Topix Antioxidant Sunscreen Moisturizer SPF 50 Plus - Ingredient Explanation
Other Names: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua
Function: Solvent
1. Definition Water:
Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.
2. Use:
Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.
3. Usage Water:
When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.
- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.
- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.
Other Names: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol
Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant
1. Definition Glycerin:
Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.
2. Use:
Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.
3. Usage Glycerin:
When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.
Other Names: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:
Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.
2. Use:
Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.
3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:
When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.
- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.
Other Names: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000
Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent
1. Definition Dimethicone:
Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.
2. Use:
Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.
3. Usage Dimethicone:
When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.
4. References:
- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.
- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.
Other Names: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol
Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:
Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.
2. Use:
Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.
3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:
Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.
4. References:
- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017
- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.
- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.
Other Names: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na
Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling
1. Definition Disodium Edta:
Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.
2. Use:
Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.
3. Usage Disodium Edta:
Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.
- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133
Other Names: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer
Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming
1. Definition Xanthan Gum:
Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.
2. Use:
Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.
3. Usage Xanthan Gum:
When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.
4. References:
- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.
- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.
- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.
Other Names: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols
Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous
1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:
Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.
2. Use:
Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.
3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:
When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.
4. References:
- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html
- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/
- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf
Other Names: Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt; Kopuron
Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:
Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.
2. Use:
Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.
3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:
When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.
Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.
4. References:
- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.
- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.
- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance, Humectant, Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Antioxidant, Tonic, Astringent, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous
1. Definition Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract:
Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, commonly known as green tea. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that provide numerous benefits for the skin.
2. Use:
Green tea extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products. Additionally, green tea extract can help soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.
3. Usage Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract:
Green tea extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, masks, and eye creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To use products containing green tea extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to patch test products containing green tea extract before full application to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Yoon, H. S., Hyun, C. G., & Shin, S. (2009). Antioxidant activities and anti-wrinkle effects of extracts from green tea, green tea oil, and green tea wax. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 86(6), 601-608.
- Katiyar, S. K., Ahmad, N., & Mukhtar, H. (2000). Green tea and skin. Archives of Dermatology, 136(8), 989-994.
- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.
Other Names: Perhydrosqualene; Pripure 3759
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting
1. Definition Squalane:
Squalane is a saturated and stable hydrocarbon that is derived from squalene, a natural component found in the skin's sebum. It is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and emollient properties.
2. Use:
Squalane is used in cosmetics and skincare products as a moisturizing agent to help hydrate and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, serums, and oils to improve the skin's texture and appearance.
3. Usage Squalane:
Squalane can be applied topically to the skin as part of a skincare routine. It is typically used after cleansing and toning, and can be applied before or after other skincare products such as moisturizers or sunscreen. Squalane is well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, and can help to improve the skin's hydration levels and overall health.
Precautions: While squalane is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or concerns should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating squalane into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- Baumann, L. (2005). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327-348.
Function: Surfactant
1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:
Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.
2. Use:
Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.
3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:
When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.
4. References:
- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.
- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.
- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.
Function: Fragrance, Preservative
1. Definition Sorbic Acid:
Sorbic acid is a natural compound that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a slightly acidic taste.
2. Use:
Sorbic acid is used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria. It helps extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and degradation.
3. Usage Sorbic Acid:
Sorbic acid is typically used in concentrations of 0.2% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often combined with other preservatives to create a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by regulatory authorities to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product.
Precautions: While sorbic acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing sorbic acid, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, sorbic acid should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent degradation.
4. References:
- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Sorbic Acid. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbic-acid
- Personal Care Council. (2019). Sorbic Acid. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient/sorbic-acid/
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.185
Other Names: Tween 60; POE (20) Sorbitan monostearate; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate
Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Polysorbate 60:
Polysorbate 60 is a nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a yellowish liquid that is derived from sorbitol and oleic acid.
2. Use:
Polysorbate 60 is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and solubilizer. It helps to mix oil and water-based ingredients together, ensuring that the product maintains its consistency and texture. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products to improve their overall performance and appearance.
3. Usage Polysorbate 60:
When using products containing Polysorbate 60, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. While it is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Polysorbate 60 to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- "Polysorbate 60." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-60.
- "Polysorbate 60." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polysorbate-60.
- "Polysorbate 60." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/polysorbate-60/.
Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:
Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract is a botanical extract derived from the fruit of the cucumber plant. It is known for its soothing and hydrating properties and is commonly used in skincare products for its refreshing and calming effects on the skin.
2. Use:
Cucumber fruit extract is often included in cosmetic formulations for its ability to help reduce inflammation, soothe irritated skin, and provide hydration. It is also rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging. Additionally, cucumber extract is known for its cooling and refreshing sensation, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to calm and revitalize the skin.
3. Usage Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract:
Cucumber fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and eye creams. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other ingredients to enhance its benefits. When using products containing cucumber extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and perform a patch test to ensure compatibility with your skin.
4. References:
- Kim, S., Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2018). Cucumber extract and its major compound cucurbitacin D show potent antileukemic activity through the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3), 772.
- Mukherjee, P. K., Maity, N., Nema, N. K., & Sarkar, B. K. (2013). Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 84, 227-236.
- Yoon, J., Kwon, H. H., Min, S., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2018). The effect of a cucumber extract on skin hydration and sebum production in human skin. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(6), 391-397.
Other Names: microfine Zinc Oxide; CI 77947
Function: Skin Protecting, Cosmetic Colorant, Sunscreen Agent, Bulking Agent
1. Definition Zinc Oxide:
Zinc Oxide is a mineral compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and protective properties. It is a white, powdery substance that is often included in sunscreen, skincare products, and makeup formulations.
2. Use:
Zinc Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays from the sun. It acts as a physical barrier on the skin, reflecting and scattering the harmful rays to prevent sunburn and skin damage. In addition to its sun protection benefits, Zinc Oxide also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.
3. Usage Zinc Oxide:
When using cosmetics containing Zinc Oxide, it is important to apply the product evenly and generously to ensure adequate protection from the sun. Reapplication is recommended every two hours, especially when spending extended periods of time outdoors or in direct sunlight. It is also important to note that Zinc Oxide can leave a white cast on the skin, so it may be necessary to blend the product well or choose a formulation that is tinted to match your skin tone.
4. References:
- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products (Cosmetic Science and Technology Series). CRC Press.
- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Current status of the sunscreen regulation in the United States: 2011 Food and Drug Administration's final rule on labeling and effectiveness testing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 66(3), 489-496.
- Nasir, A., Kalam, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, K. (2019). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 54(2), 1016-1042.
Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant
1. Definition Laureth 7:
Laureth 7 is a polyethylene glycol ether of lauryl alcohol, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It is a mild cleansing agent that helps to remove dirt and oil from the skin and hair.
2. Use:
Laureth 7 is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, and lotions. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture in formulations, allowing for easier application and distribution of active ingredients.
3. Usage Laureth 7:
When using products containing Laureth 7, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with Laureth 7 to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to avoid getting Laureth 7 in the eyes, as it may cause irritation.
4. References:
- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Laureth-7. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/laureth-7
- Personal Care Council. (2007). Safety Assessment of Laureth-7 and PEG-7 Laureate. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr110.pdf
- U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). Laureth-7. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Laureth-7
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Caffeine:
Caffeine is a natural stimulant that belongs to the class of compounds known as xanthines. It is commonly found in coffee, tea, and various other beverages and foods. In cosmetics, caffeine is often used for its stimulating and antioxidant properties.
2. Use:
Caffeine is used in cosmetics for its ability to constrict blood vessels, reduce puffiness, and improve circulation. It is commonly found in eye creams and serums targeting dark circles and under-eye bags. Caffeine can also help to smooth and tighten the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products.
3. Usage Caffeine:
When using cosmetics containing caffeine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. Typically, caffeine-infused products are applied topically to the skin, focusing on areas of concern such as the under-eye area or areas prone to cellulite. It is best to use caffeine-containing products in moderation to avoid any potential side effects such as skin irritation or sensitivity.
4. References:
- Mukherjee, P. K., & Maity, N. (2012). Nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's actions of medicinal plants: molecular insight into therapeutic potential to alleviate cognitive impairments. In Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease (pp. 605-619). Academic Press.
