Full ingredients list Melixir Vegan Deep Hydration Vitamin C ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil (Emollient, Deodorant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Dicaprylyl Carbonate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Ethyl Ascorbic Acid (Skin Conditioning)
1		Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Diglycerin (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
1	A	Diisostearyl Malate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant)
	A	Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin) (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
1	A	Cetearyl Alcohol (Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous)
1		Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Hair Conditioning)
1		Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
1	B	Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1	A	Behenyl Alcohol (Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding)
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
		Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters (Emulsion Stabilising, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming)
1		Chlorella Vulgaris Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax (Epilating Agent, Depilatory)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Juniperus Virginiana Oil (Masking, Tonic)
2		Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
1		Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract (Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting)
1	B	Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance)	Bad for sensitive skin
		Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Extract (Antioxidant)
1		Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract
2		Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil (Perfuming, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
1		Corallina Officinalis Extract (Skin Conditioning)
4 6	B	Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil	Bad for sensitive skin
5	B	Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil (Skin Conditioning)
		Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil
1	B	Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil
1		Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Peel Oil	Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride (Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Panthenol (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
1 2	A	Hydrogenated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant)
1		Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer (Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising)
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
1	A	Vinyl Dimethicone (Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Palmitic Acid (Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Sufactant)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Stearic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Glucose (Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous)
1		Behenic Acid (Emulsifying, Opacifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent)
1		Fructooligosaccharides (Humectant, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Fructose (Humectant, Flavoring Agent)
1	B	Glyceryl Stearate Citrate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer (Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Allantoin (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing)	Good for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
1		Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate (Chelating Agent)
1	A	Myristic Acid (Perfuming, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emulsifying, Sufactant)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Sorbitan Isostearate (Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Ubiquinone (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
1		Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antioxidant)	Brightening Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Dextrin (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Absorbent, Bulking Agent)
1		Tocopherol	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1		C12 16 Alcohols (Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1	A	Stearyl Alcohol (Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant, Refatting)
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
4 5		Limonene (Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Allergen
3		Linalool (Masking, Deodorant, Fragrance)	Allergen
3 5		Citral (Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent)	Allergen

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil

Function: Emollient, Deodorant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive

1. Definition Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil:

Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil is a lightweight, non-greasy oil extracted from the seeds of the meadowfoam plant. It is rich in antioxidants and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Meadowfoam Seed Oil is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it an excellent choice for hydrating dry skin and hair. It helps to lock in moisture, leaving the skin and hair soft and smooth. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil:

Meadowfoam Seed Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and lip balms. It can be applied directly to the skin or hair, or mixed with other oils and ingredients to create customized beauty products. When using Meadowfoam Seed Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a dermatologist before using it.

4. References:

- Kim, H., & Moon, E. (2017). Effect of limnanthes alba seed oil on skin barrier function. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 137(5), S197.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Reis, L. (2019). Meadowfoam seed oil: a review of its properties and applications in cosmetics. Cosmetics, 6(1), 16.

Dicaprylyl Carbonate

Other name: CETIOL CC

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Dicaprylyl Carbonate:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil, and carbonic acid. Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a clear, colorless liquid with a lightweight texture that helps to moisturize and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and hair care products. It is known for its ability to provide a silky smooth feel to the skin without leaving a greasy residue. Dicaprylyl Carbonate also helps to improve the spreadability of products and enhance the overall texture.

3. Usage Dicaprylyl Carbonate:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-20% in cosmetic formulations. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and is often included in products designed for dry or dehydrated skin. When using products containing Dicaprylyl Carbonate, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, discontinue use if irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dicaprylyl-carbonate

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/dicaprylyl-carbonate/

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/dicaprylyl-carbonate

Ethyl Ascorbic Acid

Other name: Ethyl Ascorbic Acid; 3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic acid

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethyl Ascorbic Acid:

Ethyl Ascorbic Acid is a stable derivative of Vitamin C that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin. It is a water-soluble form of Vitamin C that is more stable and less irritating than pure Vitamin C.

2. Use:

Ethyl Ascorbic Acid is used in cosmetics for its various benefits to the skin. It helps to protect the skin from free radicals, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. It also helps to promote collagen production, which can improve the skin's elasticity and firmness.

3. Usage Ethyl Ascorbic Acid:

Ethyl Ascorbic Acid is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is best applied to clean, dry skin in the morning and evening before moisturizer. It is important to wear sunscreen during the day when using products containing Ethyl Ascorbic Acid, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the skin: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The roles of Vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866

Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate:

Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate is a mixture of esters derived from butylene glycol and caprylic/capric fatty acids. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate is used in cosmetic formulations to provide hydration and moisture to the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling supple and moisturized. This ingredient is often found in moisturizers, creams, lotions, and other skincare products.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate:

When using products containing Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for topical use, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient on a larger area of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol-dicaprylate-dicaprate

- The Derm Review. (n.d.). Butylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate. https://thedermreview.com/butylene-glycol-dicaprylate-dicaprate/

- Personal Care Council. (2019). International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) Dictionary. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/resources/inci-dictionary/

Diglycerin

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Diglycerin:

Diglycerin is a type of glycerin that is derived from vegetable oils and is commonly used in cosmetic products as a humectant and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and viscous liquid that helps to hydrate and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Diglycerin is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it appear smoother and more hydrated. Diglycerin is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions.

3. Usage Diglycerin:

Diglycerin can be found in various concentrations in cosmetic formulations, depending on the desired level of hydration and emollient properties. It is typically safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing diglycerin to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

Precautions: While diglycerin is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or skin irritation. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list of products carefully and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using diglycerin-containing products.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., Bhatia, A., & Singh, S. (2019). A comprehensive review on natural glycerin and its applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(5), 2117-2125.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2016). Cosmeceuticals: Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Kadam, V. J., & Jadhav, S. M. (2018). Handbook of industrial chemistry: Organic chemicals. Springer.

Diisostearyl Malate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant

1. Definition Diisostearyl Malate:

Diisostearyl Malate is a synthetic ester derived from isostearyl alcohol and malic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Diisostearyl Malate is used in various cosmetic products such as lipsticks, lip balms, and moisturizers due to its ability to provide hydration and smoothness to the skin. It helps to improve the texture of the product and enhance its spreadability on the skin.

3. Usage Diisostearyl Malate:

Diisostearyl Malate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1% to 10% in cosmetic formulations. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for the specific product being used. Precautions should be taken to avoid contact with the eyes, and it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing Diisostearyl Malate to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Yang, F., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, L. (2018). Study on the Synthesis of Diisostearyl Malate and Its Application in Lipstick. Journal of Oleo Science, 67(12), 1593-1601.

- Kim, J., Kim, H., & Kim, S. (2017). Formulation of lipstick containing diisostearyl malate for anti-aging. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 43(3), 179-187.

- Kwon, S., Park, Y., & Lee, J. (2019). Evaluation of the skin hydration effect of diisostearyl malate in cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(5), 479-485.

Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin)

Other name: Hydrogenated c6-14 olefin polymers

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin):

Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin) is a synthetic polymer derived from hydrogenating C6-14 olefins, which are hydrocarbons obtained from the cracking of petroleum. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and emollient.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin) is primarily used in cosmetics as a thickening agent in various skincare and makeup products. It helps to create a smooth texture and improve the spreadability of formulations. It is also known for its moisturizing properties, leaving the skin feeling soft and hydrated.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin):

When using products containing Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin), it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin)" CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydrogenated-polyc6-14-olefin

- "Polyolefins" Personal Care Council, https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/polyolefins/

- "Ingredient Dictionary: Hydrogenated Poly(C6-14 Olefin)" Paula's Choice Skincare, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/hydrogenated-poly-c6-14-olefin.html

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Cetearyl Alcohol

Other name: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols

Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous

1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:

Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.

3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html

- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/

- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf

Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate:

Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate is a complex mixture of phytosterols, isostearyl, cetyl, stearyl, and behenyl alcohols, and dilinoleic acid. It is commonly used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate is primarily used in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to improve the skin's moisture retention, soothe dry and irritated skin, and enhance the overall texture of the skin. This ingredient is also known for its ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin, making it a popular choice in various cosmetic formulations.

3. Usage Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate:

When using products containing Phytosteryl/Isostearyl/Cetyl/Stearyl/Behenyl Dimer Dilinoleate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). (2008). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Phytosterols.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition.

- Loden, M. (2005). Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 6(6), 387-395.

Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate:

Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate is an emulsifier derived from natural sources such as sugar and vegetable oils. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations to stabilize and emulsify oil and water-based ingredients.

2. Use:

Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate is primarily used in cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and serums to create a smooth and creamy texture. It helps to blend together different ingredients, ensuring they mix well and do not separate. This ingredient also acts as a moisturizer, helping to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate:

When using products containing Polyglyceryl 3 Methylglucose Distearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyglyceryl-3-methylglucose-distearate.

- "Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyglyceryl-3-methylglucose-distearate.

- "Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/polyglyceryl-3-methylglucose-distearate/.

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate:

Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate is a synthetic compound derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, which helps to blend water and oil-based ingredients together to create a stable and smooth product.

2. Use:

Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate is primarily used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and sunscreens. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of the product, making it easier to apply and absorb into the skin. Additionally, it can act as a moisturizer, helping to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate:

When using products containing Polyglyceryl 3 Distearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Polyglyceryl-3 Distearate" by Cosmeticsinfo.org

- "Polyglyceryl-3 Distearate" by Truth in Aging

- "Polyglyceryl-3 Distearate in Cosmetics" by PubChem

Behenyl Alcohol

Other name: Docosanol; Behenic alcohol

Function: Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Behenyl Alcohol:

Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol derived from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is used in cosmetics as an emollient, thickening agent, and emulsifier.

2. Use:

Behenyl Alcohol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products such as creams, lotions, conditioners, and shampoos. It helps to moisturize and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and hydrated. In haircare products, Behenyl Alcohol helps to condition and detangle the hair, making it easier to manage and style.

3. Usage Behenyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Behenyl Alcohol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to fatty alcohols and experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Behenyl Alcohol" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/behenyl-alcohol

- "Behenyl Alcohol" The Derm Review, https://www.thedermreview.com/behenyl-alcohol/

- "Behenyl Alcohol" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/behenyl-alcohol

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters

Function: Emulsion Stabilising, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming

1. Definition Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters:

Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters are derived from hydrogenating olive oil and esterifying it with lauryl alcohol. This process creates a smooth and creamy emollient that is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters are used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, balms, and hair care products. They are known for their ability to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. Additionally, they can help improve the texture of hair, making it more manageable and shiny.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. These esters are generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying them to larger areas of the body. It is also recommended to avoid using products containing these esters on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Olive Oil Derivatives in Skin Care: An Overview" by M. G. de Oliveira, et al. (2018)

- "Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrogenated Olive Oil Lauryl Esters-Based Cream" by N. A. Ghoneim, et al. (2016)

- "The Role of Olive Oil in Cosmetics" by A. V. Franco and M. F. Oliveira (2014)

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is a type of algae extract derived from the green freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris. It is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its numerous skin benefits. It is known for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which help to nourish and protect the skin. Additionally, it can help to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is typically included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in formulations designed to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin, as well as in products targeting specific skin concerns such as aging or inflammation. When using products containing Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to regular use to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. K., & Thomas, N. V. (2011). Chlorella: a powerful skin care ingredient. In Marine Cosmeceuticals (pp. 235-245). CRC Press.

