Ingredients list ULTA Bronze Glow Self Tanning Glow By Morning ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1 3		Dihydroxyacetone (Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Colorant, Reducing, Tanning)
1		Dimethyl Isosorbide (Solvent, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Decreasing Agent)
3	A	Sd Alcohol 40 B	Bad for dry skin Bad for sensitive skin Alcohol
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1		Erythrulose (Cosmetic Colorant, Tanning)
1 2	A	Citric Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
1 3	A	Sodium Benzoate (Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
1		Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning, Astringent)
1		Caramel (Masking, Fragrance, Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1 3		Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder (Skin Conditioning)	Good for sensitive skin
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Dihydroxyacetone

Function: Skin Conditioning, Cosmetic Colorant, Reducing, Tanning

1. Definition Dihydroxyacetone:

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a colorless chemical compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a self-tanning agent. It reacts with amino acids in the skin's outermost layer to produce a brown color, giving the appearance of a tan without exposure to harmful UV rays.

2. Use:

DHA is primarily used in self-tanning products such as lotions, sprays, and mousses to provide a temporary, sunless tan. It is a safe alternative to traditional tanning methods and can help individuals achieve a bronzed look without the risk of skin damage from UV radiation.

3. Usage Dihydroxyacetone:

When using products containing DHA, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully to achieve the desired results. Excessive use of DHA products can result in an unnatural or uneven tan, so it is recommended to apply the product evenly and in moderation. Additionally, it is advisable to exfoliate the skin before application to ensure a smooth and even tan.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. U., Lee, J. S., Kim, J. H., & Kim, H. J. (2016). The safety of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in sunless tanners. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(3-4), 119-128.

- Jung, K., Seo, J., & Lee, H. (2019). Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in sunless tanning products: A safety assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 109, 104489.

- Roberts, W. E., & Skinner, R. B. (2005). Dihydroxyacetone-induced sunless tanning reactions: A clinical and histological study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(5), 703-708.

Dimethyl Isosorbide

Other name: Arlasolve DMI

Function: Solvent, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Decreasing Agent

1. Definition Dimethyl Isosorbide:

Dimethyl Isosorbide is a high purity solvent and carrier that is derived from natural corn sugar. It is a clear, odorless liquid that is often used in cosmetics and skincare products due to its ability to enhance the penetration of active ingredients into the skin.

2. Use:

Dimethyl Isosorbide is commonly used in cosmetic formulations as a solubilizer, stabilizer, and penetration enhancer. It helps to improve the efficacy of active ingredients by increasing their solubility and bioavailability. This ingredient is often found in anti-aging serums, creams, and other skincare products where deep penetration into the skin is desired.

3. Usage Dimethyl Isosorbide:

When using products containing Dimethyl Isosorbide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. This ingredient is generally considered safe for topical use, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin. Some individuals may be sensitive to Dimethyl Isosorbide, so it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or allergic reactions occur.

4. References:

- Dragicevic N, Maibach HI. Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement: Modification of the Stratum Corneum. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2016.

- Lupo MP. Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):832-6; discussion 836.

- Muizzuddin N, Hellemans L, Van Overloop L, Corstjens H, Declercq L, Maes D. Structural and functional differences in barrier properties of African American, Caucasian and East Asian skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(2):123-8.

Sd Alcohol 40 B

Other name: SD Alcohol 40; SD Alcohol 40B; Denatured Alcohol; Alcohol Denat; Dehydrated Ethanol; Alcohol Denatured

Function:

1. Definition Sd Alcohol 40 B:

Sd Alcohol 40 B, also known as denatured alcohol, is a type of alcohol that has been treated with additives to make it undrinkable. It is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as a solvent, astringent, and antimicrobial agent.

2. Use:

Sd Alcohol 40 B is often used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients and improve the texture of the product. It can also act as an astringent, helping to tighten and tone the skin. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties make it a popular ingredient in products like hand sanitizers and acne treatments.

3. Usage Sd Alcohol 40 B:

When using products containing Sd Alcohol 40 B, it is important to be aware of its potential drying and irritating effects on the skin. Individuals with sensitive or dry skin may want to avoid products with high concentrations of denatured alcohol, as it can strip the skin of its natural oils and lead to irritation. It is recommended to patch test products containing Sd Alcohol 40 B before applying them to larger areas of the skin to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Denatured Alcohol." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/denatured-alcohol

- "Alcohol Denat." Paula's Choice Skincare, www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/alcohol-denat

- "The Truth About Alcohol-Based Skincare Products." Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/alcohol-in-skincare#bottom-line

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Erythrulose

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Tanning

1. Definition Erythrulose:

Erythrulose is a natural keto-sugar derived from raspberries that is commonly used in cosmetics for its self-tanning properties. It is a colorless compound that reacts with amino acids in the skin's outer layer to produce a brown pigment, resulting in a gradual and natural-looking tan.

2. Use:

Erythrulose is primarily used in self-tanning products such as lotions, sprays, and creams to provide a streak-free, long-lasting tan. It is often combined with DHA (dihydroxyacetone), another self-tanning ingredient, to enhance the overall tanning effect and prolong the duration of the tan.

3. Usage Erythrulose:

When using products containing erythrulose, it is important to exfoliate the skin beforehand to ensure an even application. It is recommended to apply the product evenly to clean, dry skin and allow it to dry completely before dressing. The tan will develop gradually over the course of several hours and can last up to a week with proper care, such as moisturizing regularly and avoiding excessive exfoliation.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Lintner, K. (2000). The Science of Self-Tanning. Cosmetics & Toiletries, 115(11), 49-56.

- Tadini, K. A., & Campos, P. M. B. G. M. (2015). Self-tanning formulations: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 37(3), 259-275.

Citric Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Chelating Agent, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Citric Acid:

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is naturally found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, preservative, and exfoliant.

2. Use:

Citric acid is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, which helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is also used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of cosmetics by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, citric acid is used as an exfoliant in skincare products to help slough off dead skin cells and promote cell turnover.

3. Usage Citric Acid:

When using cosmetics containing citric acid, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Citric acid can be irritating to the skin, especially in high concentrations, so it is recommended to do a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to avoid using products containing citric acid on broken or irritated skin, as this can further aggravate the condition.

4. References:

- "Citric Acid in Cosmetics: Is It Safe?" by Healthline

- "The Role of Citric Acid in Cosmetics" by The Derm Review

- "Citric Acid: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects" by Verywell Health

See more: Citric Acid

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Sodium Benzoate

Other name: natri benzoat

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Preservative, Anticorrosive

1. Definition Sodium Benzoate:

Sodium Benzoate is a preservative commonly used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in products. It is a sodium salt of benzoic acid and is known for its antimicrobial properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Benzoate is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Sodium Benzoate:

When using products containing Sodium Benzoate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations recommended by regulatory agencies. However, some individuals may be sensitive to Sodium Benzoate and may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing this preservative, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Sodium Benzoate in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/sodium-benzoate

- "Safety Assessment of Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Benzoate, and Benzoic Acid" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1091581815591024

- "Preservatives in Cosmetics" by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/preservatives-cosmetics

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Astringent

1. Definition Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract:

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Oleifera plant, also known as the tea plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it has moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract:

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient. To use products containing Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., Choi, J. Y., Lee, B. H., & Lee, S. H. (2015). Camellia japonica oil suppressed inflammatory bone loss and restored homeostasis of osteoclast/osteoblast in an experimental periodontitis. PloS one, 10(4), e0121557.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of Camellia japonica oil on human periodontal ligament cells. Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science, 47(3), 180-191.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Camellia japonica oil improved the regulation of inflammatory mediators in the middle ear of lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 97, 186-192.

Caramel

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Caramel:

Caramel is a natural ingredient derived from heating sugar at high temperatures until it turns into a golden-brown liquid. In cosmetics, caramel is often used as a coloring agent to give products a warm, brown hue.

2. Use:

Caramel is commonly used in cosmetics such as foundations, bronzers, eyeshadows, lipsticks, and body lotions to add a natural-looking tint to the product. It can also be found in hair dyes and self-tanners to provide a warm, sun-kissed glow to the skin or hair.

3. Usage Caramel:

When using caramel in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of any potential skin sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing caramel to ensure there are no adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging to achieve the desired results without overusing the ingredient.

4. References:

- "Caramel in Cosmetics: Benefits and Uses" by Skincare.com

- "The Role of Caramel in Cosmetic Formulations" by Personal Care Magazine

- "Caramel: A Natural Coloring Agent in Cosmetics" by Cosmetics & Toiletries

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder

Other name: Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder:

Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder is a concentrated form of the juice extracted from the leaves of the Aloe Vera plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing, hydrating, and healing properties.

2. Use:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder is a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products due to its ability to moisturize and calm the skin. It is often included in formulations for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin. Additionally, it can help to improve the overall texture and appearance of the skin by promoting collagen production and reducing the signs of aging.

3. Usage Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice Powder:

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder can be incorporated into a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, masks, and shampoos. It is typically added to formulations at a concentration of 0.5-5% to provide the desired benefits. When using products containing Aloe Vera Leaf Juice Powder, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with allergies to Aloe Vera should avoid products containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Dal'Belo SE, Rigo Gaspar L, Berardo Gonçalves Maia Campos PM. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Res Technol. 2006 Nov;12(4):241-6. doi: 10.1111/j.0909-725X.2006.00159.x. PMID: 17026654.

- Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-166. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.44785.

- Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP. Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Jan 15;5(1):21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006. PMID: 26151012; PMCID: PMC4488101.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits