Full ingredients list Makari Caviar Hydrating Face Cream

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1	A	Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride (Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
3	B	Propylene Glycol (Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous)	Good for dry skin
6	A	Cyclomethicone (Solvent, Emollient, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)	Silicone
1	B	Isostearyl Isostearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Binding Agent, Binding)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	B	Cetearyl Isononanoate (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1 3		Mineral Oil (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent)
1	A	Phenyl Trimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	B	Ethylhexyl Palmitate (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Fragrance)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Cetearyl Alcohol (Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous)
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
2 3	B	Myristyl Myristate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Opacifying)	Bad for oily skin
		Mulberry (Morus Alba) Root Extract
		Locust Bean (Ceratonia Siliqua) Gum
5		Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract (Perfuming, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Brightening Acne fighting
1	A	Hyaluronic Acid (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising)	Promotes Wound Healing
1 3	B	Salicylic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover)	Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin Acne fighting
1		Octadecenedioic Acid (Emulsifying)
1		Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Glycyrrhetinic Acid (Skin Conditioning)
		Ascorbyl
2	B	TEA-Isostearate (Surfactant, Emulsifying, Hair Conditioning, Cleansing)
1	A	Panthenol (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
9		Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A)	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1	A	Lactose (Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	B	Cetyl Phosphate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1 3	B	Steareth 2 (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1 3	B	Steareth 20 (Surfactant, Emulsifying, Sufactant)
1 3		Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
1	A	Carbomer (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming)
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
5	B	Triethanolamine (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant)
7	A	DMDM Hydantoin (Preservative)
4 5	B	Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate (Preservative)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
3 4		Anise Alcohol (Masking, Fragrance)	Allergen
4 6	A	Benzyl Alcohol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic )	Allergen
3		Hexyl Cinnamal (Masking, Fragrance)	Allergen
3 5		Alpha Isomethyl Ionone (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming)	Allergen
4 5		Coumarin (Masking, Fragrance)	Allergen
7		Butylphenyl Methylpropional (Perfuming)	Allergen
4 5		Limonene (Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Allergen

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride

Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.

3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

Propylene Glycol

Other name: Monopropylene Glycol; Propyl Glycol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; 1,2-Propylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous

1. Definition Propylene Glycol:

Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.

2. Use:

Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.

3. Usage Propylene Glycol:

When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group

- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council

Cyclomethicone

Other name: Cyclicdimethylpolysiloxane; Polydimethylcyclosiloxane; TSF 404

Function: Solvent, Emollient, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Cyclomethicone:

Cyclomethicone is a clear, odorless silicone-based liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and solvent. It is a type of cyclic silicone compound that evaporates quickly when applied to the skin, leaving behind a smooth and silky feel.

2. Use:

Cyclomethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including skincare, haircare, and makeup. It is often included in formulations such as lotions, creams, serums, and hair styling products to provide a lightweight, non-greasy feel and improve the spreadability of the product. Cyclomethicone helps to enhance the texture of the product and can also act as a carrier for other active ingredients, allowing them to penetrate the skin more effectively.

3. Usage Cyclomethicone:

When using products containing Cyclomethicone, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Cyclomethicone to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and to keep the product out of reach of children.

4. References:

- Loden M, Wessman W. The influence of a cream containing 20% glycerin and its vehicle on skin barrier properties. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2001;23(2):115-9.

- Kligman AM. An overview of cosmeceuticals. In: Draelos ZD, editor. Cosmeceuticals. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005. p. 1-7.

- Draelos ZD. Cosmeceuticals: what's real, what's not. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(2):215-7.

Isostearyl Isostearate

Other name: Isooctadecyl isooctadecanoate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Isostearyl Isostearate:

Isostearyl Isostearate is a synthetic ester derived from isostearic acid and isostearyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier.

2. Use:

Isostearyl Isostearate is primarily used in cosmetics as a moisturizing agent to help soften and smooth the skin. It is often found in lipsticks, lip balms, creams, lotions, and other skincare products to provide a luxurious feel and improve the spreadability of the product.