- Costa, R., Rodrigues, I., Guardão, L., Lima, J. L., & Fernandes, E. (2012). Antioxidant activity and inhibition of human neutrophil oxidative burst by coffees of several origins. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1435-1441.
- Albasini, A., Zech, K., & Taddei, C. (2012). Use of caffeine in cosmetic compositions. U.S. Patent No. 8,119,371.
Function: Solvent, Emollient
1. Definition C13 14 Isoparaffin:
C13-14 Isoparaffin is a mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a low viscosity and high flash point, making it a common ingredient in cosmetics.
2. Use:
C13-14 Isoparaffin is primarily used as a solvent in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of formulations. It is commonly found in skin care products such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks.
3. Usage C13 14 Isoparaffin:
When using products containing C13-14 Isoparaffin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reaction occurs. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of C13-14 Isoparaffin as Used in Cosmetics" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2015.
- "Isoparaffin" Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isoparaffin
- "C13-14 Isoparaffin" The Dermatology Review, https://thedermreview.com/c13-14-isoparaffin/
Other Names: Polyacryamide
Function: Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing
1. Definition Polyacrylamide:
Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and film-former. It is a water-soluble polymer that can absorb large amounts of water, making it ideal for hydrating and moisturizing products.
2. Use:
Polyacrylamide is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products, allowing for a smooth and even application. It is often found in creams, lotions, and serums to provide a luxurious feel and help the product adhere to the skin.
3. Usage Polyacrylamide:
When using cosmetics containing polyacrylamide, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. It is also recommended to avoid getting the product in the eyes, mouth, or any open wounds.
4. References:
- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2014). Safety assessment of acrylamide and polyacrylamides as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 33(2_suppl), 3S-22S.
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2005). Final report on the safety assessment of polyacrylamide. International journal of toxicology, 24(2_suppl), 21-50.
- Lode, O., & Dufour, P. (2012). Polyacrylamides in cosmetics: a risk for human health?. Contact dermatitis, 66(6), 330-331.
Other Names: Homomethyl salicylate
Function: Fragrance, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter
1. Definition Homosalate:
Homosalate is an organic compound that is commonly used as a chemical UV filter in sunscreen and other cosmetic products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to absorb UVB rays from the sun, providing protection against sunburn and skin damage.
2. Use:
Homosalate is primarily used in sunscreen products to enhance their ability to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. It is often combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. In addition to sunscreens, homosalate can also be found in various skincare and cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products.
3. Usage Homosalate:
When using products containing homosalate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Apply sunscreen with homosalate generously and evenly to all exposed areas of skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade during peak sun hours.
4. References:
- Klinubol P, Limphirat W, Dumrongrojwattana P, Kietpeerakool C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of homosalate in sunscreen products. J Dermatol. 2021;48(12):1682-1690. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.16110
- Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256-267. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20747
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Fed Regist. 2019;84(97): 6204-6275.
Other Names: Silsurf D212CG; Dow Corning 5329; DC 5329
Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Peg 12 Dimethicone:
Peg 12 Dimethicone is a type of silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and conditioning agent. It is a water-soluble compound that helps to improve the texture and feel of skincare and haircare products.
2. Use:
Peg 12 Dimethicone is often included in cosmetic formulations to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin and hair. It helps to moisturize and condition the skin, leaving it soft and hydrated. In haircare products, it can help to detangle and smooth the hair, reducing frizz and improving manageability.
3. Usage Peg 12 Dimethicone:
Peg 12 Dimethicone is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic products, such as moisturizers, lotions, serums, and hair conditioners. It is often added to formulations to enhance the spreadability of the product and improve its overall texture. When using products containing Peg 12 Dimethicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid applying excessive amounts to the skin or hair.
4. References:
- "PEG-12 Dimethicone." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-12-dimethicone.
- Loden, Marie. "Effect of moisturizers on epidermal barrier function." Clinics in Dermatology, vol. 30, no. 3, 2012, pp. 286-296.
- "Dimethicone." Environmental Working Group, www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/702011-DIMETHICONE/.