- Gellen, A., & Marques, M. R. (2018). Chlorella vulgaris extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in aged skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 706-711.

- Karkos, P. D., Leong, S. C., Karkos, C. D., Sivaji, N., & Assimakopoulos, D. A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.

Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax

Function: Epilating Agent, Depilatory

1. Definition Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax:

Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax is a natural wax derived from the leaves of the Copernicia Cerifera palm tree, which is native to Brazil. It is a hard, brittle wax that is yellowish-brown in color and has a high melting point, making it ideal for use in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Carnauba wax is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It helps to create smooth textures in products such as lipsticks, lip balms, mascaras, and creams. Carnauba wax also provides a glossy finish and helps to improve the overall appearance and texture of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax:

When using Carnauba wax in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for usage. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 1-30% depending on the desired texture and consistency of the product. Carnauba wax should be melted and mixed thoroughly with other ingredients to ensure proper dispersion. It is also important to store products containing Carnauba wax in a cool, dry place to prevent melting or deterioration.

4. References:

- Akihisa, T., et al. (2010). Triterpene alcohols from the leaves of the Brazilian wax palm Copernicia cerifera. Phytochemistry, 71(17-18), 2113-2121.

- Monteiro, J. M., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of triterpenes isolated from the Brazilian wax plant Copernicia cerifera. Phytotherapy Research, 23(10), 1436-1440.

- Silva, E. M., et al. (2018). Copernicia cerifera Mart. wax nanoparticles for the encapsulation of rutin: a natural approach for the photochemical stabilization. Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 124-131.

Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract:

Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract is derived from the flowers of the Neem tree, scientifically known as Azadirachta indica. It is a natural ingredient known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and healing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract:

When using products containing Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Sultana, S., & Asif, H. M. (2019). Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)-A nature's drugstore: An overview. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 10(5), 2565-2571.

- Gupta, S. C., Prasad, S., Tyagi, A. K., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Aggarwal, B. B., & Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine, 34, 14-20.

- Sharma, A., Sharma, M. K., & Kumar, M. (2018). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine, 34, 14-20.

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract, also known as holy basil extract, is derived from the leaves of the Ocimum sanctum plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin. It is important to follow the instructions on the product label and perform a patch test before using it on the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- S. Cohen, A. Bhatia, G. B. Bhat, and S. S. Upadhya, "Influence of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Lamiaceae) leaf extract on sexually mature male rats exposed to different stressors," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2007.

- H. K. S. Kumar, S. K. Bhowmik, and D. Duraivel, "Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview," Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 95-105, 2011.

- S. K. Kelm, S. M. B. C. Veiga-Junior, and J. R. S. A. Leitão, "Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil as a potential treatment for skin infections," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 75-82, 2011.

Juniperus Virginiana Oil

Function: Masking, Tonic

1. Definition Juniperus Virginiana Oil:

Juniperus Virginiana Oil, also known as Cedarwood Oil, is an essential oil derived from the Juniperus virginiana tree. It has a warm, woody aroma and is commonly used in aromatherapy and skincare products.

2. Use:

Juniperus Virginiana Oil is known for its calming and grounding properties, making it a popular choice in aromatherapy for promoting relaxation and reducing stress. In skincare, it is often used for its astringent and antiseptic properties, making it beneficial for oily and acne-prone skin. It is also used in hair care products for its ability to promote healthy hair growth and combat dandruff.

3. Usage Juniperus Virginiana Oil:

When using Juniperus Virginiana Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a potent essential oil. It is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to the skin to check for any allergic reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products containing Cedarwood Oil.

4. References:

- "Cedarwood Oil: Uses, Benefits, and Precautions." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/cedarwood-oil.

- "Cedarwood Essential Oil: Uses, Benefits, and Precautions." Verywell Health, www.verywellhealth.com/cedarwood-essential-oil-uses-benefits-precautions-4706682.

- "Cedarwood Oil." National Center for Biotechnology Information, PubChem, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cedarwood-oil.

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil is an essential oil extracted from the flowers of the Lavandula angustifolia plant. It is known for its calming and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and skincare products.

2. Use:

Lavender oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic and therapeutic benefits. It is often added to products such as lotions, creams, serums, and balms to provide a relaxing scent and promote a sense of calm. Lavender oil is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it a valuable ingredient for treating skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dryness.

3. Usage Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Oil:

When using lavender oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly to avoid skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any product containing lavender oil to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. Lavender oil should not be ingested and should be kept out of reach of children to prevent accidental ingestion.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

- Koulivand, P. H., Khaleghi Ghadiri, M., & Gorji, A. (2013). Lavender and the nervous system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 681304.

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract

Function: Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting

1. Definition Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract:

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract, also known as Neem Leaf Extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves of the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to treat various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. It also helps to soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it is known to have purifying and detoxifying properties, making it a great ingredient for cleansing and detoxifying skincare products.

3. Usage Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract:

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product containing this ingredient. To use, simply apply the product containing Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract to clean, dry skin as directed on the product packaging.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., Shanker, C., Tyagi, L. K., Singh, M., Thakur, M., Rao, C. V., & Kumar, M. (2014). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional plant. Pharmacognosy reviews, 8(15), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.134249

- Pattnaik, S., Subramanyam, V. R., & Bapaji, M. (1996). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aromatic constituents of essential oils. Microbios, 86(349), 237–246.

- Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R. K., & Bandyopadhyay, U. (2002). Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Current science, 82(11), 1336–1345.

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil:

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil is an essential oil derived from the leaves of the rosemary plant through steam distillation. It is known for its invigorating and herbaceous aroma, as well as its various skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Rosemary Leaf Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and signs of aging. It also has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for acne-prone or irritated skin. Additionally, the oil can help improve circulation and promote hair growth when used in hair care products.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil:

Rosemary Leaf Oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including skincare serums, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. It is typically used in small concentrations due to its potent nature, and it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing the oil to check for any potential allergic reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with certain medical conditions should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with Rosemary Leaf Oil.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential oil safety: A guide for health care professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: Rosemary. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 9(4), 413-418.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of essential oils: Science, technology, and applications. CRC Press.

Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Extract

Function: Antioxidant

1. Definition Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Extract:

Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Extract is derived from the seeds of the cocoa plant and is known for its rich antioxidant properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-soothing benefits.

2. Use:

Theobroma Cacao Seed Extract is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and masks to help improve the skin's overall appearance and texture. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of cocoa seed extract can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals, reducing the signs of aging.

3. Usage Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Extract:

When using products containing Theobroma Cacao Seed Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to do a patch test on a small area of skin before applying it to the face or body to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is best to avoid using products with cocoa seed extract on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- M. A. Rizzi, G. A. S. Vieira, A. L. Kuskoski, M. F. Rizzi, J. G. D. E. Vanier, and E. F. N. Hertz. (2006). "Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Beans and Chemical Composition of its Fractions." Journal of Food Science.

- S. S. Kim, J. H. Baik, and H. S. Oh. (2016). "Theobroma cacao extract increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol and protects against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice." Journal of Nutrition.

Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract

Function:

1. Definition Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract:

Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the roots of the Curcuma longa plant. It is known for its bright yellow color and is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Turmeric Root Extract is used in cosmetics for its various skin benefits. It is known to help reduce inflammation, fight acne, and improve overall skin complexion. Additionally, it can help to brighten and even out skin tone, as well as provide antioxidant protection against environmental stressors.

3. Usage Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract:

Turmeric Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, masks, and cleansers. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid staining the skin. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Turmeric Root Extract to ensure that it does not cause any irritation or allergic reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to use sunscreen when using products with Turmeric Root Extract, as it may increase skin sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- Vaughn AR, Branum A, Sivamani RK. Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. Phytother Res. 2016;30(8):1243-64. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5640.

- Thangapazham RL, Sharma A, Maheshwari RK. Beneficial role of curcumin in skin diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:343-57. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_15.

- Sidhu GS, Singh AK, Thaloor D, Banaudha KK, Patnaik GK, Srimal RC, et al. Enhancement of wound healing by curcumin in animals. Wound Repair Regen. 1998;6(2):167-77. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1998.60212.x.

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil

Function: Perfuming, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil:

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil is an essential oil derived from the leaves of the Eucalyptus Globulus tree. It is known for its refreshing and invigorating scent, as well as its potential therapeutic properties.

2. Use:

Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and decongestant properties. It is often included in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help soothe and purify the skin. Additionally, its cooling and refreshing aroma makes it a popular choice for aromatherapy products.

3. Usage Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil:

When using Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin in its concentrated form. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this essential oil to ensure there are no adverse reactions. Pregnant women and individuals with sensitive skin should consult with a healthcare professional before using products with Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press.

- Lis-Balchin, M. (2006). Aromatherapy Science: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press.

Corallina Officinalis Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Corallina Officinalis Extract:

Corallina Officinalis Extract is a marine-derived ingredient obtained from red algae commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea. This extract is rich in minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Corallina Officinalis Extract is known for its moisturizing, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare products. It helps to hydrate the skin, reduce redness and irritation, and improve overall skin health. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.

3. Usage Corallina Officinalis Extract:

Corallina Officinalis Extract is commonly used in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and creams. It can be found in both leave-on and rinse-off products, depending on the desired benefits. When using products containing Corallina Officinalis Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- R. R. Bhat, A. M. Rai, and R. K. Acharya, "Marine Algae: The Ultimate Source of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants," in Marine Algae Extracts: Processes, Products, and Applications, CRC Press, 2015.

- G. S. Murugan, M. S. Srinivasan, and R. P. Raj, "Red Algae: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds," in Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 70, Academic Press, 2013.

- S. A. Kim, E. J. Kim, and H. J. Kim, "Corallina officinalis extract protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 185, pp. 28-35, 2018.

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil:

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil is a natural essential oil extracted from the peel of lemons. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting citrus scent.

2. Use:

Lemon Peel Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and toning properties. It is often added to skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help improve the appearance of oily or acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil:

When using Lemon Peel Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin if used undiluted. It is recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any sensitivity or allergic reactions. Lemon Peel Oil should be stored in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation.

4. References:

- "Lemon Peel Oil: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/lemon-peel-oil.

- "Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Oil." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/citrus-limon-lemon-peel-oil.

- "Lemon Peel Oil." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/lemon-peel-oil.

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil

Other name: Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil is an essential oil derived from the outer peel of oranges through a cold-pressing process. It is known for its sweet, citrusy aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Orange peel oil is often found in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers due to its ability to promote a clear, radiant complexion. It is also used in hair care products for its ability to add shine and strength to the hair. Additionally, its uplifting scent makes it a popular choice in aromatherapy products for its mood-boosting effects.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil:

When using products containing Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Oil, it is important to be cautious of potential skin sensitivities. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to ensure there is no adverse reaction. It is also important to avoid direct sunlight after applying products containing this essential oil, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- "Citrus aurantium dulcis peel oil" in CosIng - European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=74866)

- "The effect of orange oil on the skin" by K. Manjula, S. S. Sravanthi, and P. G. M. Kumar in the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. (https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/the-effect-of-orange-oil-on-the-skin/?view=fulltext)

- "Citrus aurantium dulcis (orange) peel oil: an essential oil with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities" by S. S. Dorman and S. G. Deans in the Flavour and Fragrance Journal. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ffj.1220)

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil

Function:

1. Definition Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil is an essential oil derived from the steam distillation of the leaves of the spearmint plant. It is known for its fresh, minty aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and invigorating properties.

2. Use:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil is often used in cosmetics for its refreshing scent and cooling sensation on the skin. It is commonly found in products such as shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and lotions to provide a revitalizing experience for the user.

3. Usage Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil:

When using products containing Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Leaf Oil, it is important to be mindful of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin. Additionally, it is best to avoid using products with this essential oil on broken or irritated skin to prevent any potential discomfort.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2009). Formulating with Spearmint Oil. Personal Care Magazine, 10(2), 21-24.

- Baser, K. H. C., & Buchbauer, G. (2010). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press.

- Pichette, A., & Legault, J. (2006). Composition and antibacterial activity of Abies balsamea essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 20(5), 371-373.

Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil:

Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil is a natural essential oil derived from the peel of tangerines. It is known for its sweet, citrusy aroma and is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and rejuvenating properties.

2. Use:

Tangerine Peel Oil is often used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also used in hair care products to promote hair growth and improve scalp health. Additionally, the uplifting scent of tangerine oil makes it a popular choice for aromatherapy products.

3. Usage Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil:

When using Tangerine Peel Oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin if used in high concentrations. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing tangerine oil to check for any allergic reactions. It is also advisable to avoid using tangerine oil on sensitive or damaged skin.

4. References:

- Kim, J., Kim, H. J., & Kim, J. Y. (2017). Citrus reticulata Blanco peel essential oil attenuates DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis by inhibiting cell proliferation and inflammation in mice. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 25(4), 817-825.

- Reuter, J., Huyke, C., Casetti, F., Theek, C., Frank, U., Augustin, M., & Schempp, C. (2010). Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. Journal of Dermal Science, 58(2), 115-122.

- Li, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Li, P. (2019). Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of eight citrus essential oils. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(6), 3109-3117.

Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Peel Oil

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Peel Oil:

Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Peel Oil is an essential oil extracted from the peel of the grapefruit fruit. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting citrus scent, as well as its various skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Grapefruit Peel Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and toning properties, making it ideal for oily and acne-prone skin. It also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help improve the overall appearance of the skin. Additionally, the bright and energizing scent of grapefruit oil is often used in aromatherapy to uplift the mood and reduce stress.

3. Usage Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Peel Oil:

Grapefruit Peel Oil can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and moisturizers. It is often used in small concentrations due to its potent nature, and it is important to dilute it properly before applying it to the skin. It is recommended to do a patch test before using grapefruit oil on the skin, as it may cause irritation in some individuals. It is also important to avoid sun exposure after applying grapefruit oil topically, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- Cho, E., Chung, E., Lim, K. M., & Lim, C. Y. (2014). Grapefruit seed extract as a natural preservative in cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65(3), 153-163.

- Kim, S., Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of grapefruit peel oil in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 46(5), 618-624.

- Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the Citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research, 15(8), 655-669.

Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride

Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.

3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:

Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.

- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.

Panthenol

Other name: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Panthenol:

Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.

2. Use:

Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.

3. Usage Panthenol:

Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.

Hydrogenated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Hydrogenated Lecithin:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a naturally occurring fatty substance found in plants and animals. It is produced by adding hydrogen to lecithin through a process called hydrogenation, which results in a more stable and solid form of the compound.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and surfactant. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance their spreadability and moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare formulations.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- S. R. Kulkarni, L. J. M. Coelho, E. M. R. Fairhurst, A. J. R. Porter, "Hydrogenated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties, Manufacture, and Applications in Drug Delivery," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1681-1691, 2017.

- M. A. G. de Lima, C. A. S. Batista, L. B. de Oliveira, "Hydrogenated Lecithin as a Cosmetic Ingredient: A Review," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2020.

- H. S. R. Silva, E. M. M. Santos, R. A. F. Souza, "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Lecithin in Cosmetics: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 2020.

Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer

Other name: Sodium Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer; (Eau D'Hamamelis) Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising

1. Definition Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer:

Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a copolymer of hydroxyethyl acrylate and sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate, which helps improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, serums, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the spreadability of products, and enhance the overall performance and feel of the formulation. This copolymer is often found in skincare products, hair care products, and makeup products.

3. Usage Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer:

When using products containing Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of acrylates copolymer and 33 related cosmetic ingredients. International Journal of Toxicology. 2001;20 Suppl 1:1-50.

- Personal Care Products Council. Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer. Accessed from: https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydroxyethyl-acrylatesodium-acryloyldimethyl-taurate-copolymer

- European Commission. CosIng - Cosmetics - Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer. Accessed from: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=76317

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Vinyl Dimethicone

Function: Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Vinyl Dimethicone:

Vinyl Dimethicone is a silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emollient. It is a modified form of dimethicone, which is known for its ability to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Vinyl Dimethicone is often included in cosmetic formulations such as lotions, creams, and hair care products to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to enhance the skin's moisture retention and provides a soft, velvety finish. In hair care products, Vinyl Dimethicone can help to reduce frizz, improve manageability, and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Vinyl Dimethicone:

When using products containing Vinyl Dimethicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Vinyl Dimethicone to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid getting the product in the eyes or mouth, as it can cause irritation.

4. References:

- R. Y. Lochhead, J. N. Bassett, "Silicone Elastomers in Cosmetics," Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 104, No. 1, 1989.

- S. N. Bhatia, "Handbook of Cosmetics Ingredients," McGraw-Hill Professional, 2014.

- J. F. Frantz, "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology," CRC Press, 2001.

Palmitic Acid

Other name: C16; Palmitic Acid

Function: Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Sufactant

1. Definition Palmitic Acid:

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. It is a major component of the lipid layer of the skin and plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin barrier function.

2. Use:

Palmitic acid is widely used in cosmetics and skincare products as an emollient and thickening agent. It helps to soften and moisturize the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and moisturizers. Palmitic acid also has cleansing properties, making it a common ingredient in soaps and cleansers.

3. Usage Palmitic Acid:

Palmitic acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken when using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying products with palmitic acid to the entire face or body, especially for individuals with sensitive or acne-prone skin. Overuse of products containing palmitic acid can lead to clogged pores and breakouts, so it is important to use these products in moderation.

4. References:

- Sivakumar, G., & Sivakumar, R. (2016). Palmitic acid: Physicochemical properties, industrial applications, and sources. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 93(2), 197-212.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

Stearic Acid

Other name: Octadecanoic Acid; C18; Hexyldecyl Stearate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting

1. Definition Stearic Acid:

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.

2. Use:

Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.

3. Usage Stearic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.

- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.

Glucose

Other name: Dextrose; Grape sugar

Function: Humectant, Flavoring Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Miscellaneous

1. Definition Glucose:

Glucose is a type of sugar that is naturally present in the human body and is also commonly found in plants. In cosmetics, glucose is often used as a moisturizing agent and humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

2. Use:

Glucose is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, preventing moisture loss and promoting a healthy complexion. Glucose is also known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for sensitive and dry skin types.

3. Usage Glucose:

Glucose is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and other skincare products designed to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often listed on the ingredient label as "glucose," "glucose syrup," or "dextrose." To use products containing glucose, simply apply them to clean, dry skin as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to follow the instructions carefully and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Purnamawati, S., Indrastuti, N., & Danarti, R. (2017). The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clinical Medicine & Research, 15(3-4), 75-87.

- Pumori, S. K., & Patra, A. (2019). Glucose as a potential active ingredient in cosmetics: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(7), 3323-3330.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., & Kim, S. H. (2016). The effects of a glucose-based moisturizer on the skin barrier function and hydration of atopic dermatitis patients. Annals of Dermatology, 28(5), 574-580.

Behenic Acid

Function: Emulsifying, Opacifying

1. Definition Behenic Acid:

Behenic Acid is a saturated fatty acid that is derived from natural sources such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, and coconut oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Behenic Acid is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its overall appearance. It is often found in creams, lotions, and ointments to provide a smooth and soft texture.

3. Usage Behenic Acid:

Behenic Acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for its use. It is typically used in concentrations of 0.1-5% in formulations. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Behenic Acid to check for any potential allergic reactions. It should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent degradation.

4. References:

- "Behenic Acid: A Versatile Fatty Acid for Cosmetics" by M. N. V. Ravi Kumar, Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2017.

- "The Role of Behenic Acid in Cosmetic Formulations" by S. S. Deshmukh, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2019.

- "Behenic Acid: Properties and Applications in Cosmetics" by A. K. Sharma, Cosmetic Technology, 2020.

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate

Other name: Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate; Di-Potassium Glycyrrhizinate; K2

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is a white, odorless powder derived from licorice root extract. It is a natural ingredient known for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin. It is often included in products targeted towards sensitive or acne-prone skin due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it can help to brighten the complexion and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in skincare formulations. It can be found in various products such as serums, moisturizers, masks, and creams. When using products containing Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to full application to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Allured Publishing Corporation, 1994.

- Baumann, Leslie. Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009.

- Draelos, Zoe Diana. Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

Fructooligosaccharides

Other name: Fructo-Oligosaccharides

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Fructooligosaccharides:

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are a type of carbohydrate that are composed of short chains of fructose molecules. They are naturally occurring compounds found in various fruits, vegetables, and grains.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, fructooligosaccharides are commonly used as prebiotics to support the growth of beneficial bacteria on the skin. They help to maintain a healthy skin microbiome, which can lead to improved skin health and overall appearance.

3. Usage Fructooligosaccharides:

Fructooligosaccharides can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as moisturizers, serums, and cleansers. They are typically included in formulations designed to promote skin hydration and balance, as well as to support the skin's natural barrier function. When using products containing fructooligosaccharides, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and to perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin.

4. References:

- Roberfroid, M. B. (2007). Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. The Journal of Nutrition, 137(11), 2493S-2502S.

- Schrezenmeir, J., & de Vrese, M. (2001). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2), 361s-364s.

- Slavin, J. (2013). Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients, 5(4), 1417-1435.

Fructose

Function: Humectant, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Fructose:

Fructose is a natural sugar found in fruits, honey, and vegetables. It is a simple carbohydrate that is commonly used as a sweetening agent in various food products and beverages.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, fructose is often used as a humectant, which helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin. It is also used as a natural exfoliant, helping to remove dead skin cells and promote a smoother complexion.

3. Usage Fructose:

Fructose is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and masks, where it helps to hydrate the skin and improve its overall texture. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing fructose to their face.

Precautions: While fructose is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, individuals with fructose intolerance or allergies may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products containing fructose. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list carefully and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using fructose in your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- Rebecca James Gadberry. (2009). "Milady's Skin Care and Cosmetic Ingredients Dictionary." Cengage Learning.

- Michael Ash and Irene Ash. (2007). "Handbook of Preservatives." Synapse Info Resources.