3. Usage Isostearyl Isostearate:

When using products containing Isostearyl Isostearate, it is important to patch test first to check for any allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with this ingredient into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Isostearyl Isostearate" by Cosmeticsinfo.org

- "Safety Assessment of Isostearyl Isostearate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Isostearyl Isostearate in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Magazine

Cetearyl Isononanoate

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Cetearyl Isononanoate:

Cetearyl Isononanoate is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a combination of cetearyl alcohol and isononanoic acid.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Isononanoate is primarily used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and moisturizers to help soften and smooth the skin. It is known for its ability to provide long-lasting hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Cetearyl Isononanoate:

When using products containing Cetearyl Isononanoate, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should be cautious and consult with a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Isononanoate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetearyl-isononanoate.

- "Cetearyl Isononanoate." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/cetearyl-isononanoate.

- "Cetearyl Isononanoate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/cetearyl-isononanoate/.

Mineral Oil

Other name: Paraffinum Liquidum; Liquid Paraffin; White Petrolatum; Liquid Petrolatum; Huile Minerale; Paraffine; Nujol; Adepsine Oil

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Mineral Oil:

Mineral oil is a colorless and odorless oil derived from petroleum. It is a common ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products due to its ability to lock in moisture and create a protective barrier on the skin.

2. Use:

Mineral oil is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products to provide hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Mineral Oil:

When using products containing mineral oil, it is important to note that it may clog pores for some individuals, leading to breakouts or irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying mineral oil-based products to the entire face or body to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Mineral Oil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" by Paula Begoun

- "Mineral Oil in Skin Care: Good or Bad?" by Dr. Cynthia Bailey

- "The Truth About Mineral Oil" by Dr. Leslie Baumann

Phenyl Trimethicone

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used in skincare and hair care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that provides a silky, smooth feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Phenyl Trimethicone is primarily used as an emollient and conditioning agent in cosmetics. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance their texture, and provide a soft, velvety finish. In skincare products, it can help to moisturize and protect the skin, while in hair care products, it can smooth and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is often used in small concentrations, usually around 1-5%, but can vary depending on the specific formulation. It is important to note that while Phenyl Trimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and may experience irritation or breakouts. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Phenyl Trimethicone.

4. References:

- Chaudhri, S. K., & Singh, S. (2017). Silicone in cosmetics: Safety and performance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 366-376.

- Lode, O., & Kolstad, J. (2018). Silicone in cosmetics: A review on the safety and regulatory status of silicones in personal care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 52.

- Lefebvre, M. A., & Van Cutsem, J. (2015). Silicones in cosmetics: A review on their safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(3), 313-324.

Ethylhexyl Palmitate

Other name: Octyl Palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Fragrance

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Palmitate:

Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a synthetic ester derived from palm oil and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin-conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a light, non-greasy texture.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and lipsticks. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, making it smooth and easy to apply. It also has emollient properties that help to soften and hydrate the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and moisturized.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Palmitate:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Palmitate, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience irritation or breakouts when using products with this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or a history of skin reactions to certain ingredients.

4. References:

- Ethylhexyl Palmitate. (n.d.). Cosmetics Info. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexyl-palmitate

- Guo, L., & Lai, W. (2012). Ethylhexyl Palmitate. In Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology (pp. 193-200). CRC Press.

- Ethylhexyl Palmitate. (n.d.). The Derm Review. https://thedermreview.com/ethylhexyl-palmitate/

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether:

Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether is a synthetic compound that belongs to the group of polyethylene glycol ethers. It is derived from stearyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol, resulting in a versatile ingredient that is commonly used in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether is primarily used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of products, and stabilize formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like conditioners and styling products.

3. Usage Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether:

When using products containing Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products with this ingredient to a larger area of skin. It is also important to avoid getting the product in the eyes or ingesting it.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Ppg 15 Stearyl Ether as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Polyethylene Glycol Ethers: A New Class of Nonionic Surfactants for Formulating Cosmetics" by M. Shaath in the Journal of Cosmetic Science

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach

Cetearyl Alcohol

Other name: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols

Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous

1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:

Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.

3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html

- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/

- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil

Other name: Olea Europaea Fruit; Olive Fruit

Function:

1. Definition Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil:

Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil is a natural oil extracted from the fruit of the olive tree. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and fatty acids that help nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Olive oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and emollient properties. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and body lotions. Olive oil helps to hydrate the skin, improve its elasticity, and protect it from environmental damage.

3. Usage Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil:

When using products containing Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive or acne-prone skin may want to use it cautiously. Olive oil can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients in DIY skincare recipes.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- P. Konstantinidou, et al. (2010). "In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial." The FASEB Journal.

- A. Ghanbari, et al. (2012). "Olive oil and cancer." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.

Myristyl Myristate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Opacifying

1. Definition Myristyl Myristate:

Myristyl Myristate is a fatty acid ester derived from myristic acid and myristyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Myristyl Myristate is primarily used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and makeup products. Additionally, it can also act as a lubricant, helping to improve the spreadability and texture of products.

3. Usage Myristyl Myristate:

Myristyl Myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but like any ingredient, it is important to use it in moderation. It is recommended to patch test products containing Myristyl Myristate before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to follow the instructions on product labels and consult a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- "Myristyl Myristate", CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/myristyl-myristate

- "Myristyl Myristate", The Dermatology Review, https://thedermreview.com/myristyl-myristate/

- "Myristyl Myristate", Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/myristyl-myristate

Mulberry (Morus Alba) Root Extract

Function:

Locust Bean (Ceratonia Siliqua) Gum

Function:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract

Other name: Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract; Licorice Root Extract; Oil Soluble Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) Extract

Function: Perfuming, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the licorice plant. It contains various compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and saponins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Licorice root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and brightening effects. It helps to calm irritation, reduce redness, and even out skin tone. Additionally, licorice root extract can help to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and dark spots.

3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Licorice root extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and spot treatments. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed into formulations. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using products containing licorice root extract to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., ... & Chung, J. H. (2009). Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo. Annals of Dermatology, 21(1), 6-11.

- Katiyar, S. K., & Mukhtar, H. (1997). Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. Journal of leukocyte biology, 61(5), 547-556.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

Hyaluronic Acid

Other name: Hyaluronate; Hyaluronic Acid; Biohyaluronic acid

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Moisturising

1. Definition Hyaluronic Acid:

Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the human body that helps to retain moisture and keep skin hydrated. In cosmetics, it is used as a key ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to attract and hold onto water molecules, making it a popular choice for hydration and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Hyaluronic acid is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products to help plump and hydrate the skin. It is known for its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a smoother, more youthful complexion. Additionally, hyaluronic acid can help to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Hyaluronic Acid:

When using skincare products containing hyaluronic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, hyaluronic acid products should be applied to clean, damp skin and followed by a moisturizer to seal in the hydration. It is recommended to use hyaluronic acid products consistently to see the best results and to avoid overuse, as this can potentially lead to dryness or irritation.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

See more: Unlocking the Secrets: Hyaluronic Acid in Skincare

Salicylic Acid

Other name: Salicylates; 2-hydroxybenzoic; Salicylic Acid; Beta Hydroxy Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover

1. Definition Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.

2. Use:

Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1

See more: Salicylic Acid

Octadecenedioic Acid

Other name: Mediatone

Function: Emulsifying

1. Definition Octadecenedioic Acid:

Octadecenedioic Acid, also known as Octadec-9-enedioic acid or C18:1 diacid, is a naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acid with a molecular formula C18H32O4. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin brightening and anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Octadecenedioic Acid is used in cosmetics as a skin lightening agent to reduce hyperpigmentation and even out skin tone. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products. Additionally, it helps to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Octadecenedioic Acid:

Octadecenedioic Acid is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is recommended to use products containing this ingredient as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to perform a patch test before using any new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any skincare ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Octadecenedioic Acid into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, Vishal K. Chavhan, Ashwini S. Patil, and Amit A. Telang. "Octadecenedioic acid: A review of its chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 7, no. 6 (2017): 241-247.

- J. L. Lopez-Camarillo, L. M. Arechaga-Ocampo, R. Villegas-Sepulveda, A. Gonzalez-De la Rosa, A. M. Rios-Romero, and A. E. Marchat. "Octadecenedioic acid inhibits migration and invasion in human lung cancer cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 506, no. 1 (2018): 52-59.

- A. E. Marchat, J. L. Lopez-Camarillo, L. M. Arechaga-Ocampo, R. Villegas-Sepulveda, A. Gonzalez-De la Rosa, and A. M. Rios-Romero. "Octadecenedioic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human lung cancer cells." Oncology Reports 40, no. 5 (2018): 2859-2867.

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract, also known as holy basil extract, is derived from the leaves of the Ocimum sanctum plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin. It is important to follow the instructions on the product label and perform a patch test before using it on the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- S. Cohen, A. Bhatia, G. B. Bhat, and S. S. Upadhya, "Influence of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Lamiaceae) leaf extract on sexually mature male rats exposed to different stressors," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2007.

- H. K. S. Kumar, S. K. Bhowmik, and D. Duraivel, "Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview," Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 95-105, 2011.

- S. K. Kelm, S. M. B. C. Veiga-Junior, and J. R. S. A. Leitão, "Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil as a potential treatment for skin infections," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 75-82, 2011.

Glycyrrhetinic Acid

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Glycyrrhetinic Acid:

Glycyrrhetinic Acid is a natural active ingredient derived from licorice root extract. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Glycyrrhetinic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and even out skin tone. It is also effective in treating conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

3. Usage Glycyrrhetinic Acid:

Glycyrrhetinic Acid can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. It is important to patch test products containing Glycyrrhetinic Acid before applying them to the entire face, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to use products with Glycyrrhetinic Acid in the evening to avoid sensitivity to sunlight.

4. References:

- Armanini, D., Fiore, C., Mattarello, M. J., Bielenberg, J., & Palermo, M. (2002). History of the endocrine effects of licorice. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 110(6), 257-261.

- Asl, M. N., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2008). Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytotherapy Research, 22(6), 709-724.

- Choi, H. J., Kim, E. J., Shin, J. A., Kim, J. S., & Park, E. M. (2012). The anti-inflammatory effects of licorice-derived prenylflavonoids, Glyasperin C and Glyasperin D, are mediated by suppression of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways in activated microglial cells. International immunopharmacology, 12(1), 460-467.

Ascorbyl

Function:

TEA-Isostearate

Other name: Triethanolamine isostearate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Hair Conditioning, Cleansing

1. Definition TEA-Isostearate:

TEA-Isostearate is a compound derived from isostearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA). It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together.

2. Use:

TEA-Isostearate is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to create stable and uniform mixtures of oil and water-based ingredients. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce the surface tension between different components in a product, allowing for better spreadability and absorption on the skin.

3. Usage TEA-Isostearate:

TEA-Isostearate is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and use concentrations to avoid any potential skin irritation or sensitivities. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing TEA-Isostearate, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Ma, X., et al. (2018). A review on the preparation and applications of isostearic acid. Journal of Oleo Science, 67(3), 269-276.

- Pinninti, R. R., et al. (2019). Surfactants in cosmetics: A review on the recent trends and developments. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(6), 525-534.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2015). Safety assessment of triethanolamine and its salts as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 34(3_suppl), 1S-14S.

Panthenol

Other name: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Panthenol:

Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.

2. Use:

Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.

3. Usage Panthenol:

Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A)

Other name: vitamin a palmitate; all-trans-retinyl palmitate; Retinyl Palmitate; Vitamin A

Function:

1. Definition Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A):

Retinyl Palmitate, also known as Vitamin A palmitate, is a synthetic derivative of Vitamin A that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products. It is a combination of retinol (Vitamin A) and palmitic acid.

2. Use:

Retinyl Palmitate is widely used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties. It is known to help improve the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and sun-damaged skin. Additionally, it can help promote cell turnover and collagen production, leading to smoother and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A):

When using skincare products containing Retinyl Palmitate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of Retinyl Palmitate to minimize the risk of irritation or sensitivity. It is also essential to use sunscreen during the day when using products with Retinyl Palmitate, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327-348.

- Kang, S., Duell, E. A., Fisher, G. J., Datta, S. C., Wang, Z. Q., Reddy, A. P., ... & Voorhees, J. J. (1995). Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. Journal of investigative dermatology, 105(4), 549-556.

- Stamatas, G. N., & Morello, A. P. (2002). The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatologic Surgery, 28(3), 220-226.

