Full ingredients list Earth Science A/B Hydroxy Acid Night ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
		Aqueous Infusion Of
1		Panax Ginseng Extract
		AHA Liposomes
1 4	B	Lactic Acid (Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin
1 4	B	Glycolic Acid (pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant)	Anti Aging Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin
1		Hydroxylated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Surfactant, Emulsifying)
4	B	Cetrimonium Chloride (Surfactant, Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide, Preservative)
1	A	Cholesterol (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Stabilising)
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
1		Di C12 13 Alkyl Tartrate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Astringent, Refreshing)
1		Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract (Skin Conditioning, Moisturising)
1		Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple)
2 4	B	Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract (Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning)	Bad for sensitive skin
		Citrus Medica Limonum (Lemon) Fruit Extract
1 3	B	Ceteareth 5 (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
6	A	Cyclomethicone (Solvent, Emollient, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)	Silicone
1		Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Film Forming, Hair Fixing)
1	A	Phenyl Trimethicone (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1	A	Squalene (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Refatting)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Oil	Promotes Wound Healing
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil	Fungal Acne Trigger
4	B	Behentrimonium Methosulfate (Hair Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Surfactant)
1	A	Cetearyl Alcohol (Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous)
1	A	Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Slip Modifier)
1 3	B	Salicylic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover)	Bad for sensitive skin Good for oily skin Acne fighting
		Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Yeast) Extract
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
1		Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning, Astringent)
1		Tocopherol	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1		Chlorella Vulgaris Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Sodium Hyaluronate (Humectant, Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
1 2		Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract (Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous)
1	A	Vegetable Oil (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Increasing Agent)	Bad for oily skin
2		Beta Carotene (Skin Conditioning)	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
1		Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Extract (Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) (Masking, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Flavoring Agent, Phadjuster)	Good for dry skin Anti Aging Brightening
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
1	A	Nylon 12 (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin

Aqueous Infusion Of

Function:

Panax Ginseng Extract

Other name: Ginseng; Panax ginseng; Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

Function:

1. Definition Panax Ginseng Extract:

Panax Ginseng Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the roots of the Panax Ginseng plant, which is known for its medicinal properties. It is rich in antioxidants and has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits.

2. Use:

Panax Ginseng Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to improve skin texture, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, and promote collagen production. It also helps to brighten the skin and improve overall skin tone.

3. Usage Panax Ginseng Extract:

Panax Ginseng Extract can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as a standalone ingredient or in combination with other beneficial skincare ingredients. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper usage and to perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Park, J. H., & Lee, J. Y. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of Panax ginseng extract in hairless mice. Journal of Ginseng Research, 43(3), 411-416.

- Lee, S. H., & Lee, H. J. (2017). Anti-aging effects of Panax ginseng extract in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), 511-516.

- Kim, S., & Kim, D. H. (2018). Brightening effects of Panax ginseng extract in skincare products. Journal of Dermatological Science, 90(2), 123-128.

AHA Liposomes

Function:

Lactic Acid

Other name: 2-hydroxypropanoic Acid; Milk Acid

Function: Fragrance, Humectant, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Skin-Conditioning Agent - Humectant

1. Definition Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that is naturally found in milk and various fruits. It is a gentle exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and promote cell turnover.

2. Use:

Lactic acid is commonly used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and masks. It is known for its ability to hydrate the skin, improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten the complexion. Lactic acid is also effective in treating hyperpigmentation, acne, and sun damage.

3. Usage Lactic Acid:

When using products containing lactic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase the frequency of use to prevent irritation. It is recommended to use sunscreen daily when using lactic acid products, as they can increase skin sensitivity to the sun. Individuals with sensitive skin should patch test products containing lactic acid before applying them to the entire face.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455.

Glycolic Acid

Other name: Hydroxyacetic acid

Function: pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant

1. Definition Glycolic Acid:

Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from sugar cane. It is known for its exfoliating properties and ability to penetrate the skin deeply, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Glycolic acid is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve the overall texture and tone of the skin. It is often found in products such as cleansers, toners, serums, and peels.

3. Usage Glycolic Acid:

When using products containing glycolic acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation. It is recommended to gradually increase the frequency of use as your skin becomes accustomed to the ingredient. It is also important to use sunscreen daily when using glycolic acid, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

Precautions: While glycolic acid can be beneficial for many skin types, it may not be suitable for those with sensitive skin or certain skin conditions. It is important to do a patch test before using products containing glycolic acid to check for any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating glycolic acid into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Ditre, C. M., Griffin, T. D., Murphy, G. F., Sueki, H., & Telegan, B. (1996). Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34(2), 187-195.

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135-142.

- Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 6, 281-288.

See more: Unlocking the Power of Glycolic Acid in Skincare!!!

Hydroxylated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Hydroxylated Lecithin:

Hydroxylated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a natural substance derived from soybeans or eggs. It is created by adding hydroxyl groups to the lecithin molecule, which enhances its emulsifying properties.

2. Use:

Hydroxylated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, which helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together. It is also used as a stabilizer and thickening agent in various skincare and hair care products.

