Full ingredients list SKIN&CO Roma Umbrian Truffle Clay Mask

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1	A	Kaolin (Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier)
1		Calcium Carbonate (Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Bulking Agent)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
1 2	A	Bentonite (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant)
2	A	Microcrystalline Cellulose (Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Slip Modifier)
1		Solum Fullonum
1	A	Cetearyl Alcohol (Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous)
		Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Water
1	B	Isoamyl Laurate (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Carica Papaya (Papaya) Leaf Extract
1	A	Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling)	Bad for oily skin
1		Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Charcoal Powder (Abrasive, Absorbent, Opacifying, Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1	A	Cellulose Gum (Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming)
1	B	Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract (Perfuming, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive, Antimicrobial Agent)
1 5	B	Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract
1		Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Extract (Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive)
1		Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Extract (Fragrance)
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
1	A	Glyceryl Caprylate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
2		Phytic Acid (Chelating Agent)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Kaolin

Other name: Kaolinite; China clay; Aluminum Silica; White Clay; Kaolin Clay

Function: Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Kaolin:

Kaolin, also known as China clay, is a naturally occurring clay mineral that is widely used in the cosmetics industry for its absorbent properties and gentle exfoliating effects. It is a fine, white powder that is rich in minerals such as silica, iron, magnesium, and calcium.

2. Use:

Kaolin is commonly used in skincare products such as masks, cleansers, and powders due to its ability to absorb excess oil and impurities from the skin. It is also known for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive and acne-prone skin types. Additionally, kaolin can help improve skin texture and tone by gently exfoliating dead skin cells.

3. Usage Kaolin:

Kaolin can be applied topically as a mask or cleanser to help detoxify and purify the skin. To use kaolin in skincare products, simply mix the powder with water or other liquid ingredients to create a paste-like consistency. Apply the mixture to clean, dry skin and leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off with warm water. It is important to avoid getting kaolin powder into the eyes or inhaling it as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2012). Formulating with kaolin. Personal Care Magazine, 9(3), 25-28.

- Williams, L. B., & Haydel, S. E. (2010). Evaluation of the medicinal use of clay minerals as antibacterial agents. International Geology Review, 52(7/8), 745-770.

- Lin, Y. C., & Lin, J. H. (2008). Kaolin and its industrial uses. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 36(6), 805-811.

Calcium Carbonate

Function: Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Calcium Carbonate:

Calcium Carbonate is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent, opacifying agent, and abrasive. It is a white, odorless powder with the chemical formula CaCO3.

2. Use:

Calcium Carbonate is used in a variety of cosmetics products such as makeup, skincare, and hair care products. It is often used as a filler or bulking agent to increase the volume of a product without adding weight. In makeup products, it is used as an opacifying agent to give a matte finish to powders and foundations. Additionally, it is used as an abrasive in exfoliating products to help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.

3. Usage Calcium Carbonate:

When using cosmetics containing Calcium Carbonate, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Calcium Carbonate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- “Calcium Carbonate.” CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/calcium-carbonate.

- Arbo, M. D., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39320-5.

- Ribeiro, L. N. M., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.3390/jfb9010002.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Bentonite

Other name: Bentonite Clay; Gelwhite L

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Bentonite:

Bentonite is a type of clay derived from volcanic ash deposits and is known for its ability to absorb and remove toxins, impurities, and excess oil from the skin. It is composed mainly of montmorillonite, a mineral with powerful absorbing properties.

2. Use:

Bentonite is commonly used in cosmetics for its purifying and detoxifying properties. It is often found in facial masks, cleansers, and exfoliants to help unclog pores, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin tone and texture. Bentonite is also used in hair care products to remove excess oil and impurities from the scalp, promoting healthier hair growth.

3. Usage Bentonite:

When using bentonite in cosmetics, it is important to mix it with water or other liquid ingredients to form a paste before applying it to the skin or hair. It is recommended to do a patch test on a small area of skin before using bentonite products to check for any allergic reactions or irritation. Avoid using bentonite on broken or irritated skin, and always follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Chauhan, A., & Chauhan, P. (2019). Bentonite Clay as a Natural Remedy: A Brief Review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), 184-189.

- Williams, L. B., & Haydel, S. E. (2010). Evaluation of the medicinal use of clay minerals as antibacterial agents. International Geology Review, 52(7/8), 745-770.

- Singh, M., & Singh, S. (2017). Bentonite Clay as a Natural Remedy: A Review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(1), 295-299.

Microcrystalline Cellulose

Function: Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Microcrystalline Cellulose:

Microcrystalline Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer derived from cellulose that is processed into a fine powder. It is commonly used as a bulking agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Microcrystalline Cellulose is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and powders. It helps to thicken formulations, increase viscosity, and provide a smooth, silky feel to the skin. Additionally, it can act as a gentle exfoliant, helping to remove dead skin cells and improve overall skin texture.

3. Usage Microcrystalline Cellulose:

When using products containing Microcrystalline Cellulose, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing this ingredient to their entire face or body. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Amin, M. C. I. M., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Microcrystalline cellulose as a versatile excipient in drug dosage form: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 8(1), 38-42.

- Ansel, H. C., Allen, L. V., & Popovich, N. G. (2017). Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

- Williams, A. C., & Barry, B. W. (2012). Penetration enhancers. Pharmaceutical research, 9(4), 559-565.

Solum Fullonum

Function:

1. Definition Solum Fullonum:

Solum Fullonum, also known as fuller's earth, is a type of clay that has been used for centuries in various cosmetic products. It is known for its ability to absorb excess oil and impurities from the skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Solum Fullonum is commonly used in facial masks, cleansers, and exfoliators due to its purifying and detoxifying properties. It helps to unclog pores, reduce acne breakouts, and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, it can also be used as a natural alternative to traditional talcum powder in body powders and dry shampoos.

3. Usage Solum Fullonum:

When using products containing Solum Fullonum, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Typically, a thin layer of the product is applied to clean, dry skin and left on for a specified amount of time before rinsing off with warm water. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using Solum Fullonum products to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Kaur, R., Sharma, S., & Gupta, G. (2017). Fuller's earth and its application in cosmetics: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 124-127.

- Sahu, M., & Sahu, P. (2018). Fuller's earth: A versatile material for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(4), 1393-1400.

- Purohit, P., & Choudhary, R. (2016). Fuller's earth: A review on its application in cosmetics. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(12), 4876-4882.

Cetearyl Alcohol

Other name: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols

Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous

1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:

Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.

3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html

- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/

- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf

Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Water

Function:

1. Definition Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Water:

Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Water is a natural botanical extract derived from the leaves of the Witch Hazel plant. It is known for its astringent properties and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and skincare.

2. Use:

Witch Hazel Leaf Water is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its toning, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to tighten and refine pores, reduce inflammation, and calm irritated skin. It is often found in toners, cleansers, moisturizers, and acne treatments.

3. Usage Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Water:

Witch Hazel Leaf Water can be applied directly to the skin using a cotton pad or as an ingredient in skincare products. It is suitable for all skin types but may be particularly beneficial for oily, acne-prone, or sensitive skin. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine or as needed for specific skin concerns.

Precautions: While Witch Hazel Leaf Water is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may be sensitive to it. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on the face or sensitive areas of the skin to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). Herbal extracts for cosmetics. Personal Care Magazine, 3(1), 23-26.

- Thring, T. S., Hili, P., & Naughton, D. P. (2011). Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. Journal of Inflammation, 8(1), 27.

- Yoon, J. Y., Kwon, H. H., Min, S. U., Thiboutot, D. M., & Suh, D. H. (2013). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(2), 429-440.

Isoamyl Laurate

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Isoamyl Laurate:

Isoamyl Laurate is a natural ester derived from isoamyl alcohol and lauric acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Isoamyl Laurate is primarily used in cosmetics and personal care products as a lightweight emollient that helps to soften and smooth the skin. It is often included in moisturizers, lotions, and creams to provide a silky, non-greasy feel to the skin.

3. Usage Isoamyl Laurate:

Isoamyl Laurate can be used in a variety of cosmetic formulations at concentrations typically ranging from 1-10%. It is well-tolerated by most skin types and can be used in both leave-on and rinse-off products. However, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing Isoamyl Laurate to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Isoamyl Laurate" - Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/isoamyl-laurate

- "Isoamyl Laurate" - The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/isoamyl-laurate

- "Isoamyl Laurate in Cosmetics" - Personal Care Magazine, www.personalcaremagazine.com/story/21423/isoamyl-laurate-in-cosmetics

Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract:

Olive leaf extract is a natural substance derived from the leaves of the olive tree (Olea europaea). It is rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and other beneficial compounds that have been shown to have various health and skincare benefits.

