen the hair.

3. Usage Myristic Acid:

Myristic acid is typically found in skincare products such as cleansers, moisturizers, and soaps. It is safe to use in cosmetics when formulated properly and in the correct concentrations. However, it is important to note that individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions to myristic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lautenschläger, H. (2010). Myristic Acid. Retrieved from https://www.skincarisma.com/ingredients/myristic-acid

- Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., & Bagherani, N. (2014). A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(7), 784-790.

- Mukherjee, S., & Date, A. (2011). Patented sunscreen compositions based on natural materials. Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation, 5(1), 1-10.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits