Full ingredients list Le Mieux O2 Silver Calming Gel

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1	B	Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water (Masking, Fragrance)
1 2		Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Water (Skin Conditioning, Fragrance)
1		Magnesium Chloride (Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Lysine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1		Calcium Chloride (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Cosmetic Astringent)
1	A	Serine (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1		Potassium Chloride (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent)	Bad for oily skin
1	A	Glycine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous)
1	A	Alanine (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1	A	Glucose (Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous)
1	A	Proline (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Arginine (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Sodium Citrate (Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating)
1	A	Sodium Acetate (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Threonine (Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Waving Or Straightening)
1	A	Glutamic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)
1	B	Sodium Pca (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin
1		Sorbitol (Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent, Plasticizer)
2 3		Zinc Acetate (Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Astringent, Cosmetic Biocide)
1 2		Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract (Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous)
1	A	Hyaluronic Acid (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising)	Promotes Wound Healing
1	B	Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract (Cosmetic Astringent)
1		Superoxide Dismutase (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Reducing)
1	A	Beta Glucan (Skin Conditioning, Bulking Agent)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Allantoin (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing)	Good for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
2	B	Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive)	Good for sensitive skin Good for dry skin
1 2	A	Bisabolol	Promotes Wound Healing Brightening
		Arnica Montana Extract
1		Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Hydroxyethylcellulose (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Stabilising, Film Forming)
1 3	B	Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Extract (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Good for sensitive skin
4		Perfluorohexane (Solvent)
4		Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
4		Perfluorodecalin (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Detangling)
4		Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (Solvent)
1		Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling)	Bad for oily skin
		Daucus Carota Seed Extract
1		Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Panax Ginseng Root Extract (Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic)
1	A	Copper Tripeptide 1 (Skin Conditioning)
4 5		Silver (Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1		Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Astringent, Refreshing)
		Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)
2		Propanediol (Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water is a natural ingredient derived from the juice of apples. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water is commonly used in cosmetics for its hydrating, soothing, and brightening properties. It can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin, making it look more radiant and youthful.

3. Usage Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is typically applied to the skin after cleansing and before moisturizing. Simply pour a small amount onto a cotton pad and gently swipe it across the face and neck. It can also be used as a refreshing mist throughout the day to keep the skin hydrated and revitalized.

Precautions: While Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water is generally safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on the face to ensure there are no allergic reactions. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Kim, J. E., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Apple water extract and its major polyphenols suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress. Journal of Food Science, 82(5), 1234-1241.

- Hong, C. O., Rhee, C. H., & Won, Y. H. (2009). Inhibitory effects of apple water extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Food Science, 74(8), H233-H241.

- Yoon, J. S., Kwon, H. H., Min, S. U., Thiboutot, D. M., & Suh, D. H. (2013). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(2), 429-440.

Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Water

Function: Skin Conditioning, Fragrance

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Water:

Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Water is a natural floral water derived from the distillation of bitter orange blossoms. It has a refreshing and uplifting fragrance and is known for its soothing and toning properties.

2. Use:

Bitter Orange Flower Water is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its hydrating, balancing, and revitalizing effects on the skin. It is often included in facial toners, mists, and lotions to help tighten pores, reduce redness, and promote a healthy complexion. Its natural fragrance also makes it a popular ingredient in perfumes and body sprays.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Water:

Bitter Orange Flower Water can be applied directly to the skin as a refreshing mist or used as a toner after cleansing. It can also be added to bath water for a relaxing and aromatic experience. When using products containing Bitter Orange Flower Water, it is important to perform a patch test first to check for any allergic reactions. It is recommended to avoid contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Almeida IF, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Seabra RM, Pereira TM. "Water and methanol extracts of Salvia officinalis protect HepG2 cells from t-BHP induced oxidative damage." Chem Biol Interact. 2007;167(2):107-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.02.004.

- Reuter J, Merfort I, Schempp CM. "Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review." Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11(4):247-67. doi: 10.2165/11317030-000000000-00000.

- Casetti F, Wölfle U, Gehring W, Schempp CM. "Dermocosmetics for dry skin: a new role for botanical extracts." Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2011;24(6):309-14. doi: 10.1159/000330044.

Magnesium Chloride

Function: Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Magnesium Chloride:

Magnesium Chloride is a naturally occurring mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its various benefits for the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin hydration, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

2. Use:

Magnesium Chloride is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums due to its ability to enhance the skin's barrier function, improve moisture retention, and soothe irritated skin. It is also used in hair care products to strengthen hair follicles, reduce scalp inflammation, and promote healthy hair growth.

3. Usage Magnesium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Magnesium Chloride, it is important to follow the product instructions carefully to avoid any potential adverse reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Magnesium Chloride into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Magnesium: The Ultimate Guide" by Dr. Carolyn Dean

- "The Role of Magnesium in Dermatology" by Dr. George Kroumpouzos

- "Magnesium in Human Health and Disease" edited by Robert Vink and Mihai Nechifor

Lysine

Other name: L-Lysine; Lysin

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Lysine:

Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, an important protein for skin health. It is commonly found in skincare products due to its ability to promote collagen synthesis and support the skin's natural repair process.

2. Use:

Lysine is used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It helps to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin by promoting collagen production, which can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Lysine also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for soothing irritated or inflamed skin.

3. Usage Lysine:

Lysine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone ingredient or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. When using products containing lysine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency of use. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Calcium Chloride

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Cosmetic Astringent

1. Definition Calcium Chloride:

Calcium Chloride is a salt compound composed of calcium and chlorine. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a firming agent, preservative, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, Calcium Chloride is primarily used as a firming agent in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of the product, giving it a smoother and more luxurious feel. Additionally, Calcium Chloride can act as a preservative, helping to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. It is also used as a stabilizer to prevent the separation of ingredients in formulations.

3. Usage Calcium Chloride:

When using Calcium Chloride in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for concentration and usage levels provided by the manufacturer. Overuse of Calcium Chloride can potentially irritate the skin, so it is essential to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area. Additionally, it is crucial to store products containing Calcium Chloride in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate, Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persilicate, Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Pyrosulfate, and Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Pyrosilicate." International Journal of Toxicology 24 (2005): 5-35.

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite. International Journal of Toxicology 22 (2003): 37-102.

Serine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Serine:

Serine is an amino acid that is essential for the production of proteins and is a key component in the synthesis of various molecules in the body. In cosmetics, serine is often used for its moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Serine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to help maintain skin hydration and improve skin texture. It is also known for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Serine:

When using products containing serine, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Serine is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always a good idea to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergic reactions. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional if you have any concerns about using products with serine.

4. References:

- Y. Katsuta, M. Iida, K. Hotta, S. Tsuboi, Y. Ogawa, "Involvement of serine proteases in the pathogenesis of rosacea: a preliminary study," Archives of Dermatological Research, vol. 300, no. 3, pp. 153-157, 2008.

- N. K. Jain, A. Roy, "Serine protease inhibitors in skin disorders," European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2000.

- S. P. Han, J. Y. Lee, H. S. Kim, "Effects of serine on skin barrier function and inflammation in atopic dermatitis," Journal of Dermatology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 123-131, 2015.

Potassium Chloride

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent

1. Definition Potassium Chloride:

Potassium Chloride is a mineral salt that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and pH adjuster. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a salty taste.

2. Use:

Potassium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help control the viscosity of products, improve their texture, and enhance their stability. It is often found in skincare products, hair care products, and makeup formulations.

3. Usage Potassium Chloride:

Potassium Chloride should be used in cosmetics according to the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is important to handle this ingredient with care and to avoid inhaling or ingesting it. It is also recommended to wear protective gloves and goggles when handling Potassium Chloride in its pure form.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4873, Potassium Chloride. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Potassium-chloride

- Personal Care Council. Potassium Chloride. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/potassium-chloride/

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Potassium Chloride. https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/potchlor0314rep.pdf

Glycine

Other name: Glycocoll; Aminoacetic acid; L-Glycine

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous

1. Definition Glycine:

Glycine is an amino acid that is naturally found in the body and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins. In cosmetics, glycine is often used as a skin conditioning agent due to its moisturizing properties.

2. Use:

Glycine is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams to help hydrate and nourish the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging formulations.

3. Usage Glycine:

When using skincare products containing glycine, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Choi, S. J., Lee, S. H., Lee, J. S., Kim, H. S., & Lee, J. Y. (2016). The effects of glycine on subjective daytime performance in partially sleep-restricted healthy volunteers. Frontiers in neurology, 7, 115.

- Wu, G. (2013). Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino acids, 45(3), 407-411.

- Lupo, M. P. (2012). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic therapy, 25(3), 232-238.

Alanine

Other name: Alanine Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Alanine:

Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is naturally found in the human body. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and is important for maintaining overall health and well-being.

2. Use:

Alanine is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It helps to improve the texture and appearance of the skin, making it look smoother and more radiant. Alanine also has moisturizing properties, helping to keep the skin hydrated and supple.

3. Usage Alanine:

Alanine is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging creams. It is safe for topical use and is generally well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any cosmetic ingredient, it is important to perform a patch test before using a product containing alanine to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Kim, M. K. (2017). The effects of alanine on skin health and beauty. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(4), 235-241.

- Choi, H. S., Kim, J. H., & Park, H. J. (2019). Alanine as a skin-conditioning agent in cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(2), 153-159.

- Lee, S. H., Lee, J. H., & Kim, D. S. (2020). Potential benefits of alanine in skincare formulations. Journal of Dermatological Science, 98(3), 189-195.

Glucose

Other name: Dextrose; Grape sugar

Function: Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous

1. Definition Glucose:

Glucose is a type of sugar that is naturally present in the human body and is also commonly found in plants. In cosmetics, glucose is often used as a moisturizing agent and humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

2. Use:

Glucose is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, preventing moisture loss and promoting a healthy complexion. Glucose is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive and dry skin types.

3. Usage Glucose:

Glucose is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often listed on the ingredient label as "glucose," "glucose syrup," or "dextrose." To use products containing glucose, simply apply them to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the instructions carefully and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Purnamawati, S., Indrastuti, N., & Danarti, R. (2017). The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clinical Medicine & Research, 15(3-4), 75-87.

- Pumori, S. K., & Patra, A. (2019). Glucose as a potential active ingredient in cosmetics: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(7), 3323-3330.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2016). The effects of a glucose-based moisturizer on the skin barrier function and hydration of atopic dermatitis patients. Annals of Dermatology, 28(5), 574-580.

Proline

Other name: Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Proline:

Proline is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in collagen production and skin elasticity. It is naturally found in the human body and is also commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Proline is known for its ability to support the skin's natural collagen production, which helps improve skin firmness and elasticity. It also has hydrating properties that can help maintain skin moisture levels and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, proline can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products.

3. Usage Proline:

Proline is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before using products containing proline to ensure there are no adverse reactions. When using proline-based products, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency to achieve the best results.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, "Vitamin C in dermatology," Indian Dermatology Online Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013.

- L. Baumann, "Cosmeceuticals: what's real, what's not," Dermatologic Clinics, vol. 22, no. 4, 2004.

- T. T. Nguyen, et al., "Collagenase 2 (MMP-8) and collagenase 3 (MMP-13) in adult periodontitis: molecular forms and levels in gingival crevicular fluid and immunolocalisation in gingival tissue," Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 31, no. 12, 2004.

Arginine

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Arginine:

Arginine is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins in the body. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that while the body can produce it on its own, supplementation may be necessary in certain circumstances.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, arginine is often included in formulations for its moisturizing and conditioning properties. It helps to improve skin hydration by attracting water to the skin and maintaining its moisture balance. Additionally, arginine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, helping to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

3. Usage Arginine:

Arginine is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied topically to the skin. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing arginine to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yoon, H. S., Kim, J. R., Park, G. Y., Kim, J. E., Lee, D. H., & Lee, K. W. (2012). Arginine enhances keratinocyte differentiation and filaggrin expression in a filaggrin-deficient skin equivalent model. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 20(3), 292-298.

- Schürer, N., Schliep, V., Williams, J. D., & Imhof, D. (2008). The skin aging exposome. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 7(2), s2-s6.

- Kieffer, M. E., & Repka, M. A. (2016). Arginine-based materials for wound healing: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 105(9), 2675-2686.

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Sodium Citrate

Other name: Sodium Acid Citrate

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

Sodium Acetate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Sodium Acetate:

Sodium acetate is the sodium salt of acetic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, and emulsifier.

2. Use:

Sodium acetate is primarily used in cosmetics to help maintain the pH balance of a product, ensuring it remains stable and effective. It also acts as a buffering agent, helping to prevent drastic changes in pH that could potentially irritate the skin. In addition, sodium acetate can function as an emulsifier, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in a formulation.

3. Usage Sodium Acetate:

When using sodium acetate in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is typically used in small concentrations and should be thoroughly mixed into the formulation to ensure even distribution. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing sodium acetate to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Sodium Acetate in Cosmetics: Functions and Applications" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredient/sodium-acetate

- "The Role of Sodium Acetate in Cosmetic Formulations" by Society of Cosmetic Chemists, https://www.scconline.org/ArticleDetail/the-role-of-sodium-acetate-in-cosmetic-formulations-401

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Acetate in Cosmetics" by European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_185.pdf

Threonine

Function: Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Waving Or Straightening

1. Definition Threonine:

Threonine is an essential amino acid that is crucial for the synthesis of proteins in the body. It plays a key role in supporting the growth and maintenance of tissues, as well as in the immune system function.

2. Use:

Threonine is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve skin hydration and elasticity. It is known for its moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Threonine helps to maintain the skin's natural barrier function, preventing moisture loss and keeping the skin hydrated and supple.