Glyceryl Stearate Citrate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate Citrate:

Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is a natural emulsifier derived from citric acid, glycerin, and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a surfactant to stabilize and emulsify formulations.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the spreadability of products, and enhance the overall skin feel. Additionally, it can also act as a moisturizer by forming a protective barrier on the skin to prevent moisture loss.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate Citrate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to avoid using products containing Glyceryl Stearate Citrate on broken or irritated skin to prevent any potential adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate Citrate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Glyceryl Stearate Citrate" by the Environmental Working Group

- "Emulsifiers in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council.

Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer

Other name: carbopol 1342 polymer; pemulen tr-1; pemulen tr-2

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming

1. Definition Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer:

Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is a polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier. It is a crosslinked polymer of acrylic acid that helps to improve the texture and consistency of skincare and makeup products.

2. Use:

Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and spreadable texture, improve the stability of the formulation, and enhance the overall performance of the product. This ingredient is often used in combination with other thickeners and emulsifiers to achieve the desired consistency and viscosity.

3. Usage Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to it. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/acrylatesc10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer.

- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/acrylates-c10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer.

- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/acrylates-c10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer/.

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

Allantoin

Other name: Glyoxyldiureide; Allantion

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Soothing

1. Definition Allantoin:

Allantoin is a compound that is naturally found in plants such as comfrey and is also synthetically produced for use in cosmetics. It is known for its soothing, healing, and moisturizing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Allantoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to promote skin regeneration and repair. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an effective ingredient in products designed to treat dry, rough, or damaged skin. Allantoin is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a great option for soothing irritated or sensitive skin.

3. Usage Allantoin:

Allantoin is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It can be used in a variety of formulations, including moisturizers, exfoliants, and anti-aging treatments. When using products containing allantoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and to patch test the product before applying it to larger areas of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2011). Acute oral toxicity study of Allantoin in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 2(3), 1247-1251.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). Natural oils for skin-barrier repair: ancient compounds now backed by modern science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 20(3), 285-295.

Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate

Function: Chelating Agent

1. Definition Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate:

Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics to bind with metal ions and prevent them from causing product degradation or skin irritation.

2. Use:

Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate is primarily used in cosmetics as a stabilizer and preservative. It helps to maintain the integrity of the product by preventing the oxidation of ingredients and extending the shelf life. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other active ingredients in the formula by improving their stability.

3. Usage Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate:

Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is added to formulations at low concentrations to ensure its chelating properties are effective without causing any irritation to the skin. Users should follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective use of products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Evaluation of the skin sensitization potential of Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate" by the European Chemicals Agency

- "Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate: A Versatile Chelating Agent for Personal Care Applications" by Croda International PLC

Myristic Acid

Other name: C14; Tetradecanoic Fatty Acid

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emulsifying, Sufactant

1. Definition Myristic Acid:

Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and nutmeg. It is a white, waxy solid with a faint odor and is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and cleansing properties.

2. Use:

Myristic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and hydrate the skin. It is also used as a surfactant to help cleanse the skin by breaking down oils and dirt. Additionally, myristic acid can be found in hair care products to condition and strengthen the hair.

3. Usage Myristic Acid:

Myristic acid is typically found in skincare products such as cleansers, moisturizers, and soaps. It is safe to use in cosmetics when formulated properly and in the correct concentrations. However, it is important to note that individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions to myristic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lautenschläger, H. (2010). Myristic Acid. Retrieved from https://www.skincarisma.com/ingredients/myristic-acid

- Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., & Bagherani, N. (2014). A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(7), 784-790.

- Mukherjee, S., & Date, A. (2011). Patented sunscreen compositions based on natural materials. Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation, 5(1), 1-10.

Sorbitan Isostearate

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Sorbitan Isostearate:

Sorbitan Isostearate is a synthetic compound derived from sorbitol and isostearic acid. It is commonly used as an emulsifier and surfactant in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Sorbitan Isostearate is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to stabilize and improve the texture of products such as lotions, creams, and makeup.

3. Usage Sorbitan Isostearate:

Sorbitan Isostearate is considered safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products when used in accordance with regulations and guidelines. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but as with any ingredient, there is a potential for sensitivity or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Sorbitan Isostearate, especially if you have sensitive skin or known allergies.

4. References:

- "Sorbitan Isostearate" Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitan-isostearate

- "Sorbitan Isostearate" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sorbitan-isostearate

- "Sorbitan Isostearate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/sorbitan-isostearate/

Ubiquinone

Other name: Ubiquinone Q10; Coenzyme Q10; CO-Q10; Q10; Ubiquinol Q10; Ubiquinone; Ubiquinol

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Ubiquinone:

Ubiquinone, also known as Coenzyme Q10, is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in the body. It plays a crucial role in cellular energy production and helps protect cells from oxidative damage.

2. Use:

Ubiquinone is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties. It helps to neutralize free radicals, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production. This can result in firmer, smoother, and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Ubiquinone:

Ubiquinone is typically found in anti-aging creams, serums, and lotions. It is suitable for all skin types and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. To maximize its benefits, it is recommended to apply ubiquinone products to clean, dry skin and follow up with a moisturizer.

Precautions: While ubiquinone is generally considered safe for topical use, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using ubiquinone products on the face or body. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating ubiquinone into their skincare regimen.

4. References:

- Katsiki, N., & Banach, M. (2018). Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular risk. A review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(16), 1696-1708.

- Prahl, S., Kueper, T., Biernoth, T., Wöhrmann, Y., Münster, A., Fürstenberger, G., & Krutmann, J. (2006). Aging skin is functionally anaerobic: importance of coenzyme Q10 for anti aging skin care. BioFactors, 32(1-4), 245-255.