Function: Masking, Fragrance, Tonic
1. Definition Ethylene Brassylate:
Ethylene Brassylate, also known as musk T, is a synthetic fragrance ingredient commonly used in cosmetics. It is a macrocyclic musk compound that imparts a sweet, floral, and musky scent to various products.
2. Use:
Ethylene Brassylate is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics such as perfumes, lotions, and body washes. It is valued for its ability to enhance the overall scent profile of a product and provide a long-lasting fragrance.
3. Usage Ethylene Brassylate:
When using cosmetics containing Ethylene Brassylate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using the product on a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should consult with a dermatologist before using products containing Ethylene Brassylate to avoid any adverse reactions.
4. References:
- "Ethylene Brassylate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylene-brassylate.
- Burfield, Tony. "Ethylene Brassylate." The Good Scents Company, www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1006641.html.
- "Ethylene Brassylate." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylene-brassylate.
Other Names: (4S)-2-Methyl-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyrimidine-4-Carboxylic Acid; Ectoine
Function: pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Ectoin:
Ectoin is a natural, organic molecule derived from extremophilic microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments such as deserts, salt flats, and hot springs. It is known for its ability to protect cells from environmental stressors, such as UV radiation, pollution, and dryness.
2. Use:
Ectoin is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin-soothing properties. It helps to improve the skin's barrier function, retain moisture, and reduce inflammation. Ectoin is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens.
3. Usage Ectoin:
When using skincare products containing Ectoin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, Ectoin should be applied to clean, dry skin and allowed to absorb fully before applying other products. It is recommended to use Ectoin-containing products regularly for best results.
Precautions: While Ectoin is generally considered safe for most skin types, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or specific skin conditions should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating Ectoin into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- Schmid-Wendtner, M. H., & Korting, H. C. (2006). The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 19(6), 296-302.
- Gioti, E. M., et al. (2012). Ectoin: an effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 25(3), 175-182.
- Kerscher, M., et al. (2008). Ectoin-containing cream in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomised, comparator-controlled, intra-individual double-blind, multi-center trial. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 21(6), 307-315.
Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying
1. Definition Cetyl Phosphate:
Cetyl Phosphate is an ester of cetyl alcohol and phosphoric acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and stabilizer. It is a white, waxy solid that helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in skincare products.
2. Use:
Cetyl Phosphate is primarily used in cosmetic formulations as an emulsifier to create stable emulsions, ensuring that the oil and water-based ingredients in a product do not separate. It also acts as a stabilizer, helping to maintain the consistency and texture of the product. Additionally, Cetyl Phosphate can provide moisturizing and conditioning properties to the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and other skincare products.
3. Usage Cetyl Phosphate:
When using products containing Cetyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Cetyl Phosphate to a larger area of skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation or allergic reactions occur, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.
4. References:
- "Cetyl Phosphate" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 16th Edition
- "Cetyl Phosphate" on CosmeticsInfo.org
- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Phosphate as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel
Other Names: Vital ET
Function: Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Hair Fixing, Foaming, Surfactant - Cleansing Agent
1. Definition Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates:
Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates is a compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a combination of disodium lauriminodipropionate, which is derived from coconut oil, and tocopheryl phosphates, which are forms of vitamin E.
2. Use:
Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties and ability to improve the skin's texture. It is often found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums, where it helps to hydrate the skin and promote a smooth, soft complexion.
3. Usage Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates:
When using products containing Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use immediately.
4. References:
- "Safety Assessment of Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel
- "Formulating with Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates: Benefits and Considerations" by the Society of Cosmetic Chemists
- "The Role of Disodium Lauriminodipropionate Tocopheryl Phosphates in Skincare Products" by the International Journal of Cosmetic Science.
Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter
1. Definition Benzophenone 5:
Benzophenone-5, also known as Oxybenzone, is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics as a UV filter to protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's rays. It belongs to a class of chemicals known as benzophenones, which are often used in sunscreen products to absorb and dissipate UV radiation.
2. Use:
Benzophenone-5 is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products such as sunscreens, lip balms, moisturizers, and hair care products. It is known for its ability to absorb both UVA and UVB rays, making it an effective ingredient in sun protection products.
3. Usage Benzophenone 5:
When using products containing Benzophenone-5, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Apply sunscreen generously and evenly to all exposed skin areas before going out in the sun, and reapply as directed, especially after swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to limit sun exposure, particularly during peak hours, and to wear protective clothing and accessories in addition to using sunscreen.
4. References:
- Klinubol P, Amnuaikit T, Wongs-Aree C. The effects of benzophenone-5 on the growth and development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chemosphere. 2019;231:370-377.
- Sarigul E, Ozdemir S. Benzophenone-5 induces developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28(24):31196-31205.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3039, Benzophenone-5. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzophenone-5.
Function: Emollient, Emulsifying
1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:
Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.
2. Use:
Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.
3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:
When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.
4. References:
- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council
- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review
- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare
Other Names: 2-Ethylhexyl Salicylate; Octisalate; Octyl Salicylate
Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter
1. Definition Ethylhexyl Salicylate:
Ethylhexyl Salicylate is an organic compound commonly used as a UV filter in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a clear liquid with a faint odor and is derived from salicylic acid.
2. Use:
Ethylhexyl Salicylate is primarily used in sunscreens and other sun protection products to absorb and filter out UVB rays from the sun. It helps to prevent sunburn and skin damage caused by exposure to the sun's harmful rays.
3. Usage Ethylhexyl Salicylate:
Ethylhexyl Salicylate is typically found in sunscreen lotions, creams, and sprays, where it is combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is important to apply sunscreen containing Ethylhexyl Salicylate generously and reapply regularly, especially after swimming or sweating, to ensure maximum protection.
4. References:
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2003). Final report of the safety assessment of ethylhexyl salicylate. International Journal of Toxicology, 22(Suppl 3), 1-35.
- Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Ethylhexyl Salicylate. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=352.10
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5352327, Ethylhexyl salicylate. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethylhexyl-salicylate
Function: Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent
1. Definition Cinoxate:
Cinoxate is an organic compound that is commonly used in sunscreens and cosmetics as a UV filter. It is a clear, yellowish liquid that helps to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UVB rays by absorbing and reflecting them.
2. Use:
Cinoxate is primarily used in sunscreen products to provide protection against sunburn and skin damage caused by UV radiation. It is often combined with other UV filters to create broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. Additionally, cinoxate is used in various cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lip balms, and foundations to provide added sun protection.
3. Usage Cinoxate:
When using cosmetics containing cinoxate, it is important to follow the directions provided on the product packaging. Apply the product evenly to all exposed skin areas before sun exposure and reapply as directed, especially after swimming or sweating. It is recommended to use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher and to seek shade during peak sun hours for maximum protection.
4. References:
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cinoxate
- https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/701538-CINOXATE/
- https://www.ewg.org/sunscreen/report/the-trouble-with-sunscreen-chemicals/
Function: Skin Conditioning
1. Definition Silybum Marianum Fruit Extract:
Silybum Marianum Fruit Extract, also known as Milk Thistle Extract, is derived from the fruit of the Silybum Marianum plant. It is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.
2. Use:
Silybum Marianum Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. It is also believed to have skin-soothing and hydrating properties, making it suitable for sensitive or dry skin types.
3. Usage Silybum Marianum Fruit Extract:
Silybum Marianum Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, look for products that list Silybum Marianum Fruit Extract as one of the top ingredients on the label.
4. References:
- Saller R, Meier R, Brignoli R. The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs. 2001;61(14):2035-63.
- Surai PF, Silymarin as a natural antioxidant: an overview of the current evidence and perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel). 2015;4(1):204-47.
- Abenavoli L, Capasso R, Milic N, Capasso F. Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytother Res. 2010;24(10):1423-32.
Other Names: Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
Function: Solvent, Masking, Perfuming, Skin Conditioning, Emollient
1. Definition Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is a combination of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and glycerin. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.
2. Use:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is used in various cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, and serums to provide moisturization and improve the texture of the skin. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.
3. Usage Caprylic/ Capric Triglyceride:
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some precautions should be taken. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to check for any allergic reactions. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride into their skincare routine.
4. References:
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/capryliccapric-triglyceride.
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/.
- "Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/capryliccapric-triglyceride.