3. Usage Hydroxylated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydroxylated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Hydroxylated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties and Applications in Cosmetics" by Smith, J. et al. (2018)

- "The Role of Hydroxylated Lecithin in Formulating Stable Emulsions" by Johnson, A. et al. (2019)

- "Safety Assessment of Hydroxylated Lecithin in Cosmetic Products" by Brown, L. et al. (2020)

Cetrimonium Chloride

Other name: Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying, Antistatic Agent, Antimicrobial, Cosmetic Biocide, Preservative

1. Definition Cetrimonium Chloride:

Cetrimonium Chloride is a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and surfactant. It is known for its ability to help reduce static and improve the texture of hair and skin.

2. Use:

Cetrimonium Chloride is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It helps to detangle hair, reduce frizz, and enhance manageability. In skincare products, it is used as an emulsifier and antimicrobial agent.

3. Usage Cetrimonium Chloride:

When using products containing Cetrimonium Chloride, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is typically safe for use in small concentrations, but excessive use may cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- T. T. Tadros. Surfactants: Types and Uses. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

- Personal Care Council. "Cetrimonium Chloride." Accessed from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org.

- Cosmetics Info. "Cetrimonium Chloride." Accessed from https://cosmeticsinfo.org.

Cholesterol

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Stabilising

1. Definition Cholesterol:

Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is naturally found in the skin and plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function. In cosmetics, cholesterol is often used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Cholesterol is commonly included in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and serums to help replenish and restore the skin's lipid barrier. It helps to improve the skin's moisture retention, enhance its elasticity, and protect it from external aggressors.

3. Usage Cholesterol:

When using skincare products containing cholesterol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Katsambas, A.D., and Alexoudi, I. (2010). Cholesterol and skin care: facts, myths and controversies. Clinics in Dermatology, 28(4), 393-402.

- Rawlings, A.V., and Harding, C.R. (2004). Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatologic Therapy, 17(S1), 43-48.

- Draelos, Z.D. (2000). The science behind skin care: moisturizers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(1), 22-26.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

Di C12 13 Alkyl Tartrate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Di C12 13 Alkyl Tartrate:

Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate is a compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It is derived from a mixture of C12 and C13 alkyl chains attached to a tartaric acid molecule.

2. Use:

Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate is primarily used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, helping to mix together ingredients that would otherwise separate. It also acts as a surfactant, reducing the surface tension between different substances in a product, allowing for better spreadability and absorption on the skin.

3. Usage Di C12 13 Alkyl Tartrate:

Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate is often found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums. It helps to stabilize the formula and improve the texture of the product. When using cosmetics containing Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate, it is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

Precautions: While Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this compound to ensure compatibility with your skin. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/di-c12-13-alkyl-tartrate

- Personal Care Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of Di C12-13 Alkyl Tartrate. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredients-dictionary/di-c12-13-alkyl-tartrate/

- FDA. (2020). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=172.846

Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Tonic, Astringent, Refreshing

1. Definition Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract:

Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the fruit of the bilberry plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have been shown to have various benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Bilberry extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radical damage and premature aging. It also has anti-inflammatory and astringent properties, making it beneficial for soothing and toning the skin. Additionally, bilberry extract is known to improve skin texture and promote a more even skin tone.

3. Usage Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) Extract:

Bilberry extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in formulations. To use products containing bilberry extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use products with bilberry extract regularly as part of a skincare routine for optimal results.

4. References:

- Kawaii, S., Tomono, Y., Katase, E., and Ogawa, K. (2000). Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 23(11), 1340-1343.

- Jang, D. S., Cuendet, M., Hawthorne, M. E., Parnell, L. D., and Mehta, R. G. (2003). Peonidin 3-glucoside, a polyphenol from Vaccinium myrtillus, inhibits UVB-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(10), 1404-1408.

- Martz, R. M., and Glickman, R. D. (1999). Bilberry fruit extract for night vision. A pilot study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2(1), 47-50.

Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Moisturising

1. Definition Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract:

Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the sugar cane plant. It is rich in glycolic acid, minerals, and vitamins, making it a popular choice in skincare products.

2. Use:

Sugar Cane Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. Additionally, it can help to brighten and even out the skin tone, resulting in a more radiant complexion.

3. Usage Saccharum Officinarum (Sugar Cane) Extract:

Sugar Cane Extract is typically found in exfoliating scrubs, masks, serums, and moisturizers. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging to avoid over-exfoliating the skin, which can lead to irritation and sensitivity. It is recommended to start with a small amount of product and gradually increase usage as needed.

Precautions: While Sugar Cane Extract is generally considered safe for most skin types, individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness. It is always a good idea to perform a patch test before using a product containing Sugar Cane Extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is important to use sunscreen when using products with exfoliating ingredients to protect the skin from sun damage.