2. Use:

Olive leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging. It also has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it effective in soothing and healing the skin. Additionally, olive leaf extract can help improve skin tone and texture, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Olea Europaea (Olive) Leaf Extract:

Olive leaf extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, lotions, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient to provide antioxidant protection and other skincare benefits. When using products containing olive leaf extract, it is important to follow the instructions on the packaging and to patch test the product before applying it to the entire face to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Goulas, V., & Manganaris, G. A. (2013). Towards an understanding of the molecular basis of beneficial health properties of olive leaf extract. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, 7(2), 90.

- Bisignano, G., Tomaino, A., Lo Cascio, R., Crisafi, G., Uccella, N., & Saija, A. (1999). On the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 51(8), 971-974.

- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). (2011). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract and maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 1333, 1638, 1639, 1696, 2865), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 3781), anti-inflammatory properties (ID 1882), and antioxidant properties (ID 1884) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal, 9(4), 2033.

Carica Papaya (Papaya) Leaf Extract

Function:

1. Definition Carica Papaya (Papaya) Leaf Extract:

Carica Papaya (Papaya) Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves of the papaya plant. It is rich in vitamins, enzymes, and antioxidants that have various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Papaya Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing, anti-inflammatory, and exfoliating properties. It helps to promote a more even skin tone, reduce the appearance of blemishes, and improve overall skin texture. Additionally, the extract is known for its moisturizing and hydrating effects, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

3. Usage Carica Papaya (Papaya) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Papaya Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. It is also recommended to use products containing Papaya Leaf Extract in conjunction with a sunscreen, as the exfoliating properties of the extract can make the skin more sensitive to UV radiation.

4. References:

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, M. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2016). Skin anti-inflammatory activity of papaya (Carica papaya) linn. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(3), 274-280.

- Ismail, N. H., & Kamariah, A. S. (2017). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Carica papaya Linn. leaves extracts. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 5(3), 177-184.

- Otsuki, N., Dang, N. H., Kumagai, E., Kondo, A., Iwata, S., & Morimoto, C. (2010). Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(3), 760-767.

Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract:

Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract is a botanical extract derived from the leaves of the grape vine plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that offer various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Grape leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from environmental stressors such as pollution and UV radiation. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products. Additionally, grape leaf extract can help improve skin tone and texture, as well as promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Leaf Extract:

Grape leaf extract can be found in a wide range of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient in formulations designed to target signs of aging, protect the skin from damage, and improve overall skin health. To use products containing grape leaf extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Sánchez-Muñoz, S., López-Biedma, A., Biedma, J. L., & López-Biedma, A. (2019). Grape seed extract and its health benefits. In Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease (pp. 309-330). Academic Press.

- Pinent, M., Blay, M., Blade, M. C., Salvado, M. J., Arola, L., & Ardévol, A. (2006). Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines. Endocrinology, 147(12), 5819-5826.

- Kaur, M., Kaur, N., Sharma, S., & Kaur, R. (2018). A review on grape seed extract and its health benefits. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(4), 1371-1381.

Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract:

Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from red seaweed, specifically Chondrus crispus, also known as Irish moss. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its emollient and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Chondrus Crispus Extract is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks due to its ability to hydrate and soften the skin. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract:

When using products containing Chondrus Crispus Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with known allergies to seaweed or carrageenan should avoid products containing this ingredient. As with any new skincare product, a patch test is recommended to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Wang, T., Jonsdottir, R., Ólafsdóttir, G., Hreggviðsson, G. Ó., & Jónsdóttir, R. (2012). Total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging and metal chelation of extracts from Icelandic seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 126(3), 948-953.

- Moroney, N. C., O'Hare, T. J., & O'Brien, N. M. (2015). Marine bioactives as functional food ingredients: potential to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Marine Drugs, 13(11), 1070-1083.

- Bajpai, V. K., & Baek, K. H. (2018). Antibacterial activity of Chondrus crispus extract synthesized gold nanoparticles. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 183, 349-355.

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the flowers of the orange tree. It is known for its soothing and calming properties and is commonly used in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Orange flower extract is often used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin, reduce redness and irritation, and promote a more even skin tone. In haircare products, it can help to nourish and condition the hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract is typically found in creams, lotions, serums, and shampoos. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before applying it to the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure the best results.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. CRC Press.

- Reuter, J., Huyke, C., Casetti, F., Theek, C., Frank, U., Augustin, M., & Schempp, C. (2010). Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. Journal of medicinal food, 13(1), 151-157.

- Garg, A., Garg, S., Zaneveld, L. J. D., & Singla, A. K. (2001). Chemistry and pharmacology of the Citrus bioflavonoid hesperidin. Phytotherapy Research, 15(8), 655-669.

Charcoal Powder

Function: Abrasive, Absorbent, Opacifying, Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Charcoal Powder:

Charcoal powder is a fine black powder made from burning organic materials, such as wood, coconut shells, or bamboo, at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. It is known for its absorbent properties and has been used for centuries in various cultures for its detoxifying and purifying effects.

2. Use:

Charcoal powder is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to draw out impurities and toxins from the skin. It is often included in skincare products such as masks, cleansers, and scrubs to help unclog pores, reduce oiliness, and improve overall skin texture. Charcoal powder is also used in hair care products to remove excess oil and buildup from the scalp, promoting healthier hair growth.

3. Usage Charcoal Powder:

When using charcoal powder in cosmetics, it is important to be cautious as it can be messy and stain clothing and surfaces. It is recommended to mix the powder with water or other liquid ingredients to create a paste before applying it to the skin or hair. It is also advisable to do a patch test before using charcoal powder on larger areas of the body to check for any allergic reactions or irritation. Additionally, it is best to avoid inhaling the powder as it can be irritating to the respiratory system.

4. References:

- Lee, S. (2017). Charcoal in skincare: What are the benefits? Retrieved from https://www.byrdie.com/charcoal-skincare-benefits-4770337

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

- Singh, M., & Das, R. R. (2016). Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(6).

Cellulose Gum

Other name: Carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC; Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming

1. Definition Cellulose Gum:

Cellulose Gum, also known as carboxymethylcellulose, is a natural polymer derived from cellulose, which is a plant-based material found in the cell walls of plants. It is commonly used in the cosmetic industry as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cellulose Gum is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as lotions, creams, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, as well as provide a moisturizing effect. Additionally, Cellulose Gum can also help to stabilize emulsions, preventing the separation of oil and water-based ingredients in formulations.

3. Usage Cellulose Gum:

When using products containing Cellulose Gum, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with Cellulose Gum to ensure they do not have an allergic reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting Cellulose Gum in the eyes or mouth, as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- "Cellulose Gum," Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cellulose-gum

- "Carboxymethylcellulose," Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/carboxymethylcellulose

- "Cellulose Gum," The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/cellulose-gum/

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract

Other name: Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract; Rosemary Leaf Extract

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive, Antimicrobial Agent

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract:

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the rosemary plant. It is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Rosemary leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from free radicals, which can damage cells and accelerate aging. It is also believed to have astringent properties that can help tighten and tone the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products. Additionally, rosemary leaf extract is known for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract:

Rosemary leaf extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, toners, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5%, depending on the desired benefits. When using products containing rosemary leaf extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for optimal results.

4. References:

- Chevallier, Andrew. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. DK Publishing, 2016.

- Dweck, Anthony C. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients. Taylor & Francis, 2014.

- Koleva, Iskra I. et al. "Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods." Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 13, no. 1, 2002, pp. 8-17.

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract:

Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the peel of lemons. It is known for its high content of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that can benefit the skin.

2. Use:

Lemon peel extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and clarifying properties. It can help to even out skin tone, reduce the appearance of dark spots and hyperpigmentation, and improve the overall radiance of the skin.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon) Peel Extract:

Lemon peel extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, masks, and cleansers. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid any potential irritation, as lemon peel extract can be sensitizing to some individuals. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing lemon peel extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Ravi, A., Prabhakar, P. K., & Vijayakumar, M. (2015). A review on Citrus Limon (Lemon). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(2), 492-497.

- Reuter, J., Merfort, I., & Schempp, C. M. (2010). Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 11(4), 247-267.

- Chaudhuri, R. K., Bojanowski, K. (2010). Botanical extracts as anti-aging preparations for the skin: a review. Cosmetics, 3(2), 281-305.

Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract

Other name: Salvia Officinalis Leaf Extract; Sage Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract:

Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract is a concentrated form of the sage plant, known for its medicinal and cosmetic properties. It is often used in skincare products for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sage leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. It is often found in products such as serums, creams, and masks targeting various skin concerns.