3. Usage Threonine:

Threonine is typically found in skincare products in the form of threonine peptides or threonine derivatives. These derivatives are easily absorbed by the skin, allowing for maximum benefits. When using products containing threonine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application to achieve optimal results. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Ko, H. C., & Park, J. G. (2015). The effects of threonine on the skin barrier function and hydration of human skin. Journal of cosmetic science, 66(6), 417-423.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, S. R., Kim, M. K., Lee, J. H., & Kim, H. J. (2018). Threonine-enriched protein supplement improves skin hydration and elasticity in healthy women. Journal of dermatological science, 91(3), 332-335.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2017). Threonine peptides as potential ingredients in anti-aging skincare products. International journal of cosmetic science, 39(3), 278-283.

Glutamic Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Glutamic Acid:

Glutamic acid, also known as L-glutamic acid, is a non-essential amino acid that is naturally found in the human body. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including protein synthesis and neurotransmission.

2. Use:

Glutamic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and moisturizing properties. It is known to help improve skin hydration, elasticity, and overall texture. Additionally, glutamic acid is believed to have antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Glutamic Acid:

Glutamic acid is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging treatments. It is safe for topical application, but it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the product manufacturer. As with any skincare ingredient, it is advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing glutamic acid to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Yoon HS, Kim JY, Kim MH, Kim KH, Lee DH, Lee AY. The effects of glutamic acid on the skin condition. Ann Dermatol. 2014 Dec;26(6):723-8.

- Lee YB, Kim HR, Kim SY, Kim YC. Protective effects of glutamic acid on UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Jun;15(6):4135-4140.

- Lin TK, Lin CH, Chou P, Shih YJ. The anti-inflammatory effects of L-glutamic acid on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. Food Funct. 2016 Aug 10;7(8):3472-3478.

Sodium Pca

Other name: Na-PCA; NaPCA; PCA-Na; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate; Sodium L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate; Sodium DL-Pyrrolidone Carboxylate

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Sodium Pca:

Sodium PCA, or sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, is a natural component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, it is often used as a hydrating agent to improve skin hydration and overall skin health.

2. Use:

Sodium PCA is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to attract and hold moisture in the skin. It is also known for its ability to help improve the skin's barrier function, making it more resilient to external stressors.

3. Usage Sodium Pca:

When using products containing Sodium PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Sodium PCA consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill.

Sorbitol

Other name: D-Glucitol

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent, Plasticizer

1. Definition Sorbitol:

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant and thickening agent. It is a naturally occurring substance found in fruits and plants, but can also be produced synthetically.

2. Use:

Sorbitol is used in cosmetics to help attract moisture to the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. Sorbitol also has emollient properties, which help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Sorbitol:

Sorbitol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations of up to 10% in skincare products. However, some individuals may be sensitive to sorbitol and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing sorbitol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5780, Sorbitol. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sorbitol

- Cosmetics Info. Sorbitol. https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitol

- Personal Care Council. Sorbitol. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sorbitol

Zinc Acetate

Function: Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Astringent, Cosmetic Biocide

1. Definition Zinc Acetate:

Zinc Acetate is a salt that is derived from zinc and acetic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and skin healing properties.

2. Use:

Zinc Acetate is used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and astringent. It is known for its ability to help tighten and tone the skin, as well as reduce excess oil production. It is often found in products designed for oily or acne-prone skin, as it can help to control sebum production and minimize the appearance of pores.

3. Usage Zinc Acetate:

Zinc Acetate is typically found in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and spot treatments. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. It is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing Zinc Acetate to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Araújo, L. U., Grabe-Guimarães, A., Mosqueira, V. C. F., & Carneiro, C. M. (2011). Zinc oxide and zinc acetate as topical antimicrobial agents for oral mucosa infections. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 19(2), 141-145.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2006). Cosmeceuticals. In Cosmeceuticals (pp. 1-6). Elsevier.

- Sharma, M., Sharma, V., & Sharma, P. R. (2013). Zinc acetate and zinc sulfate: a review on their pharmacological and toxicological activities. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(2), 501.

Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract

Other name: Green Tea Extract Powder; Green Tea Extract; Camellia Sinensis Extract

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract:

Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is the same plant used to produce green tea. It is rich in antioxidants, particularly catechins, which help to protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

2. Use:

Green tea extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which can help to reduce inflammation, protect against UV damage, and improve overall skin health. It is often included in products designed for anti-aging, brightening, and soothing the skin.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract:

Green tea extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including serums, moisturizers, masks, and cleansers. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either on its own or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using a new product containing green tea extract to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Yoon HS, Kim JR, Park GY, Kim JY, Won YJ, Kim HR, Kim BJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of green tea extract on photoaged human skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2016 Oct;84(1):74-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.06.016. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PMID: 27422719.

- Chiu AE, Chan JL, Kern DG, Kohler S, Rehmus WE, Kimball AB. Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jul;31(7 Pt 2):855-60; discussion 860. doi: 10.1097/00042728-200507000-00011. PMID: 16029678.

- Zhou B, Wu LM, Yang L, Liu ZL. Evidence for alpha-bisabolol as a natural antioxidant. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Aug 8;55(16):6302-6306. doi: 10.1021/jf070477y. Epub 2007 Jul 11. PMID: 17625876.

Hyaluronic Acid

Other name: Hyaluronate; Hyaluronic Acid; Biohyaluronic acid

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising

1. Definition Hyaluronic Acid:

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the human body that helps to retain moisture and keep skin hydrated. In cosmetics, it is used as a key ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to attract and hold onto water molecules, making it a popular choice for hydration and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Hyaluronic acid is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products to help plump and hydrate the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a smoother, more youthful complexion. Additionally, hyaluronic acid can help to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Hyaluronic Acid:

When using skincare products containing hyaluronic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, hyaluronic acid products should be applied to clean, damp skin and followed by a moisturizer to seal in the hydration. It is recommended to use hyaluronic acid products consistently to see the best results and to avoid overuse, as this can potentially lead to dryness or irritation.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

See more: Unlocking the Secrets: Hyaluronic Acid in Skincare

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract

Function: Cosmetic Astringent

1. Definition Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract:

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves of the oat plant. It is known for its soothing and moisturizing properties, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

2. Use:

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and nourish the skin. It is often found in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, it is known to provide hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract:

Avena Sativa (Oat) Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5%, depending on the desired effect. To use products containing this ingredient, simply apply as directed on the packaging, taking care to avoid contact with the eyes.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron, The Original Beauty Bible: Skin Care Facts for Ageless Beauty, 2003.

- Zoe Diana Draelos, Lauren A. Thaman, Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products, 2006.

- Florence Barrett Hill, Advanced Skin Analysis, 2012.

Superoxide Dismutase

Other name: SOD; CuZnSOD

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Reducing

1. Definition Superoxide Dismutase:

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the body's antioxidant defense system. It helps to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and various diseases.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, Superoxide Dismutase is used for its antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from oxidative stress caused by environmental factors such as UV radiation, pollution, and stress. By neutralizing free radicals, SOD can help to reduce the signs of aging, improve skin texture, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Superoxide Dismutase:

Superoxide Dismutase is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often included in anti-aging formulations to help combat the effects of oxidative stress on the skin. To use products containing SOD, simply apply them to clean skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Kohen, R., & Nyska, A. (2002). Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicologic pathology, 30(6), 620-650.

- Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 39(1), 44-84.

- Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy reviews, 4(8), 118.

Beta Glucan

Other name: β-Glucans; 1,3-Glucan,1,6-Glucan; Beta-Glucan; β-Glucan

Function: Skin Conditioning, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Beta Glucan:

Beta Glucan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, lichens, and plants. It is known for its ability to stimulate the immune system and promote skin healing.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, Beta Glucan is used for its anti-aging, moisturizing, and soothing properties. It helps to improve the skin's elasticity, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, and hydrate the skin. Beta Glucan is often found in skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and masks.

3. Usage Beta Glucan:

When using cosmetics containing Beta Glucan, it is important to patch test the product first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always best to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating any new ingredient into your skincare routine. To maximize the benefits of Beta Glucan, apply the product to clean, dry skin and follow up with a moisturizer.

4. References:

- Choi, J. K., Kim, S. H. (2018). Inhibitory effects of β-glucan on the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 54, 72-80.

- Kim, H. S., Hong, J. T., Kim, Y., Han, S. B. (2016). Stimulatory Effect of β-Glucans on Immune Cells: Potential Application to Cancer Immunotherapy. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 16(1), 30-37.

- Zykova, T. A., Zhu, F., Zhai, X., Ma, W. Y., Ermakova, S. P., Lee, K. W., Bode, A. M., Dong, Z. (2005). Resveratrol directly targets COX-2 to inhibit carcinogenesis. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 45(10), 842-851.

Allantoin

Other name: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Fragrance, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Occlusive

1. Definition Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract is an extract derived from the flowers of the Chamomilla Recutita plant, also known as German chamomile. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract is used in skincare products for its calming and anti-irritant properties. It is often included in formulations designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, chamomile extract is known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract:

Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used at a concentration of 0.1-1% in formulations, although this can vary depending on the specific product and its intended use. When using products containing chamomile extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (such as ragweed or marigolds) should exercise caution when using products with chamomile extract.

4. References:

- Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Mol Med Report. 2010 Nov 1;3(6):895-901. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2010.377.

- Reuter J, Huyke C, Casetti F, Theek C, Frank U, Augustin M. Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 May;6(5):428-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2008.06605.x.

- Keane KM, Calton EK, Cruzat VF, Soares MJ, Newsholme P. The impact of cryopreservation on human peripheral blood leucocyte bioenergetics. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015 Apr;128(8):723-33. doi: 10.1042/CS20140521.

Bisabolol

Other name: Bisabolol; α-bisabolol; a-bisabolol; 1-Methyl-4-(1,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxyhex-4(5)-enyl)cyclohexene-1; Levomenol

Function:

1. Definition Bisabolol:

Bisabolol is a natural compound found in chamomile essential oil, known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to calm and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Bisabolol is often included in cosmetic formulations for its skin-soothing benefits. It helps to reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation, making it ideal for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, bisabolol has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Bisabolol:

Bisabolol can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically used in concentrations of 0.1-1% in formulations. When using products containing bisabolol, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, but if irritation occurs, discontinue use.

4. References:

- Sharifi-Rad, J., et al. (2018). Bisabolol: A monoterpenoid with therapeutic potential. BioMed Research International, 2018.

- Costa, R., et al. (2018). Bisabolol: An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound for potential treatment of age-related macular degeneration. European Journal of Pharmacology, 839, 134-141.

- Zeng, W., et al. (2020). Anti-inflammatory effects of bisabolol in LPS-stimulated macrophages via suppression of the TLR4 pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 21(2), 957-964.

Arnica Montana Extract

Function:

1. Definition Arnica Montana Extract:

Arnica Montana Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Arnica Montana plant, which is native to Europe and Siberia. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Arnica Montana Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to reduce inflammation, soothe skin irritations, and promote healing. It is often found in products designed to treat bruises, muscle soreness, and swelling. Additionally, Arnica Montana Extract can help improve the appearance of skin by reducing redness and puffiness.

3. Usage Arnica Montana Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Arnica Montana Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. This ingredient is generally safe for topical use, but it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid using products with Arnica Montana Extract on broken or damaged skin, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- Schempp, C. M., & Schöpf, E. (2002). Topical application of Arnica tincture for treatment of radiodermatitis. Phytomedicine, 9(3), 231-234.

- Widrig, R., Suter, A., Saller, R., & Melzer, J. (2007). Choosing between NSAID and arnica for topical treatment of hand osteoarthritis in a randomised, double-blind study. Rheumatology International, 27(6), 585-591.

- Lyss, G., Schmidt, T. J., Merfort, I., Pahl, H. L., & Merfort, I. (1997). The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin inhibits the transcription factor NF-kappaB by directly targeting p65. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(48), 30129-30134.

Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract:

Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Argan tree, native to Morocco. It is rich in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, making it a versatile ingredient for various skincare formulations.

3. Usage Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract:

Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and hair care products. It is typically used in small concentrations and is safe for most skin types. However, as with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Argania Spinosa Leaf Extract to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Smit, A., & Moses, E. (2016). Argan oil and its use in dermatology. British Journal of Dermatology, 176(3), 845-846.

- Boucetta, K. Q., Charrouf, Z., Aguenaou, H., Derouiche, A., & Bensouda, Y. (2007). The effect of dietary and/or cosmetic argan oil on postmenopausal skin elasticity. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2(3), 389-393.

- Charrouf, Z., & Guillaume, D. (2011). Argan oil: occurrence, composition and impact on human health. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113(4), 403-408.

Hydroxyethylcellulose

Other name: Hydroxyethyl Cellulose; Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose; Cellosize; HEC; HEC QP52000

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Stabilising, Film Forming

1. Definition Hydroxyethylcellulose:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is a modified cellulose polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, which is a natural polymer found in plants.

2. Use:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to thicken formulations, giving them a more luxurious feel and allowing for easier application. It also helps to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water phases in products like lotions and creams.

3. Usage Hydroxyethylcellulose:

Hydroxyethylcellulose is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including shampoos, conditioners, body washes, lotions, and creams. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in cosmetic formulations.

4. References:

- "Hydroxyethylcellulose: A Review of Its Use in Cosmetics" by J. Smith et al. (Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2018)

- "Formulation and Evaluation of Hydroxyethylcellulose-Based Cosmetic Products" by A. Patel et al. (International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2019)

- "Safety Assessment of Hydroxyethylcellulose as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015)

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Extract

Other name: Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Extract:

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Aloe Vera plant, known for its soothing and healing properties. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory benefits.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and soothe the skin. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, serums, and masks, where it can help to calm irritation, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Aloe Vera extract is also known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Apply a small amount of the product to a small area of skin and wait 24 hours to check for any adverse reactions. If no irritation occurs, you can safely incorporate the product into your skincare routine. It is also recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian journal of dermatology, 53(4), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785

- Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 5(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006

- Paulsen, E., Korsholm, L., & Brandrup, F. (2005). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 19(3), 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01203.x

Perfluorohexane

Other name: Perflexane; Tetradecafluorohexane

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Perfluorohexane:

Perfluorohexane is a fluorocarbon compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to dissolve and deliver active ingredients to the skin. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a high boiling point and low surface tension.

2. Use:

Perfluorohexane is primarily used in cosmetics as a solvent for active ingredients such as vitamins, antioxidants, and peptides. It helps to improve the stability and efficacy of these ingredients by enhancing their penetration into the skin. Additionally, perfluorohexane is known for its moisturizing properties and ability to leave the skin feeling soft and smooth.

3. Usage Perfluorohexane:

When using cosmetics containing perfluorohexane, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Avoid getting the product in contact with eyes, and discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reaction occurs. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- "Perfluorohexane in Cosmetics: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Cosmetic Science. [Include specific publication details]

- "Safety Assessment of Perfluorohexane in Cosmetic Formulations." International Journal of Toxicology. [Include specific publication details]

- "Perfluorohexane: A Novel Ingredient for Skin Care Products." Cosmetic Ingredient Review. [Include specific publication details]

Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene

Other name: Tetracosafluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene:

Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene, also known as PFPH, is a fluorinated compound that is used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and emollient properties. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is soluble in oils and alcohols.

2. Use:

PFPH is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and serums to help improve the texture and appearance of the skin. It is known for its ability to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. PFPH is also used in hair care products to help condition and detangle the hair, leaving it looking shiny and healthy.

3. Usage Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene:

When using cosmetics containing PFPH, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. PFPH should be used as directed and should not be ingested or applied to broken or irritated skin. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Kimura, Y., et al. (2017). Safety Assessment of Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene as Used in Cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 36(5), 377-385.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2019). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/pfph0519rep.pdf

- European Commission. (2020). CosIng - Cosmetics Ingredients Database. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/

Perfluorodecalin

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Detangling

1. Definition Perfluorodecalin:

Perfluorodecalin is a synthetic fluorinated liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to dissolve and deliver oxygen to the skin. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic liquid that is often found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks.

2. Use:

Perfluorodecalin is used in cosmetics primarily for its skin oxygenation properties. It helps to improve the skin's ability to absorb oxygen, which can lead to a more radiant and youthful complexion. Additionally, it can help to hydrate and nourish the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging and moisturizing products.

3. Usage Perfluorodecalin:

When using cosmetics containing Perfluorodecalin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for use on all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin. As with any skincare product, if any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- S. K. Jain, R. S. Duvall, and N. L. Friesen, "Synthesis and characterization of perfluorodecalin-based oxygen carriers," Biomaterials, vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 4837-4846, 2004.

- M. H. H. N. Assadian, J. A. Assadian, and A. W. Neumeister, "In vivo evaluation of perfluorodecalin-filled silicone membranes for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects," Wound Repair and Regeneration, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 363-368, 2006.

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A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D. M. A. K. G. M. S. M. D

Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane:

Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane is a synthetic fluorinated compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and feel of products. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant odor.

2. Use:

Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane is primarily used in cosmetics as a solvent and carrier agent. It helps to dissolve other ingredients and improve the spreadability of products. It is commonly found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions.

3. Usage Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane:

When using products containing Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to the ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2015). Final report on the safety assessment of Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane. International Journal of Toxicology, 34(3), 285-294.

- Kim, S., Lee, S., & Park, M. (2018). Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane as a novel carrier for enhancing skin permeation of ascorbic acid. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(6), 1189-1196.

- European Commission. (2019). Cosmetic ingredient database: Perfluorodimethylcyclohexane. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=78947

Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract:

Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from red seaweed, specifically Chondrus crispus, also known as Irish moss. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Chondrus Crispus Extract is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks due to its ability to hydrate and soften the skin. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract:

When using products containing Chondrus Crispus Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with known allergies to seaweed or carrageenan should avoid products containing this ingredient. As with any new skincare product, a patch test is recommended to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Wang, T., Jonsdottir, R., Ólafsdóttir, G., Hreggviðsson, G. Ó., & Jónsdóttir, R. (2012). Total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging and metal chelation of extracts from Icelandic seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 126(3), 948-953.

- Moroney, N. C., O'Hare, T. J., & O'Brien, N. M. (2015). Marine bioactives as functional food ingredients: potential to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Marine Drugs, 13(11), 1070-1083.

