Full ingredients list TFIT Cover Up Pro Concealer

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
1	A	Simmondsia Chinensis Seed Oil (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil Unsaponifiables (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Hair Conditioning)
1	A	Squalane (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting)
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
1		Brassica Oleracea Gemmifera Extract
		Solanum Lycopersicum Fruit Extract
1 2		Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1		Simmondsia Chinensis Leaf Extract (Humectant)
1		Leontopodium Alpinum Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1 2	A	Hydrogenated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant)
1		Phoenix Dactylifera Seed
1	A	Ascorbic Acid (Masking, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Flavoring Agent, Phadjuster)	Good for dry skin Anti Aging Brightening
1 2	A	Tromethamine (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent)
1		Ceramide Np	Anti Aging
2 4	A	Sodium Metabisulfite (Preservative, Antioxidant, Reducing)
1 2	A	Sodium Sulfite (Preservative, Antioxidant, Hair Waving Or Straightening, Reducing)

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Simmondsia Chinensis Seed Oil

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil:

Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the Jojoba plant. It is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Jojoba Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to mimic the natural oils produced by the skin, making it suitable for all skin types. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and hair treatments due to its hydrating and conditioning properties. Jojoba Seed Oil is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it beneficial for soothing irritated skin and preventing breakouts.

3. Usage Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil:

Jojoba Seed Oil can be used directly on the skin or hair as a standalone product or mixed with other ingredients to create DIY skincare or haircare products. It can be applied to the face, body, or hair to moisturize, nourish, and protect the skin and hair follicles. When using Jojoba Seed Oil, it is important to perform a patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin and to avoid any potential allergic reactions. It is also recommended to store Jojoba Seed Oil in a cool, dark place to maintain its quality and extend its shelf life.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun, Bryan Barron, The Best Skin of Your Life Starts Here: Busting Beauty Myths So You Know What to Use and Why, 2015

- Ratan K. Choudhary, Avinash Kumar, Om Prakash, Mahendra Singh, Handbook of Medicinal Plants: Utilisation and Conservation, 2018

- Jennifer Peace Rhind, Fragrance and Wellbeing: Plant Aromatics and Their Influence on the Psyche, 2013

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil Unsaponifiables

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil Unsaponifiables:

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil Unsaponifiables are the lipid fraction of sunflower oil that remains insoluble in water and does not react with alkalis to form soap. It is a natural ingredient derived from sunflower seeds and is rich in essential fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins.

2. Use:

Sunflower seed oil unsaponifiables are commonly used in cosmetics for their moisturizing, nourishing, and antioxidant properties. They help to improve skin hydration, elasticity, and smoothness, making them ideal for dry, sensitive, or aging skin. They can also help to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals, reducing the signs of aging and promoting a healthy complexion.

3. Usage Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil Unsaponifiables:

Sunflower seed oil unsaponifiables can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, lotions, serums, and balms. They are typically used as an emollient or conditioning agent to soften and smooth the skin. To use, simply apply the product containing sunflower seed oil unsaponifiables to clean, dry skin and massage gently until absorbed. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using on sensitive or reactive skin.

4. References:

- Maranz, S., Wiesman, Z. (2004). Influence of climate on the tocopherol content of shea butter. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(10), 2934-2937.

- Bouilly-Gauthier, D., Jeudy, A., Maubert, Y., Duteil, L., Queille-Roussel, C., Piccardi, N. (2013). Clinical evidence of benefits of a dietary supplement containing probiotics and highly standardized unsaponifiable shea butter on the quality of life of women with dry skin: a pilot study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 12(1), 18-26.

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

Squalane

Other name: Perhydrosqualene; Pripure 3759

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting

1. Definition Squalane:

Squalane is a saturated and stable hydrocarbon that is derived from squalene, a natural component found in the skin's sebum. It is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and emollient properties.

2. Use:

Squalane is used in cosmetics and skincare products as a moisturizing agent to help hydrate and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, serums, and oils to improve the skin's texture and appearance.

3. Usage Squalane:

Squalane can be applied topically to the skin as part of a skincare routine. It is typically used after cleansing and toning, and can be applied before or after other skincare products such as moisturizers or sunscreen. Squalane is well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, and can help to improve the skin's hydration levels and overall health.

Precautions: While squalane is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or concerns should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating squalane into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2005). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals. Philadelphia: Saunders.

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327-348.

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Brassica Oleracea Gemmifera Extract

Function:

1. Definition Brassica Oleracea Gemmifera (Brussel Sprouts) Extract:

Brassica Oleracea Gemmifera (Brussel Sprouts) Extract is derived from the edible green vegetable known as Brussels sprouts. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that offer numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Brussel Sprouts Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce signs of aging, and promote a healthy complexion. The extract also has soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Brassica Oleracea Gemmifera (Brussel Sprouts) Extract:

Brussel Sprouts Extract can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide the skin with its beneficial properties. To use, apply the product containing Brussel Sprouts Extract onto clean skin and gently massage until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use the product consistently for optimal results.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. H., & Kim, H. K. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effect of Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera L. extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Food Science and Biotechnology, 27(3), 833-839.

- Heo, S. J., Ko, S. C., Cha, S. H., Kang, D. H., Park, H. S., Choi, Y. U., ... & Jung, W. K. (2011). Effect of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava on melanogenesis and their protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation. Toxicology in Vitro, 25(1), 231-237.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., & Kim, H. K. (2018). Protective effects of Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera L. extract against oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and in the liver of CCl4-treated mice. Food Science and Biotechnology, 27(5), 1403-1411.

Solanum Lycopersicum Fruit Extract

Function:

1. Definition Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato) Fruit Extract:

Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato) Fruit Extract is an extract derived from the fruit of the tomato plant. It is rich in antioxidants such as lycopene, vitamin C, and beta-carotene, which help to protect the skin from environmental damage and promote overall skin health.

2. Use:

Tomato Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which can help to reduce signs of aging, improve skin texture, and brighten the complexion. It is often included in anti-aging products, brightening serums, and moisturizers to help nourish and protect the skin.

3. Usage Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato) Fruit Extract:

Tomato Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and should be applied to clean, dry skin. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using it on the entire face to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Kim, J. E., Leem, Y. H. (2012). Tomato extract and its role in disease prevention. Nutrition Research and Practice, 6(2), 93-99.

- Rizwan, M., Rodriguez-Blanco, I., Harbottle, A., Birch-Machin, M. A., Watson, R. E., Rhodes, L. E. (2011). Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology, 164(1), 154-162.

- Zujko, M. E., Witkowska, A. M., Wąsowicz, E., & Piotrowska, E. (2009). Tomato juice supplementation in young women reduces inflammatory adipokine levels independently of body fat reduction. Nutrition, 25(9), 947-954.

Lecithin

Other name: phosphatidylcholine; Lecithin; Lecithins; Soy Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Lecithin:

Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and emulsifier. It is often derived from soybeans and can also be found in egg yolks and other sources.

2. Use:

Lecithin is used in cosmetics to help improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as to moisturize and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, lotions, and other skincare products to help them spread easily and penetrate the skin effectively.

3. Usage Lecithin:

When using products containing lecithin, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with allergies to soy or other sources of lecithin should avoid products containing this ingredient. It is also recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Magdassi, S., & Garti, N. (1999). Lecithin-based emulsions. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 4(5), 311-316.

- Barauskas, J., & Nylander, T. (2005). Lecithin-based microemulsions. Langmuir, 21(2), 597-601.

- Komaiko, J. S., & McClements, D. J. (2016). Low-energy formation of edible nanoemulsions: Factors influencing droplet size produced by emulsion phase inversion. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 434, 8-20.

Simmondsia Chinensis Leaf Extract

Function: Humectant

1. Definition Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Leaf Extract:

Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Leaf Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the Jojoba plant, scientifically known as Simmondsia Chinensis. Jojoba is a shrub native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, known for its moisturizing and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Jojoba leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its various benefits. It is known for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, and creams. Jojoba leaf extract is also rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe and calm irritated skin.

3. Usage Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Leaf Extract:

Jojoba leaf extract can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including facial cleansers, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient. When using products containing Jojoba leaf extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.

- Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., Ghassemi, M. R., Kazerouni, A., & Rafeie, E. (2013). Jojoba in dermatology: A succinct review. G Ital Dermatol Venereol, 148(6), 687-691.

- Meier, L., Stange, R., Michalsen, A., & Uehleke, B. (2012). Clay jojoba oil facial mask for lesioned skin and mild acne--results of a prospective, observational pilot study. Forschende Komplementärmedizin, 19(2), 75-79.

Leontopodium Alpinum Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Leontopodium Alpinum Extract:

Leontopodium Alpinum Extract, also known as Edelweiss extract, is derived from the Edelweiss flower native to the Alps. It is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredient commonly used in skincare products.

2. Use:

Leontopodium Alpinum Extract is used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution. It also helps to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Additionally, this extract has anti-aging properties and can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Leontopodium Alpinum Extract:

Leontopodium Alpinum Extract is typically found in serums, creams, and masks. It can be incorporated into a skincare routine by applying a product containing the extract to clean, dry skin. It is recommended to use products with this extract in the morning and evening for optimal results. However, it is important to patch test the product first, especially for individuals with sensitive skin, to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, J. Y., Lee, W. J., & Park, H. J. (2008). Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-nociceptive activity of Leontopodium alpinum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115(2), 282-289.

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Murbach, T. S., & Glombitza, K. W. (2003). Ethnopharmacology of the alpine region: the example of the Tyrolean Alps (Austria). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(1), 27-32.

Hydrogenated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Hydrogenated Lecithin:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a naturally occurring fatty substance found in plants and animals. It is produced by adding hydrogen to lecithin through a process called hydrogenation, which results in a more stable and solid form of the compound.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and surfactant. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance their spreadability and moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare formulations.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- S. R. Kulkarni, L. J. M. Coelho, E. M. R. Fairhurst, A. J. R. Porter, "Hydrogenated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties, Manufacture, and Applications in Drug Delivery," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1681-1691, 2017.

- M. A. G. de Lima, C. A. S. Batista, L. B. de Oliveira, "Hydrogenated Lecithin as a Cosmetic Ingredient: A Review," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2020.

- H. S. R. Silva, E. M. M. Santos, R. A. F. Souza, "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Lecithin in Cosmetics: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 2020.

Phoenix Dactylifera Seed

Other name: Date Seed

Function:

1. Definition Phoenix Dactylifera Seed:

Phoenix Dactylifera Seed, commonly known as date seed, is the seed obtained from the fruit of the date palm tree. It is rich in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Phoenix Dactylifera Seed is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and anti-aging properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and protect the skin from environmental damage. In haircare products, it helps to hydrate and strengthen the hair, promoting healthy hair growth and preventing breakage.

3. Usage Phoenix Dactylifera Seed:

Phoenix Dactylifera Seed can be found in various cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, hair masks, and shampoos. When using products containing Phoenix Dactylifera Seed, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product to check for any allergic reactions. Avoid contact with eyes and discontinue use if irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Al-Farsi, M., & Alasalvar, C. (2011). Composition, phytochemicals and functional properties of dates, syrups, and their by-products. Food Chemistry, 125(1), 54-62.

- Kchaou, W., Abbès, F., Blecker, C., & Attia, H. (2013). Date seed oil: Phenolic, tocopherol and sterol profiles. Journal of Food Lipids, 20(1), 81-97.

- Al-Shahib, W., & Marshall, R. J. (2003). The fruit of the date palm: Its possible use as the best food for the future? International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 54(4), 247-259.

Ascorbic Acid

Other name: vitamin c; vit c; l-ascorbic acid

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Flavoring Agent, Phadjuster

1. Definition Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, promote collagen production, and brighten the complexion.

2. Use:

Ascorbic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. Ascorbic Acid can also help to reduce hyperpigmentation, fade dark spots, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

When using products containing Ascorbic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to apply Vitamin C products in the morning before sunscreen to help protect the skin from environmental damage. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain their effectiveness.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

Tromethamine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Tromethamine:

Tromethamine, also known as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, is a buffering agent commonly used in cosmetics to adjust the pH level of products. It is a synthetic organic compound that is water-soluble and odorless.

2. Use:

Tromethamine is used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster to help maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is often included in skincare products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, to ensure that the pH level is within the appropriate range for optimal skin compatibility.

3. Usage Tromethamine:

When using cosmetics containing Tromethamine, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Avoid direct contact with eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Tromethamine, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, S. (1969). Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals). Montclair, NJ: Allured Publishing Corporation.

- Loden, M. (2003). The clinical benefit of moisturizers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 17(S1), 20-23.

- Korting, H. C., & Kerscher, M. J. (2006). The efficacy of moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 19(5), 256-261.

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate

Other name: Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate; Di-Potassium Glycyrrhizinate; K2

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is a white, odorless powder derived from licorice root extract. It is a natural ingredient known for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin. It is often included in products targeted towards sensitive or acne-prone skin due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it can help to brighten the complexion and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate:

Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in skincare formulations. It can be found in various products such as serums, moisturizers, masks, and creams. When using products containing Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to full application to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Allured Publishing Corporation, 1994.

- Baumann, Leslie. Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009.

- Draelos, Zoe Diana. Cosmeceuticals. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.

Ceramide Np

Other name: Ceramide 3; Ceramide III

Function:

1. Definition Ceramide Np:

Ceramide Np, also known as Ceramide 3, is a type of lipid molecule that is naturally found in the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function, helping to retain moisture, protect against environmental aggressors, and prevent water loss.

2. Use:

Ceramide Np is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and barrier-strengthening properties. It is particularly beneficial for individuals with dry, sensitive, or compromised skin conditions, as it helps to replenish and reinforce the skin's natural lipid barrier. Ceramide Np can also help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin, promoting a smoother, softer, and more hydrated complexion.

3. Usage Ceramide Np:

Ceramide Np can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and creams. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone ingredient or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. To use ceramide Np effectively, apply a small amount of the product to clean, dry skin, gently massaging it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from UV damage.

4. References:

- Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-223.

- Park JH, Lee JH, Lee JH. Topical application of ceramide NP in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Dermatol. 2012;24(2):176-185.

- Lee HJ, Lee HE, Ahn KJ, An IS, An S. Ceramide NP improves skin barrier function and regulates cytokine production in human skin organotypic culture. Ann Dermatol. 2015;27(5):499-511.

Sodium Metabisulfite

Other name: Sodium Pyrosulfite; Sodium Metabisulphite; Sodium Pyrosulphite; Sodium Disulfite; Meta Sodium Bisulfite

Function: Preservative, Antioxidant, Reducing

1. Definition Sodium Metabisulfite:

Sodium Metabisulfite is a white crystalline powder that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics. It is a sodium salt of sulfurous acid and is known for its antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Metabisulfite is used in cosmetics to extend the shelf life of products by preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. It is also used as a bleaching agent and to help maintain the color stability of certain ingredients in cosmetics.

3. Usage Sodium Metabisulfite:

When using Sodium Metabisulfite in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for concentration levels to ensure safety and effectiveness. It is typically used in small amounts and should be properly diluted before being added to cosmetic formulations. It is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Sodium Metabisulfite, so it is essential to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- "Sodium Metabisulfite." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-metabisulfite.

- "Safety and Health Topics: Sodium Metabisulfite." Occupational Safety and Health Administration, www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=597.

- Dweck, A. C. (2018). "Sodium Metabisulfite." Personal Care Magazine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 47-49.

Sodium Sulfite

Function: Preservative, Antioxidant, Hair Waving Or Straightening, Reducing

1. Definition Sodium Sulfite:

Sodium Sulfite is a chemical compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and antioxidant. It is known for its ability to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi, thereby extending the shelf life of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Sodium Sulfite is primarily used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of microorganisms and to maintain the quality and stability of the product. It is often added to creams, lotions, shampoos, and other personal care products to ensure that they remain safe for use.

3. Usage Sodium Sulfite:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Sulfite, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to Sodium Sulfite, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Sulfite as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Sodium Sulfite" by the Environmental Working Group

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration