Ingredients Neutrogena Beach Defense Sunscreen Lotion SPF 30

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
2	A	Ethylhexylglycerin (Deodorant, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
4 6	A	Benzyl Alcohol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic )	Allergen
3	A	Chlorphenesin (Preservative, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide)
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Behenyl Alcohol (Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding)
2 3		Octocrylene (Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
2 4		Homosalate (Fragrance, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
2	B	Sodium Polyacrylate (Skin Conditioning, Absorbent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Emollient)
1	B	Potassium Cetyl Phosphate (Emulsifying, Surfactant)
1	A	Cetyl Dimethicone (Emollient, Antifoaming Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive)	Silicone
1	B	Trideceth 6 (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
2		Trisiloxane (Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)
1	B	Ethylhexyl Stearate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Fungal Acne Trigger
3		Peg 8 Beeswax (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
2		Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane (Uv Absorber, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
4		Ethylhexyl Salicylate (Uv Absorber, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
3	A	Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer (Film Forming, Opacifying)
2	A	Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer (Opacifying, Film Forming)
	A	Diethylhexyl Malate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Film Forming, Hair Fixing)
1		Acrylates/C12-22 Alkyl Methacrylate Copolymer (Film Forming)
1	A	Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

Ethylhexylglycerin

Other name: Octoxyglycerin

Function: Deodorant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is a synthetic compound derived from vegetable glycerin and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and preservative. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor.

2. Use:

Ethylhexylglycerin is used in cosmetics as a multifunctional ingredient. It acts as a skin conditioning agent, moisturizer, and preservative. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft. Additionally, it has antimicrobial properties that help to extend the shelf life of the product by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

3. Usage Ethylhexylglycerin:

Ethylhexylglycerin is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums. It can also be used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using a product containing Ethylhexylglycerin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexylglycerin.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexylglycerin as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/ethylhexylg012017rep.pdf.

- "Ethylhexylglycerin." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexylglycerin.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Benzyl Alcohol

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Preservative, External Analgesic

1. Definition Benzyl Alcohol:

Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aroma. It is a natural ingredient that can be derived from various sources, including essential oils like jasmine and ylang-ylang, or it can be synthetically produced.

2. Use:

Benzyl Alcohol is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. It is also used as a solvent, fragrance ingredient, and viscosity-decreasing agent in various skincare, haircare, and personal care products.

3. Usage Benzyl Alcohol:

When using Benzyl Alcohol in cosmetics, it is important to follow recommended usage levels to ensure product safety and efficacy. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has deemed Benzyl Alcohol safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 1%, with some exceptions. It is generally well-tolerated by most individuals, but some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Benzyl Alcohol, especially if you have a history of skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2008). Final report on the safety assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, and Sodium Benzoate. International Journal of Toxicology, 27(1), 1-23.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/benzyl-alcohol

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 244, Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzyl-alcohol

Chlorphenesin

Other name: Maolate

Function: Preservative, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide

1. Definition Chlorphenesin:

Chlorphenesin is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative and antiseptic agent. It is a white crystalline powder with a mild, pleasant odor.

2. Use:

Chlorphenesin is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various personal care products. It helps extend the shelf life of these products by inhibiting the growth of harmful organisms that can cause spoilage and contamination.

3. Usage Chlorphenesin:

Chlorphenesin is typically found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics when used in accordance with regulatory guidelines and recommended concentrations. However, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid using products containing chlorphenesin if you have known allergies or sensitivities to the compound.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of chlorphenesin. Int J Toxicol. 2007;26 Suppl 3:61-72. doi: 10.1080/10915810701663150.

- Personal Care Products Council. Safety Assessment of Chlorphenesin as Used in Cosmetics. 2013. https://online.personalcarecouncil.org/ctfa-static/online/lists/cir-pdfs/pr126.pdf.

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.822.

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Behenyl Alcohol

Other name: Docosanol; Behenic alcohol

Function: Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Behenyl Alcohol:

Behenyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol derived from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is used in cosmetics as an emollient, thickening agent, and emulsifier.

2. Use:

Behenyl Alcohol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products such as creams, lotions, conditioners, and shampoos. It helps to moisturize and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and hydrated. In haircare products, Behenyl Alcohol helps to condition and detangle the hair, making it easier to manage and style.

3. Usage Behenyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Behenyl Alcohol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to fatty alcohols and experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Behenyl Alcohol" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/behenyl-alcohol

- "Behenyl Alcohol" The Derm Review, https://www.thedermreview.com/behenyl-alcohol/

- "Behenyl Alcohol" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/behenyl-alcohol

Octocrylene

Other name: 3-diphenyl acrylate; Octocrylene

Function: Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Uv Filter

1. Definition Octocrylene:

Octocrylene is an organic compound that is commonly used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products as a sunscreen agent. It is a clear, oily liquid that helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation by absorbing and reflecting the sun's rays.

2. Use:

Octocrylene is primarily used in sunscreens as a broad-spectrum UV filter to provide protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is often combined with other sunscreen agents to increase the overall effectiveness of the product. In addition to sunscreens, octocrylene can also be found in various skincare and cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products to provide added sun protection.

3. Usage Octocrylene:

When using products containing octocrylene, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Apply the product generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure and reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing, seeking shade, and avoiding peak sun hours to further reduce the risk of sun damage.

4. References:

- Kockler J, Oelgemöller M, Robertson S, Glass BD. Photostability of sunscreens. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev. 2012;13(1):91-110. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.09.003

- Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256-267. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20747

- Chatelain E, Gabard B. Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74(3):401-406. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074 2.0.CO;2

Homosalate

Other name: Homomethyl salicylate

Function: Fragrance, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter

1. Definition Homosalate:

Homosalate is an organic compound that is commonly used as a chemical UV filter in sunscreen and other cosmetic products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to absorb UVB rays from the sun, providing protection against sunburn and skin damage.

2. Use:

Homosalate is primarily used in sunscreen products to enhance their ability to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. It is often combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. In addition to sunscreens, homosalate can also be found in various skincare and cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products.

3. Usage Homosalate:

When using products containing homosalate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Apply sunscreen with homosalate generously and evenly to all exposed areas of skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade during peak sun hours.

4. References:

- Klinubol P, Limphirat W, Dumrongrojwattana P, Kietpeerakool C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of homosalate in sunscreen products. J Dermatol. 2021;48(12):1682-1690. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.16110

- Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256-267. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20747

- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Fed Regist. 2019;84(97): 6204-6275.

Sodium Polyacrylate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Absorbent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding, Film Forming, Hair Fixing, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Emollient

1. Definition Sodium Polyacrylate:

Sodium Polyacrylate is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a water-absorbent material that can hold up to 300 times its weight in water, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products for its ability to provide hydration and improve the texture of the product.

2. Use:

Sodium Polyacrylate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and masks. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the spreadability of the product, and enhance its overall performance. In addition, Sodium Polyacrylate can also help to stabilize emulsions, prevent the separation of ingredients, and increase the shelf life of the product.

3. Usage Sodium Polyacrylate:

When using products containing Sodium Polyacrylate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time and discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Polyacrylates in Cosmetics." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polyacrylates.

- "Sodium Polyacrylate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sodium-polyacrylate.

- "Safety Assessment of Polyacrylate Polymers as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/polyacrylates.pdf.

Potassium Cetyl Phosphate

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Potassium Cetyl Phosphate:

Potassium Cetyl Phosphate is a potassium salt of cetyl phosphate, an ester of cetyl alcohol and phosphoric acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Potassium Cetyl Phosphate is used in various cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and sunscreens to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It also helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin.

3. Usage Potassium Cetyl Phosphate:

When using products containing Potassium Cetyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, avoid getting the product in contact with the eyes or mucous membranes.

4. References:

- "Potassium Cetyl Phosphate." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-cetyl-phosphate

- "Potassium Cetyl Phosphate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-cetyl-phosphate

- "Potassium Cetyl Phosphate." SpecialChem, www.specialchem.com/inci/potassium-cetyl-phosphate

Cetyl Dimethicone

Other name: ABIL Wax 9801

Function: Emollient, Antifoaming Agent, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Occlusive

1. Definition Cetyl Dimethicone:

Cetyl Dimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent in various skincare and haircare products. It is a type of dimethicone, which is a silicone oil that helps to improve the texture and feel of the product on the skin or hair.

2. Use:

Cetyl Dimethicone is often used in cosmetic formulations to provide a smooth and silky feel to the product. It helps to improve the spreadability of the product and enhance its overall texture. Additionally, it can also act as a barrier on the skin, helping to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Cetyl Dimethicone:

Cetyl Dimethicone is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, lotions, creams, serums, and hair conditioners. It is generally safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer. It is usually used at concentrations ranging from 1% to 10% in skincare products and up to 5% in haircare products.

Precautions: While Cetyl Dimethicone is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to silicone-based ingredients. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Cetyl Dimethicone to ensure compatibility with your skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Korting, H. C., et al. (2005). Silicone Elastomers for Topical Drug Delivery. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 31(7), 695-701.

- Loden, M., et al. (1998). The Influence of a Cream Containing 20% Glycerin and its Vehicle on Skin Barrier Properties. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 20(3), 151-157.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

Trideceth 6

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Trideceth 6:

Trideceth-6 is a polyethylene glycol ether of tridecyl alcohol, which is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions and improve the texture and consistency of skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Trideceth-6 is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to blend together oil and water-based ingredients. It is commonly found in creams, lotions, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and other personal care products. Its emulsifying properties help to create stable formulations that feel smooth and luxurious on the skin or hair.

3. Usage Trideceth 6:

When using products containing Trideceth-6, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Safety and Health Topics | Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds." Occupational Safety and Health Administration, www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=670.

- "Ingredients - Trideceth-6." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/trideceth-6.

- "Trideceth-6." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/trideceth-6.

Trisiloxane

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Trisiloxane:

Trisiloxane is a type of silicone compound commonly used in cosmetics due to its ability to provide a smooth, silky feel to products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that is often found in skincare and haircare formulations.

2. Use:

Trisiloxane is used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emollient to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions, making them easier to apply to the skin. Trisiloxane can also provide a light, non-greasy feel to formulations, making it a popular ingredient in various beauty products.

3. Usage Trisiloxane:

Trisiloxane is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and primers, as well as in haircare products like conditioners and styling products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for application. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using products containing trisiloxane, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergies.

4. References:

- Lodeiro, C., et al. (2017). Formulating with Silicones in Cosmetics. Cosmetics & Toiletries.

- Rigolet, D., et al. (2019). Trisiloxane: A Versatile Ingredient in Personal Care Formulations. SOFW Journal.

- CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). (2008). Safety Assessment of Trisiloxane and Related Siloxane Compounds. International Journal of Toxicology.

Ethylhexyl Stearate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Stearate:

Ethylhexyl Stearate is a synthetic ester derived from stearic acid and 2-ethylhexanol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, thickening agent, and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Stearate is primarily used in skincare and haircare products for its ability to moisturize and soften the skin. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and hair conditioners to improve the texture and feel of the product. Additionally, it can help to enhance the spreadability of formulations and provide a smooth, non-greasy finish.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Stearate:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Stearate, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. While it is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or adverse reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Ethylhexyl Stearate to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and usage of the product.

4. References:

- "Ethylhexyl Stearate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexyl-stearate.

- "Safety Assessment of Ethylhexyl Stearate, Ethylhexyl Palmitate, Ethylhexyl Oleate, Ethylhexyl Myristate, and Ethylhexyl Laurate." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 24, no. 5, 2005, pp. 51-79.

- "Ethylhexyl Stearate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethylhexyl-stearate.

Peg 8 Beeswax

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Peg 8 Beeswax:

Peg 8 Beeswax is a polyethylene glycol derivative of beeswax, which is a natural wax produced by honey bees. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Peg 8 Beeswax is used in cosmetics to help stabilize formulations, improve texture, and provide moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair care products.

3. Usage Peg 8 Beeswax:

When using Peg 8 Beeswax in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer. Overuse of beeswax can lead to a waxy or greasy feel on the skin, so it is important to carefully measure and incorporate the ingredient into formulations. Additionally, individuals with allergies to beeswax should exercise caution when using products containing Peg 8 Beeswax.

4. References:

- "Polyethylene glycol beeswax derivatives as emulsifiers for cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations" by M. B. Brown et al.

- "Beeswax: Composition, Properties, and Uses" by G. N. Sankararaman

- "Polyethylene Glycol Beeswax Derivatives: Their Use as Emulsifiers in Cosmetic Formulations" by S. C. Williams et al.

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane

Other name: Avobenzone; Eusolex 9020; Parsol 1789; Avobenzene; Avobezone

Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter

1. Definition Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane:

Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, also known as Avobenzone, is a common organic compound used in sunscreens and cosmetics to provide protection against UVA rays. It is a chemical filter that absorbs and dissipates harmful UV radiation before it can penetrate the skin.

2. Use:

Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane is primarily used as a key ingredient in sunscreens to protect the skin from UVA radiation, which is known to cause premature aging, wrinkles, and skin cancer. It is often combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays.

3. Usage Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane:

When using products containing Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, it is important to apply them generously and evenly to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or immediately after swimming or sweating to ensure continued protection. It is advisable to use sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 30 and to seek shade during peak sun hours for added protection.

4. References:

- Kullavanijaya, P., & Lim, H. W. (2005). Photoprotection. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 937-958.

- Matta, M. K., Florian, J., Zusterzeel, R., Pilli, N. R., Patel, V., Volpe, D. A., ... & Stratman, E. J. (2019). Effect of sunscreen application under maximal use conditions on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(21), 2082-2091.

- Autier, P., Boniol, M., Dore, J. F., & Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: still a burning issue. International Journal of Cancer, 121(1), 1-5.

Ethylhexyl Salicylate

Other name: 2-Ethylhexyl Salicylate; Octisalate; Octyl Salicylate

Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Salicylate:

Ethylhexyl Salicylate is an organic compound commonly used as a UV filter in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a clear liquid with a faint odor and is derived from salicylic acid.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Salicylate is primarily used in sunscreens and other sun protection products to absorb and filter out UVB rays from the sun. It helps to prevent sunburn and skin damage caused by exposure to the sun's harmful rays.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Salicylate:

Ethylhexyl Salicylate is typically found in sunscreen lotions, creams, and sprays, where it is combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is important to apply sunscreen containing Ethylhexyl Salicylate generously and reapply regularly, especially after swimming or sweating, to ensure maximum protection.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2003). Final report of the safety assessment of ethylhexyl salicylate. International Journal of Toxicology, 22(Suppl 3), 1-35.

- Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Ethylhexyl Salicylate. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=352.10

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5352327, Ethylhexyl salicylate. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethylhexyl-salicylate

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer

Function: Film Forming, Opacifying

1. Definition Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer:

Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer is a silicone-based polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and thickening agent. It is a cross-linked polymer of dimethicone and polyethylene glycol (PEG) that helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer is commonly used in skincare and makeup products such as lotions, creams, foundations, and primers. It helps to create a smooth and silky texture, improve spreadability, and enhance the overall performance of the product. It also helps to provide a matte finish and reduce the greasy feel of some formulations.

3. Usage Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid using products with Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- "Dimethicone/PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dimethiconepeg-1015-crosspolymer.

- Liao, Wei, et al. "Formulation and evaluation of a novel cross-linked dimethicone polymer-based topical gel." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 33, no. 6, 2011, pp. 510-517.

- Fiume, Monice M., et al. "Safety Assessment of Dimethicone Crosspolymer and Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer as Used in Cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 32, no. 5, 2013, pp. 28S-59S.

Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer

Function: Opacifying, Film Forming

1. Definition Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer:

Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent. It is a combination of styrene and acrylates monomers, which are polymerized together to create a copolymer with unique properties.

2. Use:

Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer is used in cosmetics to create a film on the skin or hair that helps to improve the longevity and wear of makeup products. It is commonly found in products such as foundation, mascara, eyeliners, and lipsticks to provide a smooth and even application. Additionally, it can also be used in hair styling products to provide hold and control.

3. Usage Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer:

When using cosmetics containing Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer. International Journal of Toxicology. 2002;21(Suppl 3):75-85.

- Personal Care Products Council. Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer. Accessed from: https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/styrene-acrylates-copolymer

- European Commission. CosIng Database. Accessed from: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.simple_search&searc_input=styrene/acrylates%20copolymer

Diethylhexyl Malate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Diethylhexyl Malate:

Diethylhexyl Malate is a synthetic ester of malic acid and diethylhexyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient.

2. Use:

Diethylhexyl Malate is primarily used in skincare and haircare products as a moisturizing and conditioning agent. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. It also helps to improve the texture and feel of hair, making it a common addition to shampoos, conditioners, and styling products.

3. Usage Diethylhexyl Malate:

Diethylhexyl Malate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and up to 10% in haircare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but as with any ingredient, it is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Diethylhexyl Malate to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, "Safety Assessment of Diethylhexyl Malate as Used in Cosmetics" (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/diethylhexyl%20malate.pdf)

- Personal Care Council, "Diethylhexyl Malate" (https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/diethylhexyl-malate/)

- PubChem, "Diethylhexyl Malate" (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Diethylhexyl-malate)

PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Film Forming, Hair Fixing

1. Definition PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer:

PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer is a copolymer derived from the combination of PPG-12 (Polypropylene Glycol-12) and SMDI (Styrene/Maleic Anhydride) monomers. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and binder to improve the texture and longevity of products.

2. Use:

PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as hair styling gels, mousses, and sprays, as well as in skincare formulations like creams and lotions. It helps to create a smooth and even application, enhance the adherence of pigments, and provide a long-lasting hold for hairstyles.

3. Usage PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer:

When using products containing PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2003). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer, Styrene/Acrylates/Ammonium Methacrylate Copolymer, and Styrene/Acrylates/Divinylbenzene Copolymer. International Journal of Toxicology, 22(Suppl 2), 63-92.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). PPG-12/SMDI Copolymer. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ppg-12smdi-copolymer

- Lupo, M. P., & Cole, A. L. (2007). Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatologic Therapy, 20(5), 343-349.

Acrylates/C12-22 Alkyl Methacrylate Copolymer

Function: Film Forming

Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate

Other name: Corapan TQ

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate:

Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate, also known as DEHN, is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as a UV filter. It is specifically designed to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing or reflecting the sun's rays.

2. Use:

Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate is primarily used in sunscreens, moisturizers, and other skincare products as a key ingredient for providing broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It helps prevent sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.

3. Usage Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate:

When using cosmetics containing Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate, it is important to follow the product instructions carefully. Apply the sunscreen or skincare product generously to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before going outside, and reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating. It is recommended to avoid prolonged sun exposure, especially during peak hours when the sun's rays are strongest.

Precautions: While Diethylhexyl 2,6 Naphthalate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing DEHN to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Klamt, A., & Diedenhofen, M. (2019). Diethylhexyl 2,6-Naphthalate. In COSMOS - A Comprehensive Online Scientific Modeling System (pp. 1-5). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

- European Commission. (2018). SCCS - Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Opinion on Diethylhexyl 2,6-Naphthalate. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_217.pdf

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020). Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/sunscreen-how-help-protect-your-skin-sun