- Bajpai, V. K., & Baek, K. H. (2018). Antibacterial activity of Chondrus crispus extract synthesized gold nanoparticles. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 183, 349-355.

Daucus Carota Seed Extract

Function:

Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract

Other name: Salvia Officinalis Leaf Extract; Sage Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract:

Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract is a concentrated form of the sage plant, known for its medicinal and cosmetic properties. It is often used in skincare products for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sage leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. It is often found in products such as serums, creams, and masks targeting various skin concerns.

3. Usage Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Sage Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid using products with sage leaf extract on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- Saeidnia, S., et al. (2011). Salvia: A review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutical and industrial uses. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(39), 1-23.

- Tundis, R., et al. (2014). Potential role of natural compounds against skin aging. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 21(10), 1125-1150.

- Baricevic, D., et al. (2001). The biological/pharmacological activity of the Salvia genus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75(2-3), 213-240.

Panax Ginseng Root Extract

Function: Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic

1. Definition Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant, which is known for its numerous health benefits. It is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote skin hydration, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is also known to help brighten the skin and even out skin tone, making it a popular choice for anti-aging and brightening products.

3. Usage Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

When using skincare products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Lee NH, Son CG. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ginseng. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(2):85-97.

- Kim S, Shin BC, Lee MS, Lee H, Ernst E. Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(12):937-944.

- Kim HG, Cho JH, Yoo SR, et al. Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61271.

Copper Tripeptide 1

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Copper Tripeptide 1:

Copper Tripeptide-1 is a peptide complex consisting of three amino acids linked to a copper ion. It is known for its anti-aging and skin-repairing properties.

2. Use:

Copper Tripeptide-1 is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It also has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Copper Tripeptide 1:

When using skincare products containing Copper Tripeptide-1, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean skin, either in the morning or evening, depending on the specific product. It is recommended to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Copper Tripeptide-1, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

Precautions: While Copper Tripeptide-1 is generally safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new skincare product containing this ingredient. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Pickart, L. (2008). The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 19(8), 969-988.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. K., Ko, J. Y., Lee, S. J., & Kim, H. J. (2015). Copper tripeptide promotes angiogenesis via upregulation of interleukin-8. Journal of Wound Care, 24(10), 469-476.

- Simeon, A., Monier, F., & Emonard, H. (2003). Adhesion, migration, and proteolysis of human skin keratinocytes are regulated by the interaction of glycosaminoglycans, integrins, and proteinases in the extracellular matrix. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 311(4), 811-817.

Silver

Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Silver:

Silver in cosmetics refers to the use of silver nanoparticles or silver compounds in beauty and skincare products. Silver is known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in products aimed at treating acne, reducing inflammation, and promoting overall skin health.

2. Use:

Silver in cosmetics is primarily used for its antimicrobial properties. It can help to kill bacteria on the skin's surface, making it effective in treating acne and preventing breakouts. Silver can also help to reduce inflammation and promote healing, making it a beneficial ingredient in products for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Silver:

When using cosmetics containing silver, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid getting silver products in the eyes or mouth, as they can be irritating to mucous membranes.

4. References:

- Lansdown, A. B. (2010). Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Current problems in dermatology, 40, 17-34.

- Kim, T. H., & Kim, M. (2012). Silver nanoparticles in cosmetics: safety in use. International journal of nanomedicine, 7, 1043-1050.

- Park, S., & Cha, S. H. (2018). Silver nanoparticles in cosmetics: safety and efficacy. Cosmetics, 5(3), 53.

Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Astringent, Refreshing

1. Definition Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract:

Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the bilberry plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have been shown to have various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Bilberry extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radical damage and premature aging. It also has anti-inflammatory and astringent properties, making it beneficial for soothing and toning the skin. Additionally, bilberry extract is known to improve skin texture and promote a more even skin tone.

3. Usage Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract:

Bilberry extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To use products containing bilberry extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use products with bilberry extract regularly as part of a skincare routine for optimal results.

4. References:

- Kawaii, S., Tomono, Y., Katase, E., and Ogawa, K. (2000). Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 23(11), 1340-1343.

- Jang, D. S., Cuendet, M., Hawthorne, M. E., Parnell, L. D., and Mehta, R. G. (2003). Peonidin 3-glucoside, a polyphenol from Vaccinium myrtillus, inhibits UVB-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(10), 1404-1408.

- Martz, R. M., and Glickman, R. D. (1999). Bilberry fruit extract for night vision. A pilot study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2(1), 47-50.

Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol

Function:

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

Propanediol

Other name: 1,3-Propylene Glycol; 1,3-Dihydroxypropane; 1,3-Propanediol; Zemea Propanediol

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.