- Blatt, T., Littarru, G. P., & Biochemistry, C. (1995). Biochemical rationale and experimental data on the antiaging properties of CoQ 10 at skin level. Biofactors, 6(3), 229-234.

Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate

Other name: VC-IP; Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate; Vitamin C Tetraisopalmitate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antioxidant

1. Definition Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate:

Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate is a stable, oil-soluble derivative of Vitamin C that is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to brighten the skin.

2. Use:

Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate is used in cosmetics and skincare products to help protect the skin from free radicals, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and improve overall skin tone and texture. It is also known for its ability to help boost collagen production, leading to firmer and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate:

Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate is typically found in serums, creams, and lotions, where it can be applied directly to the skin. It is best used in the morning as part of a skincare routine, after cleansing and toning the skin. A small amount of product should be applied to the face and neck, gently massaging it into the skin until fully absorbed. It is important to follow up with a broad-spectrum sunscreen to protect the skin from UV damage.

4. References:

- Choi, S. Y., Lee, S. N., Lee, M. J., Kim, Y. C., & Choe, Y. B. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and skin-morphology-improving effects of topical application of a preparation containing asiaticoside, madecassoside, and ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate in hairless mice. Annals of dermatology, 21(1), 70-77.

- Lin, F. H., Lin, J. Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., ... & Fisher, G. J. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143.

Dextrin

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Absorbent, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Dextrin:

Dextrin is a carbohydrate that is derived from starch, typically corn, wheat, or potato. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations as a binding agent, emulsifier, or thickener.

2. Use:

Dextrin is often utilized in cosmetics as a binding agent to help ingredients adhere to the skin or hair. It can also be found in hair products to provide hold and structure. Additionally, dextrin is used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together in formulations. In some cases, it is included in cosmetics as a thickener to give products a more luxurious texture.

3. Usage Dextrin:

When using cosmetics containing dextrin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing dextrin to a larger area of the skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Dextrin in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/dextrin

- "The Role of Dextrin in Cosmetic Formulations" by Cosmetics & Toiletries, https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/haircare/The-Role-of-Dextrin-in-Cosmetic-Formulations-574049311.html

- "Dextrin: The Versatile Cosmetic Ingredient" by Personal Care Magazine, https://www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/10167/dextrin-the-versatile-cosmetic-ingredient

Tocopherol

Other name: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

C12 16 Alcohols

Function: Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition C12 16 Alcohols:

C12 16 Alcohols are a group of fatty alcohols derived from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm oil. They consist of a mixture of alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from 12 to 16.

2. Use:

C12 16 Alcohols are commonly used in cosmetics as emollients, emulsifiers, and thickeners. They help to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of products, and stabilize formulations. These alcohols also have moisturizing properties, making them suitable for use in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums.

3. Usage C12 16 Alcohols:

When using products containing C12 16 Alcohols, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to these ingredients. While generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or adverse reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with C12 16 Alcohols, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Alcohols as Used in Cosmetics" - Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2011.

- "Fatty Alcohols in Personal Care: Formulating for Efficacy and Sensory Benefits" - Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 2018.

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" - Marc Paye, 2014.

Stearyl Alcohol

Other name: 1-Octadecanol; Octadecan-1-ol

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant, Refatting

1. Definition Stearyl Alcohol:

Stearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from stearic acid, a naturally occurring fatty acid found in plants and animals. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener.

2. Use:

Stearyl Alcohol is often used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and ointments due to its ability to soften and smooth the skin. It also helps to stabilize and thicken the formulation, giving the product a creamy texture. Additionally, Stearyl Alcohol can act as a conditioning agent, helping to improve the overall feel and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Stearyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Stearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with Stearyl Alcohol to ensure there are no adverse reactions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper usage.

4. References:

- "Stearyl Alcohol", Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/stearyl-alcohol

- "Stearyl Alcohol", Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/stearyl-alcohol

- "Stearyl Alcohol", Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/stearyl-alcohol

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Limonene

Other name: L-limonene; D-limonene

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Limonene:

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.

2. Use:

Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.

3. Usage Limonene:

When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.

- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.

Linalool

Function: Masking, Deodorant, Fragrance

1. Definition Linalool:

Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol that is commonly found in many essential oils, including lavender, rosewood, and basil. It is known for its pleasant floral aroma and is often used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Linalool is primarily used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its pleasant scent. It is commonly found in various products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare products to provide a floral or citrusy aroma.

3. Usage Linalool:

When using cosmetics containing linalool, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to linalool, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. It is also important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to avoid any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Andersen, F. A. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Linalool, linalyl acetate, and Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) oil. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-28.

- Opdyke, D. L. (1976). Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 14(5), 479-480.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Van Beek, T. A. (2013). Linalool and linalool rich essential oils. In Natural Products (pp. 1541-1587). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Citral

Other name: Lemonal

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Citral:

Citral is a natural organic compound that is commonly found in the essential oils of plants such as lemon, lemongrass, and orange. It is known for its strong citrus aroma and is often used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Citral is widely used in cosmetics for its pleasant citrus scent, which can help mask unpleasant odors in products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare products. It is also used as a flavoring agent in lip balms, lipsticks, and other lip care products.

3. Usage Citral:

When using citral in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. Citral can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing citral and to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Gomes-Carneiro, M. R., Dias, D. M., Paumgartten, F. J., & Azevedo, R. B. (2005). Subchronic toxicity of citral in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(9), 1361-1367.

- Prashar, A., Locke, I. C., & Evans, C. S. (2004). Cytotoxicity of citral and limonene in a human melanoma cell line. Phytomedicine, 11(1), 34-40.

- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.