3. Usage Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Sage Leaf Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid using products with sage leaf extract on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- Saeidnia, S., et al. (2011). Salvia: A review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutical and industrial uses. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(39), 1-23.

- Tundis, R., et al. (2014). Potential role of natural compounds against skin aging. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 21(10), 1125-1150.

- Baricevic, D., et al. (2001). The biological/pharmacological activity of the Salvia genus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75(2-3), 213-240.

Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Extract

Function: Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Extract:

Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Extract is derived from the flowers of the bitter orange tree. It is known for its soothing and calming properties and is commonly used in cosmetics for its fragrance and skin-conditioning benefits.

2. Use:

Bitter Orange Flower Extract is often included in skincare products for its natural fragrance, which can help mask the scent of other ingredients. It also has antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and promote a more youthful appearance. Additionally, the extract is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Amara (Bitter Orange) Flower Extract:

Bitter Orange Flower Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, lotions, serums, and perfumes. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide a subtle fragrance and skin-conditioning benefits. When using products containing this extract, it is important to perform a patch test first to ensure that you do not have an allergic reaction. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your routine.

4. References:

- Kim, J., Kim, E. H., Oh, I., Jeong, I. H., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil on cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in human airway epithelial cells. Inflammation, 40(2), 476-485.

- Chiu, Y. J., & Hu, C. H. (2018). Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium Linné) extracts reduce adiposity by enhancing hepatic beta-oxidation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Phytotherapy Research, 32(6), 1166-1177.

- Reuter, J., Wölfle, U., Weckesser, S., & Schempp, C. (2010). Which plant for which skin disease? Part 2: Dermatophytes, chronic venous insufficiency, photoprotection, actinic keratoses, vitiligo, hair loss, cosmetic indications. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, 8(11), 866-873.

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Extract

Function: Fragrance

1. Definition Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Extract:

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Extract is derived from the flowers of the Lavandula Angustifolia plant, also known as true lavender. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and calming properties.

2. Use:

Lavender Flower Extract is a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. It is known for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Lavender extract is often used in products such as creams, lotions, serums, and masks to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin.

3. Usage Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Extract:

When using products containing Lavender Flower Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive skin may want to use caution as lavender can sometimes cause irritation. It is best to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products with lavender extract.

4. References:

- Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

- Peana, A. T., D'Aquila, P. S., Panin, F., Serra, G., Pippia, P., & Moretti, M. D. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils. Phytomedicine, 9(8), 721-726.

- Cavanagh, H. M., & Wilkinson, J. M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Glyceryl Caprylate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Glyceryl Caprylate:

Glyceryl Caprylate is a multifunctional ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and preservative. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil, and glycerin.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Caprylate is used in cosmetics for its emollient properties, which help to soften and moisturize the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend oil and water-based ingredients together in formulations. Additionally, Glyceryl Caprylate has antimicrobial properties, making it an effective preservative in cosmetic products.

3. Usage Glyceryl Caprylate:

Glyceryl Caprylate is commonly found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It is used in concentrations typically ranging from 0.5% to 2%. When using products containing Glyceryl Caprylate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glyceryl-caprylate.

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/glyceryl-caprylate/.

- "Glyceryl Caprylate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/glyceryl-caprylate.

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Phytic Acid

Other name: Inositol Hexaphosphate

Function: Chelating Agent

1. Definition Phytic Acid:

Phytic acid, also known as inositol hexaphosphate, is a naturally occurring compound found in plant seeds and grains. It is a powerful antioxidant and chelating agent that can help to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

2. Use:

Phytic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It can help to gently remove dead skin cells, promote cell turnover, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin. Additionally, phytic acid has been shown to have skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Phytic Acid:

When using products containing phytic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of phytic acid and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation or sensitivity. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using products containing phytic acid, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV radiation.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142.

- Maia Campos, P. M. B. G., Gaspar, L. R., & Gonçalves, G. M. (2006). Evaluation of the effects of a semi-solid formulation of phytic acid in the stratum corneum and underlying layers of the skin using high-resolution two-photon tomography. Skin Research and Technology, 12(2), 105–111.

- Schagen, S. K., & Zampeli, V. A. (2019). Phytic acid in skincare formulations. Cosmetics, 6(2), 29.

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.