Ingredients list Tula Balancing Act Purifying Toner & Ph ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1		Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Water (Skin Conditioning, Drug Astringent - Skin Protecting)	Good for oily skin
2		Propanediol (Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
3	B	Polysorbate 20 (Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	B	Sodium Pca (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin
1		Lactobacillus Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Niacinamide (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing)	Anti Aging Brightening
1		Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract
1		Lactococcus Ferment Lysate (Skin Conditioning)
1		Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning, Exclusive)
1		Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract
3 4		Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract (Perfuming, Fragrance)
1		Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract (Masking, Refreshing)
1		Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract (Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting)
1		Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil (Solvent, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance)
1 4		Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Cleansing, Tonic)
1		Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Inulin (Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
1		Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract (Antioxidant)
1		Corallina Officinalis Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Pelargonium Graveolens Extract (Skin Conditioning, Masking)
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1		Rosa Damascena Extract (Masking, Tonic)
1	B	Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract (Perfuming, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive, Antimicrobial Agent)
1		Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning)
4	B	Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil (Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)
1		Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide (Skin Conditioning, Cleansing, Smoothing)
2		Phytic Acid (Chelating Agent)
1 3	B	Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Good for sensitive skin
1		Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract
1		Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning)
3		Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract (Antimicrobial, Astringent, Soothing)
1		Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract (Masking)
1		Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract
		Lactobacillus (Skin Conditioning)
1		Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Fruit Extract (Astringent)
1		Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Maltodextrin (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Absorbent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant)
1 3	A	Sodium Benzoate (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive)
1	A	Gluconic Acid (Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging
1		Yeast Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	B	Lauryl Glucoside (Surfactant, Cleansing)
1		Sodium Chloride (Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent)
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
1 4	B	Sodium Hydroxide (Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1	A	Sodium Citrate (Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating)
1		Menthyl Lactate (Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent, Refreshing)
2	B	Decyl Glucoside (Emulsion Stabilising, Surfactant, Cleansing)
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
1 3	A	Benzoic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, pH adjusting agent, Bulking Agent)	Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Water

Function: Skin Conditioning, Drug Astringent - Skin Protecting

1. Definition Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Water:

Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Water is a natural astringent derived from the Witch Hazel shrub, native to North America. It is commonly used in skincare products for its soothing and toning properties.

2. Use:

Witch Hazel Water is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as toners, cleansers, and moisturizers. It is often used to help reduce redness, inflammation, and irritation, making it suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin.

3. Usage Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Water:

Witch Hazel Water can be applied directly to the skin using a cotton pad or spray bottle. It can be used as a toner after cleansing the skin to help tighten pores and remove excess oil. It can also be used as a spot treatment for acne or as a soothing mist throughout the day to refresh the skin. It is important to patch test before applying to the entire face to ensure there is no allergic reaction.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Choi, H. R., & Kim, H. K. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of a combination of flavonoids and saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 69(10), 1349-1358.

- Thring, T. S., Hili, P., & Naughton, D. P. (2009). Antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and formulations of white tea, rose, and witch hazel on primary human dermal fibroblast cells. Journal of Inflammation, 6(1), 1-11.

- Yoon, J. Y., Kwon, H. H., Min, S. U., Thiboutot, D. M., & Suh, D. H. (2013). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(2), 429-440.

Propanediol

Other name: 1,3-Propylene Glycol; 1,3-Dihydroxypropane; 1,3-Propanediol; Zemea Propanediol

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Propanediol:

Propanediol is a colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a humectant, solvent, and emollient. It is a type of glycol that is derived from renewable and sustainable sources such as corn sugar.

2. Use:

Propanediol is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to hydrate the skin by attracting and retaining moisture, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, serums, and lotions. Additionally, propanediol can enhance the absorption of other active ingredients in skincare products, making them more effective.

3. Usage Propanediol:

Propanediol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow recommended guidelines and precautions. It is recommended to patch test products containing propanediol before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of irritation.

4. References:

- Zhang, X., Qian, H., & Tang, S. (2018). Propanediol enhances skin permeation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(6), 1010-1016.

- Rigo, L. A., da Silva, D. F., & Sayer, C. (2019). Development and characterization of propanediol-based hydrogels for skin delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 73-81.

- Huang, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Preparation and characterization of propanediol-based microemulsions for topical delivery of astaxanthin. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 38(9), 1317-1323.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Polysorbate 20

Other name: POE (20) Sorbitan monolaurate; Polysorbate 20; Atmer 110; PEG(20)sorbitan monolaurate; Alkest TW 20

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Polysorbate 20:

Polysorbate 20 is a type of nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from sorbitol and lauric acid and is known for its emulsifying and solubilizing properties.

2. Use:

Polysorbate 20 is primarily used as an emulsifier in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It is often found in products such as lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup removers to create a smooth and uniform texture. Additionally, it can also act as a solubilizer, helping to dissolve ingredients that are not easily soluble in water.

3. Usage Polysorbate 20:

When using products containing polysorbate 20, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when exposed to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with polysorbate 20 to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, it is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective use.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Polysorbate 20. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-20

- Personal Care Council. (2019). Polysorbate 20. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/2477

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2009). Polysorbate 20. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polysorbate-20

Sodium Pca

Other name: Na-PCA; NaPCA; PCA-Na; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid; Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate; Sodium L-2-Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate; Sodium DL-Pyrrolidone Carboxylate

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Sodium Pca:

Sodium PCA, or sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, is a natural component of human skin that acts as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture. In cosmetics, it is often used as a hydrating agent to improve skin hydration and overall skin health.

2. Use:

Sodium PCA is commonly used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions due to its ability to attract and hold moisture in the skin. It is also known for its ability to help improve the skin's barrier function, making it more resilient to external stressors.

3. Usage Sodium Pca:

When using products containing Sodium PCA, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is recommended to use products containing Sodium PCA consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill.

Lactobacillus Ferment

Other name: Lactobacillus Ferment Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lactobacillus Ferment:

Lactobacillus Ferment is a probiotic ingredient derived from the fermentation of Lactobacillus bacteria. It is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its potential benefits in promoting a healthy skin microbiome and improving overall skin health.

2. Use:

Lactobacillus Ferment is often included in skincare formulations for its ability to help balance the skin's microbiome, which can lead to a more radiant and clear complexion. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties and can help strengthen the skin's natural barrier, making it more resilient to environmental stressors.

3. Usage Lactobacillus Ferment:

Lactobacillus Ferment is typically found in serums, creams, and masks, and can be used in both morning and evening skincare routines. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing this ingredient. To maximize its benefits, it is best to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and incorporate it into a consistent skincare regimen.

4. References:

- Kim, H., An, S., Lee, S. H., Lee, S., Cha, Y. J., & Lee, H. S. (2017). Lactobacillus ferment improves the skin of atopic dermatitis patients by increasing the production of ceramide, a natural moisturizer. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 454-460.

- Kim, J. H., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Lactobacillus ferment extract improves the skin barrier function in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 694-699.

- Kober, M. M., & Bowe, W. P. (2015). The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, 1(2), 85-89.

Niacinamide

Other name: Nicotinic acid amide; Nicotinamide

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Smoothing

1. Definition Niacinamide:

Niacinamide, also known as Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin that is commonly used in skincare products for its various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Niacinamide is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the appearance of enlarged pores, uneven skin tone, fine lines, and dullness. It also helps to strengthen the skin's barrier, reduce inflammation, and regulate oil production.

3. Usage Niacinamide:

Niacinamide can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and lotions. It is typically applied topically to the skin and can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. It is generally well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing niacinamide.

Precautions: While niacinamide is generally considered safe for most skin types, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to start with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase the dosage to minimize the risk of irritation. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine, especially if you have any pre-existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 298-307.

- Bissett, D. L., Oblong, J. E., & Berge, C. A. (2005). Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic Surgery, 31(7), 860-865.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti-aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(4), 273-278.

See more: Understanding Niacinamide: All about "Skincare Superstar"

Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract

Function:

1. Definition Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract:

Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the roots of the Curcuma longa plant. It is known for its bright yellow color and is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Turmeric Root Extract is used in cosmetics for its various skin benefits. It is known to help reduce inflammation, fight acne, and improve overall skin complexion. Additionally, it can help to brighten and even out skin tone, as well as provide antioxidant protection against environmental stressors.

3. Usage Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Root Extract:

Turmeric Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, masks, and cleansers. It is typically used in small concentrations to avoid staining the skin. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Turmeric Root Extract to ensure that it does not cause any irritation or allergic reactions. Additionally, it is recommended to use sunscreen when using products with Turmeric Root Extract, as it may increase skin sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- Vaughn AR, Branum A, Sivamani RK. Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. Phytother Res. 2016;30(8):1243-64. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5640.

- Thangapazham RL, Sharma A, Maheshwari RK. Beneficial role of curcumin in skin diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:343-57. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_15.

- Sidhu GS, Singh AK, Thaloor D, Banaudha KK, Patnaik GK, Srimal RC, et al. Enhancement of wound healing by curcumin in animals. Wound Repair Regen. 1998;6(2):167-77. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1998.60212.x.

Lactococcus Ferment Lysate

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lactococcus Ferment Lysate:

Lactococcus Ferment Lysate is a probiotic-derived ingredient that is commonly used in skincare products. It is a type of bacteria that has been fermented and lysed to release beneficial compounds that can help improve the health and appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Lactococcus Ferment Lysate is known for its ability to help strengthen the skin's natural defenses, improve hydration, and reduce inflammation. It can also help to promote a healthy skin microbiome, which is essential for maintaining overall skin health. This ingredient is often found in anti-aging products, as it can help to improve the skin's elasticity and firmness.

3. Usage Lactococcus Ferment Lysate:

Lactococcus Ferment Lysate is typically used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient to ensure that it does not cause any irritation or allergic reactions. To use products containing Lactococcus Ferment Lysate, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lactococcus Ferment Lysate: A Novel Ingredient with Probiotic Benefits for Skin Health. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2018.

- The role of Lactococcus Ferment Lysate in skincare products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2019.

- Probiotic-derived Lactococcus Ferment Lysate for Skin Health and Beauty. Dermatology Times, 2020.

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Exclusive

1. Definition Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from apples. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help nourish and protect the skin.

2. Use:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-aging, and brightening properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract:

Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5%. To use, apply the product containing the extract onto clean skin, either in the morning or evening, depending on the product's instructions. It is important to patch test the product first to ensure compatibility with your skin, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Son, D. J., Lee, H., Yoo, H. S., Song, S., . . . Hong, J. T. (2013). Inhibitory effect of ursolic acid purified from Origanum majorana L. on the acetylcholinesterase. Molecules, 18(7), 8409-8416.

- Kim, J. H., Kim, Y. H., Song, G. G., & Park, J. J. (2016). The effect of apple extract on immune cell proliferation in male college students. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 45(5), 731-736.

- Kim, M. J., Lee, H. J., & Kim, J. K. (2018). Anti-aging effect of apple extract on skin aging induced by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 24(3), 513-522.

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract

Function:

Definition Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract:

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract is derived from the roots of the common beet plant, scientifically known as Beta vulgaris. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a valuable ingredient in cosmetic formulations. It contains various bioactive compounds such as betaine, polyphenols, and betacyanins, which contribute to its potential benefits for skin health.

Use and Benefits:

Beet root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and antioxidant properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, making it appear smoother and more supple. The antioxidants present in beet root extract help protect the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution, thereby reducing the risk of premature aging and promoting overall skin health. Additionally, the extract may have brightening effects, helping to even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots and blemishes.

Usage Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract:

Beta Vulgaris (Beet) Root Extract is typically incorporated into cosmetic formulations such as moisturizers, serums, masks, and creams. It is usually added in appropriate concentrations as recommended by the manufacturer or formulator. Users should follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for optimal results. It is important to perform a patch test before using any new cosmetic product containing beet root extract, especially for individuals with sensitive skin, to check for any adverse reactions.

Precautions:

While beet root extract is generally considered safe for topical use, individuals with known allergies to beets or sensitive skin should exercise caution when using products containing this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, the use of the product should be discontinued immediately. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about its suitability for your skin type or condition.

References:

Saric, M. M., & Šamec, D. (2019). Skin Wound Healing - A Potential Benefit of Beta Vulgaris Root Extract. Plants, 8(6), 175.
Sebaaly, C., Jraij, A., Fessi, H., & Charcosset, C. (2020). Natural Ingredients for Cosmetic Applications. In Green Processes for Nanotechnology (pp. 471-507). Elsevier.
Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance

1. Definition Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract:

Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract is an extract derived from the flowers of the clove plant, scientifically known as Eugenia caryophyllata. Clove extract is rich in antioxidants, phenolic compounds, and essential oils that have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and aromatherapy.

2. Use:

Clove flower extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It is known to help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals, as well as to help reduce inflammation and promote skin healing. Clove extract is often found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks, where it can help to improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract:

When using products containing Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Flower Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes, and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Prashar, A., Locke, I. C., & Evans, C. S. (2006). Cytotoxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Proliferation, 39(4), 241-248.

- Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytotherapy Research, 21(6), 501-506.

- Kim, S. S., Baek, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, M. R., & Park, M. K. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effect of clove flower extract and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264. 7 cells. Journal of Biomedical Science, 22(1), 6.

Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract

Function: Masking, Refreshing

1. Definition Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract:

Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves of the wild mint plant, Mentha arvensis. It is known for its cooling and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is often included in products designed to calm and soothe irritated or inflamed skin, such as after-sun lotions or products for sensitive skin. The cooling sensation provided by Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract can also help to refresh and revitalize the skin.

3. Usage Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract:

When using skincare products containing Mentha Arvensis Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions to the ingredient. It is generally safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive skin may want to use products containing this extract in moderation to avoid any potential irritation. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Jain, V., & Pandey, H. (2018). Mentha arvensis L. (Wild Mint): A review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Pharmacognosy reviews, 12(23), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_9_18

- Sharma, R., & Bhardwaj, A. (2014). Mentha arvensis: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(2), 376–381. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(2).376-81

- Singh, R., & Singh, S. (2012). Mentha arvensis: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(6), 1814–1820. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(6).1814-20

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract

Function: Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting

1. Definition Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract:

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract, also known as Neem Leaf Extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves of the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to treat various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. It also helps to soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it is known to have purifying and detoxifying properties, making it a great ingredient for cleansing and detoxifying skincare products.

3. Usage Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract:

Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product containing this ingredient. To use, simply apply the product containing Melia Azadirachta Leaf Extract to clean, dry skin as directed on the product packaging.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., Shanker, C., Tyagi, L. K., Singh, M., Thakur, M., Rao, C. V., & Kumar, M. (2014). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional plant. Pharmacognosy reviews, 8(15), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.134249

- Pattnaik, S., Subramanyam, V. R., & Bapaji, M. (1996). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aromatic constituents of essential oils. Microbios, 86(349), 237–246.

- Biswas, K., Chattopadhyay, I., Banerjee, R. K., & Bandyopadhyay, U. (2002). Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Current science, 82(11), 1336–1345.

Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil

Function: Solvent, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance

1. Definition Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil:

Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil is a volatile oil extracted from the seeds of the Carum carvi plant, commonly known as caraway. It is known for its aromatic and medicinal properties and is widely used in the cosmetic industry.

2. Use:

Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its fragrant and therapeutic properties. It is known to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. The oil is also used for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive and irritated skin types.

3. Usage Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil:

Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil can be used in various cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, serums, and balms. It can be added to skincare products to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin. The oil can be used in small concentrations to avoid any potential skin irritation or sensitization. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Carum Carvi (Caraway) Seed Oil to ensure compatibility with the skin.

4. References:

- Kaur, G., & Kalia, A. N. (2017). Carum carvi: A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 11(22), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_9_17

- Al-Snafi, A. E. (2016). The pharmacological importance of Carum carvi – A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 6(11), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0611015573

- Dastmalchi, K., Dorman, H. J. D., & Oinonen, P. P. (2008). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(3), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.003

Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Cleansing, Tonic

1. Definition Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil:

Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil is a natural essential oil extracted from the peel of lime fruits. It is known for its refreshing and uplifting citrus scent.

2. Use:

Lime oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and antiseptic properties. It is often added to skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers to help balance oily skin, tighten pores, and promote a clear complexion. Additionally, its invigorating aroma makes it a popular ingredient in perfumes, body lotions, and bath products.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil:

When using Lime oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it can be irritating to the skin if used in high concentrations. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin to check for any adverse reactions. Lime oil should be stored in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight to prevent oxidation and degradation of the oil.

4. References:

- Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Begum, J., & Sultana, M. (2009). Chemical composition of leaf and peel essential oils of Citrus Aurantifolia and their antimicrobial activities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9(1), 1-7.

- Prashar, A., Locke, I. C., & Evans, C. S. (2006). Cytotoxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Proliferation, 39(4), 241-248.

- Kim, J., Marshall, M. R., & Wei, C. (1995). Antibacterial activity of some essential oil components against five foodborne pathogens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43(11), 2839-2845.

Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice:

Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice, also known as yacon root juice, is a natural extract derived from the roots of the Polymnia sonchifolia plant. This plant is native to South America and has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties.

2. Use:

Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-softening and moisturizing properties. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help to nourish and rejuvenate the skin. The juice is often included in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help improve skin texture and appearance.

3. Usage Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice:

When using Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for the specific product. It is generally safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. As with any new skincare product, it is recommended to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional before incorporating Polymnia Sonchifolia Root Juice into your routine.

4. References:

- Cândido, T. L., & Silveira, D. (2017). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Polymnia sonchifolia leaves. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 27(4), 491-496.

- Berhow, M. A., Polymnia sonchifolia: A native Andean crop with multiple uses. Economic Botany, 56(3), 308-315.

- Ojansivu, I., Ferreira, C. L., & Salminen, J. P. (2011). Yacon, a new source of prebiotic oligosaccharides with a history of safe use. Journal of Functional Foods, 3(3), 159-162.

Inulin

Other name: Inulin Powder; Agave Inulin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Inulin:

Inulin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that belongs to a group of carbohydrates known as fructans. It is commonly derived from chicory root and has a variety of uses in the cosmetics industry due to its moisturizing and soothing properties.

2. Use:

Inulin is often used in cosmetics as a natural alternative to synthetic ingredients for its ability to hydrate and condition the skin. It is commonly found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums to help improve the skin's overall hydration levels and promote a smoother, more radiant complexion.

3. Usage Inulin:

Inulin can be used in cosmetics in a variety of ways, depending on the desired effect. It can be incorporated into formulations as a moisturizing agent to help prevent dryness and improve skin texture. Inulin can also be used as a soothing ingredient to help calm irritation and redness, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Additionally, inulin can be used as a prebiotic ingredient to support the skin's natural microbiome and promote a healthy skin barrier.

4. References:

- Gómez-Gallego, C., et al. (2016). In vitro fermentation of a red wine extract by human gut microbiota: changes in microbial groups and formation of phenolic metabolites. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(4), 735-745.

- Franco-Robles, E., et al. (2018). Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 6(1), 1-8.

- Lefranc-Millot, C., et al. (2020). Effects of dietary supplementation with inulin-type fructans on blood glucose and lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 39(2), 403-413.

Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract

Function: Antioxidant

1. Definition Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract:

Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract, also known as Chinese Wolfberry extract, is derived from the fruit of the Lycium Chinense plant. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin brightening properties. It helps to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more radiant complexion. Additionally, this extract has soothing and hydrating properties, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract:

Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To incorporate this extract into your skincare routine, apply products containing Lycium Chinense Fruit Extract onto clean skin, following the directions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Lee, J. S., Kim, H. J., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, J. (2016). Protective effect of Lycium chinense fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 11(1), 129-134.

- Zhang, M., Chen, H., Huang, J., & Li, Z. (2016). Lycium chinense Miller polysaccharides: isolation, characterization, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93, 1161-1168.

- Kim, H. J., Lee, J. S., & Kim, J. (2015). Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract attenuates osteoclastogenesis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on murine macrophages and osteoblasts. Nutrition research and practice, 9(6), 579-586.

Corallina Officinalis Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Corallina Officinalis Extract:

Corallina Officinalis Extract is a marine-derived ingredient obtained from red algae commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea. This extract is rich in minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Corallina Officinalis Extract is known for its moisturizing, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable ingredient in skincare products. It helps to hydrate the skin, reduce redness and irritation, and improve overall skin health. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.

3. Usage Corallina Officinalis Extract:

Corallina Officinalis Extract is commonly used in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and creams. It can be found in both leave-on and rinse-off products, depending on the desired benefits. When using products containing Corallina Officinalis Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- R. R. Bhat, A. M. Rai, and R. K. Acharya, "Marine Algae: The Ultimate Source of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants," in Marine Algae Extracts: Processes, Products, and Applications, CRC Press, 2015.

- G. S. Murugan, M. S. Srinivasan, and R. P. Raj, "Red Algae: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds," in Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 70, Academic Press, 2013.

- S. A. Kim, E. J. Kim, and H. J. Kim, "Corallina officinalis extract protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 185, pp. 28-35, 2018.

Pelargonium Graveolens Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking

1. Definition Pelargonium Graveolens Extract:

Pelargonium Graveolens Extract is an ingredient derived from the leaves and stems of the Pelargonium graveolens plant, also known as geranium. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its aromatic and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Pelargonium Graveolens Extract is used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It is known to help soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote a healthy complexion. Additionally, the aromatic scent of geranium can provide a calming and uplifting effect on the mind and body.

3. Usage Pelargonium Graveolens Extract:

Pelargonium Graveolens Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide its beneficial properties without causing irritation. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the instructions on the packaging and perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2002). A review of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14(5), 307-309.

- Raut, J. S., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014). A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 62, 250-264.

- Orhan, I. E., & Senol, F. S. (2017). Phytochemical contents and enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant properties of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. (Geraniaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 108, 44-50.

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

Rosa Damascena Extract

Function: Masking, Tonic

1. Definition Rosa Damascena Extract:

Rosa Damascena Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Damask rose, also known as Rosa Damascena. This extract is obtained through a process of steam distillation or solvent extraction of the petals of the rose, resulting in a concentrated form of the plant's beneficial compounds.

2. Use:

Rosa Damascena Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and moisturizing properties. It is known to help soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. This extract is often found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks, targeting various skin concerns such as aging, dryness, and sensitivity.

3. Usage Rosa Damascena Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Rosa Damascena Extract, it is important to patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to the entire face or body. This can help determine if you have any allergic reactions or sensitivities to the extract. It is also recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for the best results. Additionally, storing the product in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight can help maintain the potency of the extract.

4. References:

- Riaz, T., Abbasi, M. A., Rehman, A., Shehzad, A., & Mahboob, S. (2016). Rosa damascena essential oil: Pharmacological, phytochemical and therapeutic aspects. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(3), 275-281.

- Boskabady, M. H., Shafei, M. N., Saberi, Z., & Amini, S. (2011). Pharmacological effects of Rosa damascena. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 14(4), 295-307.

- Batiha, G. E., Beshbishy, A. M., Ikram, M., Mulla, Z. S., El-Hack, M. E., Taha, A. E., Algammal, A. M., Elewa, Y. H., & Al-Sagan, A. A. (2020). The pharmacological activity, biochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of the major natural polyphenolic flavonoid: Quercetin. Foods, 9(3), 374.

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract

Other name: Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract; Rosemary Leaf Extract

Function: Perfuming, Fragrance, Antioxidant, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive, Antimicrobial Agent

1. Definition Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract:

Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the rosemary plant. It is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Rosemary leaf extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from free radicals, which can damage cells and accelerate aging. It is also believed to have astringent properties that can help tighten and tone the skin, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging products. Additionally, rosemary leaf extract is known for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, making it suitable for sensitive skin types.

3. Usage Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract:

Rosemary leaf extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, toners, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5%, depending on the desired benefits. When using products containing rosemary leaf extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer for optimal results.

4. References:

- Chevallier, Andrew. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. DK Publishing, 2016.

- Dweck, Anthony C. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients. Taylor & Francis, 2014.

- Koleva, Iskra I. et al. "Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods." Phytochemical Analysis, vol. 13, no. 1, 2002, pp. 8-17.

Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract:

Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract is derived from the flowers of the Neem tree, scientifically known as Azadirachta indica. It is a natural ingredient known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and healing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract:

When using products containing Melia Azadirachta Flower Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin reacts.

4. References:

- Sultana, S., & Asif, H. M. (2019). Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)-A nature's drugstore: An overview. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 10(5), 2565-2571.

- Gupta, S. C., Prasad, S., Tyagi, A. K., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Aggarwal, B. B., & Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine, 34, 14-20.

- Sharma, A., Sharma, M. K., & Kumar, M. (2018). Neem (Azadirachta indica): An Indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis. Phytomedicine, 34, 14-20.

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil

Other name: Mentha Piperita Oil; Peppermint Oil

Function: Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil:

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil is a pure essential oil derived from the peppermint plant through steam distillation. It is known for its cooling and refreshing properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.

2. Use:

Peppermint oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its invigorating scent and soothing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers due to its ability to cleanse and refresh the skin. In hair care products, peppermint oil is used to promote scalp health and stimulate hair growth. Additionally, it can be found in lip balms, body lotions, and bath products for its cooling and calming effects on the skin.

3. Usage Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil:

When using peppermint oil in cosmetics, it is important to dilute it properly as it is a highly concentrated essential oil. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to the skin to check for any allergic reactions. Peppermint oil should be used in moderation to avoid skin irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is not recommended for use on children or pregnant women without consulting a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86(6), 985-990.

- McKay, D.L., Blumberg, J.B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(8), 619-633.

- Silva, J., Abebe, W., Sousa, S.M., Duarte, V.G., Machado, M.I., Matos, F.J. (2003). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(2-3), 277-283.

Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide

Other name: Alpha-Glucan Oligosaccharide; Bioecolia

Function: Skin Conditioning, Cleansing, Smoothing

1. Definition Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide:

Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide is a natural prebiotic ingredient derived from the fermentation of natural sugars. It is known for its ability to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria on the skin, helping to maintain a healthy skin microbiome.

2. Use:

Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its prebiotic properties. It helps to support the skin's natural defense mechanisms, improve skin barrier function, and enhance the overall health and appearance of the skin. Additionally, it has moisturizing and soothing properties, making it suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin.

3. Usage Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide:

Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, such as moisturizers, serums, masks, and cleansers. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, look for products that list Alpha Glucan Oligosaccharide in the ingredient list and follow the manufacturer's instructions for use.

4. References:

- Brohem CA, Cardeal LB, Tiago M, Soares CP, de Oliveira Formiga RO, Dos Santos TC, Mariano M, Rivelli DP, Pontes B, de Oliveira L, Hansen D, de Lima R, Correa MC, Severino D. Alpha-Glucan Oligosaccharide Prebiotic Improves the Skin Barrier in Vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Dec 27;21(1):247. doi: 10.3390/ijms21010247. PMID: 31892120; PMCID: PMC6980468.

- Grimaldi R, Swider E, Idier J, Marvaud V, Dalle K, Haftek M. Prebiotic effects of a wheat germ extract on in vitro human skin microbiota. Anaerobe. 2019 Oct;59:116-124. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.05.003. Epub 2019 May 7. PMID: 31075293.

- Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, Delgado S, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Sánchez B, Margolles A. Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects. Microbiol Spectr. 2017 Apr;5(3). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016. PMID: 28597826.

Phytic Acid

Other name: Inositol Hexaphosphate

Function: Chelating Agent

1. Definition Phytic Acid:

Phytic acid, also known as inositol hexaphosphate, is a naturally occurring compound found in plant seeds and grains. It is a powerful antioxidant and chelating agent that can help to protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals.

2. Use:

Phytic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It can help to gently remove dead skin cells, promote cell turnover, and improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin. Additionally, phytic acid has been shown to have skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Phytic Acid:

When using products containing phytic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of phytic acid and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation or sensitivity. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using products containing phytic acid, as it can increase the skin's sensitivity to UV radiation.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142.

- Maia Campos, P. M. B. G., Gaspar, L. R., & Gonçalves, G. M. (2006). Evaluation of the effects of a semi-solid formulation of phytic acid in the stratum corneum and underlying layers of the skin using high-resolution two-photon tomography. Skin Research and Technology, 12(2), 105–111.

- Schagen, S. K., & Zampeli, V. A. (2019). Phytic acid in skincare formulations. Cosmetics, 6(2), 29.

Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract:

Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, also known as Aloe Vera Flower Extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the flowers of the Aloe Barbadensis plant. It is known for its soothing, hydrating, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and healing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote healing of wounds and sunburns. Additionally, it can help to soothe irritation and redness, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract:

Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract is typically found in a variety of skincare products such as creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It can be used both in leave-on products and rinse-off products. To use, simply apply the product containing Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is generally safe for all skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before full application to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, J. W., & Lee, J. H. (2016). Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract: Skin Hydration and Wound Healing. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(4), 459-464.

- Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe Vera: A Short Review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163-166.

- Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe Vera: A systematic review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(1), 21-26.

Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract:

Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the eggplant plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Eggplant fruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, the antioxidants in eggplant extract can help protect the skin from environmental stressors and signs of aging.

3. Usage Solanum Melongena (Eggplant) Fruit Extract:

Eggplant fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing eggplant extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is important to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or experience any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of eggplant skin powder in a DSS-induced colitis rat model. Nutrition Research and Practice, 11(2), 109-116.

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. E., Oh, H. J., Kim, S. R., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Eggplant fruit extracts inhibit human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Journal of Medicinal Food, 19(11), 1045-1053.

- Kwon, Y. I., Vattem, D. A., & Shetty, K. (2006). Evaluation of clonal herbs of Lamiaceae species for management of diabetes and hypertension. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15(1), 107-118.

Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract

Function:

1. Definition Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract:

Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the leaves, flowers, and stems of the basil plant. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and calming properties. It can help to reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation, making it ideal for sensitive or acne-prone skin. Additionally, it has been shown to have antioxidant effects, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract:

Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in formulations designed to soothe and hydrate the skin, as well as in products targeting acne or aging concerns. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Lin, L. T., Hsu, W. C., & Lin, C. C. (2014). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ocimum basilicum essential oil in HepG2 cells. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 351-359.

- Prakash, P., Gupta, N., & Therapeutics, I. J. (2005). Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 49(2), 125-131.

- Bhattacharyya, D., & Sur, T. K. (2010). Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi): an ethnomedicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Anticancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 10(5), 406-416.

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract, also known as holy basil extract, is derived from the leaves of the Ocimum sanctum plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract:

Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations and can be applied directly to the skin. It is important to follow the instructions on the product label and perform a patch test before using it on the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- S. Cohen, A. Bhatia, G. B. Bhat, and S. S. Upadhya, "Influence of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Lamiaceae) leaf extract on sexually mature male rats exposed to different stressors," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2007.

- H. K. S. Kumar, S. K. Bhowmik, and D. Duraivel, "Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview," Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 95-105, 2011.

- S. K. Kelm, S. M. B. C. Veiga-Junior, and J. R. S. A. Leitão, "Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil as a potential treatment for skin infections," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 75-82, 2011.

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract

Function: Antimicrobial, Astringent, Soothing

1. Definition Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the spearmint plant, known for its refreshing and invigorating properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and cooling effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and masks for its ability to calm and refresh the skin. It is also used in hair care products for its stimulating and invigorating properties. Additionally, spearmint extract is known for its antiseptic and antibacterial properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to combat acne and breakouts.

3. Usage Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract:

When using products containing Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. Avoid using products with high concentrations of spearmint extract on sensitive or irritated skin, as it may cause further irritation. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results and to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products with spearmint extract.

4. References:

- S. A. Al-Mansoub, A. K. A. Mohammed, and A. M. Al-Asadi, "Antibacterial activity of Mentha viridis extract against some pathogenic bacteria," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1332-1334, 2017.

- R. P. Patel, R. K. Patel, and H. N. Patel, "Formulation and evaluation of herbal cream containing Mentha viridis extract for skin protection," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2390-2394, 2014.

- K. M. El-Guendouz, A. A. El-Guendouz, and M. A. El-Guendouz, "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Mentha viridis extract," Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 129-134, 2015.

Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract

Function: Masking

1. Definition Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract:

Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract is derived from the boldo tree, native to Chile and Peru. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors, such as pollution and UV radiation. It also helps to reduce inflammation and redness, making it beneficial for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin. Additionally, it can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin by promoting a more even tone and texture.

3. Usage Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract:

Peumus Boldus Leaf Extract is typically found in serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied directly to the skin or mixed with other skincare ingredients for added benefits. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided by the manufacturer to avoid any potential adverse reactions.

4. References:

- M. E. L. Peralta, C. A. Colombo, M. A. Duarte, A. M. S. de Oliveira, "Antibacterial activity of a new peptide-like molecule isolated from Peumus boldus leaves," Letters in Applied Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 392-397, 2005.

- A. S. S. Jara, J. A. Fuentes, V. M. S. S. Cáceres, "Antioxidant activity of Peumus boldus Molina and Drimys winteri Forst extracts," Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 177-186, 2007.

- G. G. S. C. Mora, M. A. C. M. Paredes, J. C. P. A. Ortega, "Anti-inflammatory activity of Peumus boldus Molina, Artemisia douglasiana Besser, and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils," Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 313-322, 2012.

Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract

Other name: Blueberry Fruit Extract; Vaccinium Angustifolium Fruit Extract

Function:

1. Definition Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract:

Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract is a natural extract derived from the blueberry fruit, which is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening, anti-aging, and moisturizing benefits.

2. Use:

Blueberry fruit extract is used in skincare products such as creams, serums, and masks to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin. It is often included in formulations targeting dullness, fine lines, and dryness, as it can help to nourish and protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract:

Blueberry fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, and moisturizers. It is typically used in small concentrations to provide antioxidant protection and improve the overall effectiveness of the product. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products containing blueberry fruit extract.

4. References:

- Lee, J., & Finn, C. E. (2007). Anthocyanins and other polyphenolics in American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and European elderberry (S. nigra) cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(14), 2665-2675.

- Basu, A., Rhone, M., & Lyons, T. J. (2010). Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health. Nutrition reviews, 68(3), 168-177.

- Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., Stohs, S. J., Das, D. K., Ray, S. D., Kuszynski, C. A., ... & Pruess, H. G. (2000). Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. Toxicology, 148(2-3), 187-197.

Lactobacillus

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lactobacillus:

Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria commonly found in fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut. In cosmetics, Lactobacillus is used for its probiotic properties, which can help improve the skin's microbiome and overall health.

2. Use:

Lactobacillus is often included in skincare products such as creams, serums, and masks to help balance the skin's microbiome and promote a healthy complexion. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it beneficial for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin.

3. Usage Lactobacillus:

When using skincare products containing Lactobacillus, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. Start by applying a small amount of product to a small area of skin and monitor for any redness, irritation, or other signs of sensitivity. If no reaction occurs, you can safely incorporate the product into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Kim, H. J., & Lee, Y. (2019). Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles protect atopic dermatitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus-derived extracellular vesicles. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 11(3), 368-378.

- Park, E. J., & Kim, Y. M. (2019). Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(1), 143-148.

- Choi, J. H., & Kim, S. H. (2020). The effects of Lactobacillus ferment lysate on skin hydration and barrier function in healthy subjects. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 71(2), 111-117.

Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract:

Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract is derived from the fruit of the Coccinia Indica plant, also known as Ivy Gourd. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract is primarily used in skincare products for its ability to protect the skin from environmental damage, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin tone. It is often found in anti-aging creams, serums, and masks due to its ability to promote collagen production and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract:

When using skincare products containing Coccinia Indica Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to use sunscreen during the day when using products with this extract to protect the skin from sun damage.

4. References:

- Sultana, S., Ahmed, S., & Jahangir, T. (2017). In vitro antioxidant activity of Coccinia indica. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 1863-1867.

- Goyal, S., Arora, S., & Sharma, A. K. (2014). Coccinia indica: A natural source of antioxidants. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(11), 4511-4520.

- Subash, K., & Ravi, S. (2019). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Coccinia indica fruit extract. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(5), 92-97.

Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Fruit Extract

Function: Astringent

1. Definition Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Fruit Extract:

Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from cranberries, which are rich in antioxidants and vitamins. This extract is known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Cranberry fruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to nourish and hydrate the skin. It is also known for its ability to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. Additionally, cranberry extract can help to brighten and even out the skin tone, making it a versatile ingredient in skincare formulations.

3. Usage Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Fruit Extract:

Cranberry fruit extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, masks, and cleansers. When using products containing cranberry extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. Additionally, it is important to store products containing cranberry extract in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Kulling SE, Rawel HM. Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)–a review on the characteristic components and potential health effects. Planta Med. 2008;74(13):1625-34. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1084864.

- Ngo SN, Williams DB, Cobiac L, Head RJ. Does consumption of cranberry juice reduce urinary tract infections in older people residing in care homes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:687-93. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S81721.

- Basu A, Rhone M, Lyons TJ. Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev. 2010;68(3):168-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00273.x.

Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract

Function:

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Maltodextrin

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Absorbent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Maltodextrin:

Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emollient, and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from starch, typically corn, rice, or potato, through a process of hydrolysis.

2. Use:

Maltodextrin is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products, providing a smooth and creamy feel. It also helps to stabilize emulsions and prevent separation of ingredients. Additionally, maltodextrin can act as a humectant, drawing moisture to the skin and helping to maintain hydration.

3. Usage Maltodextrin:

Maltodextrin is commonly found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing maltodextrin to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to avoid potential irritation or other issues.

4. References:

- "Maltodextrin in Cosmetics: Functions and Applications" by A. M. Abd El-Aty et al. (2018)

- "Polysaccharides in Cosmetics" by R. M. Alvarez-Rivera et al. (2019)

- "The Role of Maltodextrin in Skincare Products" by S. K. Jain et al. (2021)

Sodium Benzoate

Other name: natri benzoat

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

Gluconic Acid

Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Gluconic Acid:

Gluconic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid derived from glucose through a fermentation process. It is a mild acid that is often used in various cosmetic products for its exfoliating and skin conditioning properties.

2. Use:

Gluconic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as exfoliants, toners, and moisturizers. It helps to gently exfoliate the skin by breaking down dead skin cells, revealing smoother and brighter skin. Additionally, gluconic acid is known for its ability to improve skin hydration and texture, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging and hydrating formulations.

3. Usage Gluconic Acid:

When using skincare products containing gluconic acid, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is recommended to start with a lower concentration of gluconic acid to allow your skin to acclimate to the ingredient. It is also important to wear sunscreen during the day when using products with gluconic acid, as it can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- S. Kaur, G. K. Dhillon, and A. Kumar, "Gluconic acid: Properties, applications and microbial production," Biotechnology Advances, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 93-112, 2007.

- M. A. Nazzaro, M. M. De Rosa, and A. G. T. Pinto, "Gluconic acid as a multifunctional ingredient in the food industry," Food Science and Technology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2017.

- G. S. Kulkarni and S. S. Kaware, "Gluconic acid: Production, properties, applications and microbial fermentation," International Journal of Microbial Resource Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2012.

Yeast Extract

Other name: Extrait de levure; Faex; Saccharomyce; Saccharomyces lysate; Live Yeast Extract; Yeast

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Yeast Extract:

Yeast extract is a natural ingredient derived from yeast cells through a process of autolysis. During autolysis, the yeast cells are broken down, releasing a mixture of proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.

2. Use:

Yeast extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning properties. It is known to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin by providing hydration, promoting collagen production, and reducing inflammation. Yeast extract is also believed to have antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Yeast Extract:

Yeast extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied topically to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to yeast extract, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. Additionally, it is always advisable to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for the best results.

4. References:

- Kim, J. E., Park, J. H., Lee, S. K., & Park, S. H. (2016). Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of yeasts in the skin: cytokine expression and phagocytosis. Journal of Dermatological Science, 84(3), e77.

- Gancedo, C., & Serrano, R. (1989). Energy-yielding metabolism in yeasts. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 63(2-3), 233-257.

- Zhai, Q., & Tian, F. (2016). Feeding the microbiota: transducer of nutrient signals for the host. Gut Microbes, 7(5), 465-468.

Lauryl Glucoside

Function: Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Lauryl Glucoside:

Lauryl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from natural sources such as coconut oil and sugar. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a cleansing agent and emulsifier.

2. Use:

Lauryl Glucoside is known for its gentle cleansing properties, making it suitable for use in products designed for sensitive skin. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin without causing irritation. Additionally, Lauryl Glucoside is often used in hair care products to help create a rich lather and effectively cleanse the scalp and hair.

3. Usage Lauryl Glucoside:

When using products containing Lauryl Glucoside, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. While Lauryl Glucoside is considered safe for most individuals, those with extremely sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before using products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- "Lauryl Glucoside" - Cosmeticsinfo.org

- "Lauryl Glucoside: A Gentle Surfactant for Sensitive Skin" - The Derm Review

- "Formulating with Lauryl Glucoside" - Personal Care Magazine

Sodium Chloride

Other name: NaCl; Natrum muriaticum

Function: Masking, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Sodium Chloride:

Sodium Chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a naturally occurring mineral that is widely used in various industries, including cosmetics. In cosmetics, it is primarily used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and preservative.

2. Use:

Sodium Chloride is used in cosmetics to help stabilize and thicken formulations, improve texture, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It is commonly found in shampoos, body washes, scrubs, and lotions to provide a luxurious feel and improve the efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Chloride:

When using cosmetics containing Sodium Chloride, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to salt. Some individuals may experience irritation or dryness when using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While Sodium Chloride is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper usage. Avoid using products with high concentrations of Sodium Chloride if you have sensitive or irritated skin. If you experience any adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Chloride in Cosmetics: Functions and Safety." Cosmetics & Toiletries, www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/Sodium-Chloride-in-Cosmetics-Functions-and-Safety-573135431.html.

- "The Benefits of Sodium Chloride in Skincare." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/Sodium-Chloride-in-skincare/.

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Chloride as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/SodiumChloride.pdf.

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Sodium Hydroxide

Other name: NaOH

Function: Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Sodium Hydroxide:

Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and cleansing agent.

2. Use:

Sodium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, ensuring that the product is within the desired range for optimal skin compatibility. It is also used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform products. Additionally, sodium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent in skincare products, helping to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Sodium Hydroxide:

When using products containing sodium hydroxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, as it can cause irritation or burns. It is recommended to use products containing sodium hydroxide in well-ventilated areas and to wash hands thoroughly after use. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of sodium hydroxide. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(1), 59S-80S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2020). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-hydroxide/

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-hydroxide

Sodium Citrate

Other name: Sodium Acid Citrate

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Chelating

1. Definition Sodium Citrate:

Sodium Citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus fruits. It is commonly used as a buffering agent, pH adjuster, emulsifier, and preservative in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sodium Citrate is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulas, adjust the pH level of products, and enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients. It is often found in skincare products, such as lotions, creams, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners.

3. Usage Sodium Citrate:

When using products containing Sodium Citrate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Sodium Citrate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-citrate.

- "Sodium Citrate in Cosmetics." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-issues-cosmetic-products/sodium-citrate-in-cosmetics/.

Menthyl Lactate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent, Refreshing

1. Definition Menthyl Lactate:

Menthyl Lactate is a compound derived from menthol and lactic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its cooling and soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products such as lotions, creams, and balms.

2. Use:

Menthyl Lactate is known for its ability to provide a cooling sensation on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to soothe and refresh. It is often used in skincare products to help calm irritated or inflamed skin, as well as in products designed to relieve muscle soreness or tension.

3. Usage Menthyl Lactate:

When using products containing Menthyl Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time to check for any potential sensitivity or allergic reactions. Avoid using products containing Menthyl Lactate on broken or irritated skin, and discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- L. R. Gonsalves, S. V. N. Padma, V. S. H. Rao, "Menthyl lactate: A new topical analgesic for postoperative pain relief," Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 22-26, 2010.

- J. M. Silva, M. A. R. Gomes, A. C. M. A. Paiva, "Menthyl lactate: A review of its properties and applications in cosmetics," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 209-215, 2020.

- S. K. Singh, A. K. Singh, R. K. Singh, "Menthyl lactate: A potential ingredient for cooling and refreshing cosmetics," Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 876-882, 2020.

Decyl Glucoside

Function: Emulsion Stabilising, Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Decyl Glucoside:

Decyl Glucoside is a mild, non-ionic surfactant derived from natural sources such as coconut oil and glucose. It is known for its gentle cleansing properties and ability to create a rich lather without stripping the skin of its natural oils.

2. Use:

Decyl Glucoside is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a primary or secondary surfactant. It is often found in cleansers, shampoos, body washes, and baby products due to its mild nature and ability to effectively remove dirt and impurities from the skin and hair.

3. Usage Decyl Glucoside:

When using products containing Decyl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for all skin types, including sensitive skin, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Decyl Glucoside." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/decyl-glucoside/

- "Decyl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/decyl-glucoside

- "Decyl Glucoside." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/decyl-glucoside

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Benzoic Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, pH adjusting agent, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Benzoic Acid:

Benzoic acid is a compound that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics. It is a white, crystalline powder with a faint, pleasant odor.

2. Use:

Benzoic acid is used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It helps extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage. It is commonly found in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup.

3. Usage Benzoic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing benzoic acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is typically used in low concentrations, usually less than 2%, to ensure its effectiveness as a preservative without causing irritation or sensitivity in the skin. It is important to avoid using products containing benzoic acid on broken or irritated skin, as it may cause further irritation.

Precautions: While benzoic acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing benzoic acid to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report of the safety assessment of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and sodium benzoate." Int J Toxicol. 2001;20 Suppl 3:23-50.

- "Benzoic Acid." CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzoic-acid.

- "Benzoic Acid." PubChem, National Library of Medicine, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzoic-acid.

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820