Lactose

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Lactose:

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and glucose that is commonly found in milk and dairy products. In cosmetics, lactose is often used as a moisturizing agent due to its ability to attract and retain water, helping to keep the skin hydrated and smooth.

2. Use:

Lactose is used in cosmetics as a humectant, emollient, and skin-conditioning agent. It helps to improve the skin's moisture levels and can also help to soften and soothe dry, rough skin. Lactose is commonly found in moisturizers, creams, lotions, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Lactose:

When using cosmetics containing lactose, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to dairy products. Individuals who are lactose intolerant may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when using products containing lactose. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Lactose in cosmetics: A review of current uses and potential benefits for skin health. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2019.

- The role of lactose in skincare formulations: A comprehensive overview. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2020.

- Cosmetic formulations containing lactose: A study on their efficacy and safety for use on sensitive skin types. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2018.

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Cetyl Phosphate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Cetyl Phosphate:

Cetyl Phosphate is an ester of cetyl alcohol and phosphoric acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizer. It is a white, waxy solid that helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare products.

2. Use:

Cetyl Phosphate is primarily used in cosmetic formulations as an emulsifier to create stable emulsions, ensuring that the oil and water-based ingredients in a product do not separate. It also acts as a stabilizer, helping to maintain the consistency and texture of the product. Additionally, Cetyl Phosphate can provide moisturizing and conditioning properties to the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Cetyl Phosphate:

When using products containing Cetyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Cetyl Phosphate to a larger area of skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation or allergic reactions occur, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Phosphate" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition

- "Cetyl Phosphate" on CosmeticsInfo.org

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Phosphate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

Steareth 2

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Steareth 2:

Steareth-2 is a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol, which is a fatty alcohol derived from stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant.

2. Use:

Steareth-2 is used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce the surface tension of liquids, allowing them to spread more easily.

3. Usage Steareth 2:

Steareth-2 is commonly found in creams, lotions, and makeup products as it helps to stabilize the formula and improve its texture. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

Precautions: While Steareth-2 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list of products before use and to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about potential reactions.

4. References:

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/steareth-2

- Personal Care Council. (2006). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/steareth-2/

- Environmental Working Group. (n.d.). Steareth-2. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706778-STEARETH-2/

Steareth 20

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Sufactant

1. Definition Steareth 20:

Steareth-20 is a polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol, which is a fatty alcohol derived from stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emulsifier, surfactant, and cleansing agent.

2. Use:

Steareth-20 is primarily used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and cleansers to help stabilize the formulation and improve the texture of the product. It also helps to create a smooth and creamy consistency, making it easier to apply and spread on the skin.

3. Usage Steareth 20:

When using products containing Steareth-20, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Steareth-20, especially if you have sensitive skin.

Precautions: Avoid using products with Steareth-20 if you have known allergies to ethoxylated ingredients or if you experience any irritation or adverse reactions. Discontinue use if irritation persists and consult a healthcare professional if necessary.

4. References:

- "Steareth-20" in Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/steareth-20

- "Polyethylene Glycol Stearates" in Personal Care Council, https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/polyethylene-glycol-stearates/

- "Steareth-20" in Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/steareth-20

Titanium Dioxide

Other name: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Carbomer

Other name: Carboxypolymethylene; Carbopol; Cabomer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming

1. Definition Carbomer:

Carbomer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and stabilizer. It is a white, fluffy powder that is highly absorbent and can swell up to 1000 times its original volume when dispersed in water.

2. Use:

Carbomer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the stability of emulsions, and enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Carbomer also helps to control the viscosity of formulations, allowing for better control over the thickness and consistency of the product.

3. Usage Carbomer:

When using products containing Carbomer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. Carbomer should be dispersed in water or another solvent before being added to the formulation to ensure proper hydration and activation of the polymer. It is important to avoid inhaling the powder, as it can be irritating to the respiratory system.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., & Jain, A. (2012). Carbomers: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(3), 805-814.

- Liao, Y., & Wang, J. (2017). Carbomer: A versatile polymer in pharmaceutical applications. Polymer Chemistry, 8(3), 355-366.

- Patel, D. (2015). Carbomer in pharmaceuticals: A review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 121-133.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Triethanolamine

Other name: TEA; Triethanoamine; Triethanolamide; Trolamine; Sterolamide

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Triethanolamine:

Triethanolamine, also known as TEA, is a viscous organic compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, pH adjuster, and fragrance ingredient. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slight ammonia-like odor.

2. Use:

Triethanolamine is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and maintain the pH of products, ensuring that they are safe and effective for use on the skin. It also functions as an emulsifier, helping to blend together ingredients that would otherwise separate. Additionally, triethanolamine can be found in some cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient, providing a pleasant scent to the product.

3. Usage Triethanolamine:

While triethanolamine is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, there are some precautions to keep in mind. It is important to avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to high concentrations of triethanolamine, as it may cause skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to use products containing triethanolamine as directed and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to store products containing triethanolamine in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their stability.

4. References:

- Cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d.). Triethanolamine. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/triethanolamine

- Personal Care Products Council. (2013). Safety Assessment of Triethanolamine and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr108.pdf

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Triethanolamine. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=73.2120

DMDM Hydantoin

Other name: DMDM Hydantion; DMDMH; 1,3-Dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Function: Preservative

1. Definition DMDM Hydantoin:

DMDM Hydantoin is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. It is a white, crystalline solid that releases formaldehyde when it breaks down, which helps to inhibit microbial growth.

2. Use:

DMDM Hydantoin is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and creams to extend their shelf life and maintain product integrity. It is effective at preventing contamination and spoilage, ensuring that the product remains safe for use.

3. Usage DMDM Hydantoin:

When using cosmetics containing DMDM Hydantoin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid excessive or prolonged exposure to the preservative. Some individuals may be sensitive to formaldehyde, which can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with DMDM Hydantoin to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2010). Final report on the safety assessment of DMDM hydantoin. International Journal of Toxicology, 29(3), 218S-237S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). DMDM hydantoin. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dmdm-hydantoin

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.860

Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate

Other name: 3-Iodo-2-Propynyl Butyl Carbamate; IPBC; Biodocarb C450

Function: Preservative

1. Definition Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate:

Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate, also known as IPBC, is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is a white to pale yellow powder with a faint odor and is soluble in water.

2. Use:

IPBC is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners, lotions, creams, and makeup to extend their shelf life and maintain their quality. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can spoil the product and cause skin irritation or infections.

3. Usage Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate:

When using cosmetics containing IPBC, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. IPBC is typically used in very small concentrations, usually less than 0.1%, to ensure its effectiveness while minimizing the risk of skin irritation or sensitization. It is important to avoid direct contact with the eyes, mucous membranes, and broken skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. Int J Toxicol. 1995;14 Suppl 1:31-54.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Safety assessment of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2010 Jan;29(1 Suppl):182S-202S.

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 172: Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption. Accessed online at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.210

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Anise Alcohol

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Anise Alcohol:

Anise Alcohol is a colorless liquid with a sweet, licorice-like aroma derived from anise essential oil. It is commonly used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Anise Alcohol is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, skincare products, and perfumes due to its sweet and spicy scent reminiscent of licorice. It is often added to products to provide a warm and inviting aroma.

3. Usage Anise Alcohol:

Anise Alcohol is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic formulations, as it can be irritating to the skin in high amounts. It is important to follow recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by suppliers to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product. It is also important to perform a patch test before using products containing Anise Alcohol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (Ed.). (2005). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. CRC Press.

- International Fragrance Association. (2019). Anise Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.ifraorg.org/en-us/standards (Accessed on October 20, 2021).

- Cosmetics Info. (2021). Anise Alcohol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/anise-alcohol (Accessed on October 20, 2021).

Benzyl Alcohol

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic

1. Definition Benzyl Alcohol:

Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aroma. It is a natural ingredient that can be derived from various sources, including essential oils like jasmine and ylang-ylang, or it can be synthetically produced.

2. Use:

Benzyl Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is also used as a solvent, fragrance ingredient, and viscosity-decreasing agent in various skincare, haircare, and personal care products.

3. Usage Benzyl Alcohol:

When using Benzyl Alcohol in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended usage levels to ensure product safety and efficacy. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has deemed Benzyl Alcohol safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 1%, with some exceptions. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Alcohol, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-23.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzyl-alcohol

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 244, Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzyl-alcohol

Hexyl Cinnamal

Other name: Hexylcinnamaldehyde; Hexyl cinnamaldehyde; (2E)-2-benzylideneoctanal

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Hexyl Cinnamal:

Hexyl Cinnamal, also known as hexyl cinnamaldehyde or hexylcinnamal, is a synthetic fragrance ingredient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, pale yellow liquid with a sweet, floral scent reminiscent of jasmine.

2. Use:

Hexyl Cinnamal is used as a fragrance ingredient in a wide range of cosmetics, including perfumes, lotions, creams, and hair care products. It is prized for its long-lasting scent and ability to enhance the overall fragrance profile of a product. Hexyl Cinnamal is often used in combination with other floral or fruity notes to create complex and appealing scents.

3. Usage Hexyl Cinnamal:

Hexyl Cinnamal is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used at low concentrations. However, it can cause skin irritation in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Hexyl Cinnamal to ensure that no adverse reactions occur. Additionally, pregnant women should consult with their healthcare provider before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- "Hexyl Cinnamal" in Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hexyl-cinnamal

- "Safety Assessment of Hexyl Cinnamal" in the International Journal of Toxicology, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1091581818780985

- "Hexyl Cinnamal" in the European Commission's CosIng Database, https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=30132

Alpha Isomethyl Ionone

Other name: Alpha-isomethyl ionone; Iso-Alpha-methyl ionone

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming

1. Definition Alpha Isomethyl Ionone:

Alpha Isomethyl Ionone is a synthetic fragrance ingredient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a floral scent reminiscent of violets.

2. Use:

Alpha Isomethyl Ionone is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in a wide range of cosmetic products such as perfumes, lotions, creams, and hair care products. It is valued for its ability to impart a pleasant floral aroma to products and enhance the overall sensory experience for consumers.

3. Usage Alpha Isomethyl Ionone:

When using products containing Alpha Isomethyl Ionone, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Alpha Isomethyl Ionone for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of products containing this ingredient to ensure safety and efficacy.

4. References:

- SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). Opinion on Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone. (2013). https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_123.pdf

- CosmeticsInfo.org. Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone. https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/alpha-isomethyl-ionone

- Personal Care Council. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition. (2016).

Coumarin

Function: Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Coumarin:

Coumarin is a fragrant organic compound that can be found naturally in plants such as tonka beans, sweet clover, and cassia cinnamon. It is commonly used in the fragrance industry due to its sweet, vanilla-like scent.

2. Use:

Coumarin is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, particularly in perfumes, colognes, and lotions. Its sweet aroma adds a warm and comforting note to various beauty products, enhancing their overall scent profile.

3. Usage Coumarin:

When using cosmetics containing coumarin, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to this compound. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to high concentrations of coumarin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with coumarin extensively, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. (2016). Opinion on Coumarin. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_199.pdf

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2006). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Coumarin. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/coumarin.pdf

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=310.545

Butylphenyl Methylpropional

Other name: 2-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde; Lilial

Function: Perfuming

1. Definition Butylphenyl Methylpropional:

Butylphenyl Methylpropional, also known as Lilial, is a synthetic fragrance ingredient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a floral scent reminiscent of lily of the valley.

2. Use:

Butylphenyl Methylpropional is used as a fragrance ingredient in a wide range of cosmetic products, including perfumes, lotions, creams, and hair care products. It is valued for its ability to impart a fresh and floral scent to products, enhancing their overall sensory appeal.

3. Usage Butylphenyl Methylpropional:

When using products containing Butylphenyl Methylpropional, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this fragrance ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Butylphenyl Methylpropional, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergies.

4. References:

- Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). (2018). Opinion on Butylphenyl Methylpropional. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_232.pdf

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Butylphenyl Methylpropional. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylphenyl-methylpropional

- Environmental Working Group (EWG). (n.d.). Butylphenyl Methylpropional. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/702319-BUTYLPHENYL_METHYLPROPIONAL/

Limonene

Other name: L-limonene; D-limonene

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Limonene:

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.

2. Use:

Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.

3. Usage Limonene:

When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.

- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.