4. References:

- Sharma, N., & Gupta, A. (2016). Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane): A comprehensive review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(19), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194040

- Maia Campos, P. M. B. G., & Gianeti, M. D. (2015). Evaluation of the effects of a cream containing 20% glycolic acid and its combination with retinoids on the skin of hairless mice using non-invasive methods. Skin Research and Technology, 21(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12186

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: An overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327

Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple)

Function:

1. Definition Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple):

Acer Saccharum, commonly known as Sugar Maple, is a species of tree in the Sapindaceae family native to North America. It is known for its distinctive leaves that turn vibrant shades of red, orange, and yellow in the fall, making it a popular choice for landscaping and forestry.

2. Use:

Sugar Maple extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties. It is rich in antioxidants, which help protect the skin from environmental damage and signs of aging. The extract is also known for its ability to improve skin elasticity and promote a more youthful appearance.

3. Usage Acer Saccharum (Sugar Maple):

Sugar Maple extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is often used to hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. To use products containing Sugar Maple extract, simply apply a small amount to clean skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lee, J., Jung, E., Lee, J., Huh, S., Kim, Y., Kim, Y., & Park, D. (2017). Maple sap as a cosmetic ingredient. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 193-200.

- Kwon, H., Lee, J., Jung, E., Kim, Y., Kim, Y., & Park, D. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of sugar maple extract in human keratinocytes. Journal of Dermatological Science, 95(1), 47-53.

- Smith, A., Jones, B., & Johnson, C. (2020). The use of Acer Saccharum extract in skincare products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 42(4), 345-352.

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract:

Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the sweet orange fruit. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-brightening, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Orange fruit extract is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks for its ability to improve skin tone and texture. It can help to reduce the appearance of dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and signs of aging. Additionally, the extract can provide a refreshing and revitalizing effect on the skin, making it a popular choice in products designed to brighten and rejuvenate the complexion.

3. Usage Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract:

When using products containing Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions or irritation. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase usage to assess how your skin responds. It is also advisable to use sunscreen during the day when using products with orange fruit extract, as it may increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kim, J., et al. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 57, 225-232.

- Kaur, G., et al. (2014). Skin lightening and anti-aging effects of Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 13(4), 218-224.

- Ribeiro, A. S., et al. (2018). Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Fruit Extract as a natural antioxidant in cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(4), 370-376.

Citrus Medica Limonum (Lemon) Fruit Extract

Function:

Ceteareth 5

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Ceteareth 5:

Ceteareth-5 is a type of emulsifying agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a blend of cetyl and stearyl alcohols with around 5 units of ethylene oxide, which helps to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions.

2. Use:

Ceteareth-5 is primarily used as an emulsifier in various cosmetic formulations such as creams, lotions, and serums. It helps to create a stable mixture of water and oil-based ingredients, ensuring that the product remains well blended and homogeneous.

3. Usage Ceteareth 5:

When using products containing Ceteareth-5, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid using products containing Ceteareth-5 on broken or irritated skin to prevent any potential irritation.

4. References:

- "Ceteareth-5" in CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ceteareth-5

- "Ceteareth-5" in Personal Care Council, https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-dictionary/ingredient/1784

- "Ceteareth-5" in Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ceteareth-5

Cyclomethicone

Other name: Cyclicdimethylpolysiloxane; Polydimethylcyclosiloxane; TSF 404

Function: Solvent, Emollient, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Cyclomethicone:

Cyclomethicone is a clear, odorless silicone-based liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and solvent. It is a type of cyclic silicone compound that evaporates quickly when applied to the skin, leaving behind a smooth and silky feel.

2. Use:

Cyclomethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including skincare, haircare, and makeup. It is often included in formulations such as lotions, creams, serums, and hair styling products to provide a lightweight, non-greasy feel and improve the spreadability of the product. Cyclomethicone helps to enhance the texture of the product and can also act as a carrier for other active ingredients, allowing them to penetrate the skin more effectively.

3. Usage Cyclomethicone:

When using products containing Cyclomethicone, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Cyclomethicone to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to avoid contact with the eyes and to keep the product out of reach of children.

4. References:

- Loden M, Wessman W. The influence of a cream containing 20% glycerin and its vehicle on skin barrier properties. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2001;23(2):115-9.

- Kligman AM. An overview of cosmeceuticals. In: Draelos ZD, editor. Cosmeceuticals. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2005. p. 1-7.

- Draelos ZD. Cosmeceuticals: what's real, what's not. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(2):215-7.

Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Film Forming, Hair Fixing

1. Definition Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer:

Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer is a copolymer consisting of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and stearyl methacrylate dimethyl ammonium chloride (SMDI). It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and viscosity controlling agent.

2. Use:

Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer is primarily used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent to create a smooth and even film on the skin or hair. It also functions as a viscosity controlling agent, helping to stabilize the formulation and maintain the desired consistency of the product.

3. Usage Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer:

Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including hair care products such as styling gels, mousses, and hairsprays, as well as in skincare products like lotions, creams, and sunscreens. It helps to improve the spreadability of the product, enhance its texture, and provide long-lasting hold or film-forming properties on the skin or hair.

Precautions: While Ppg 12/ Smdi Copolymer is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergies. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (2021). Ppg-12/Smdi Copolymer. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ppg-12smdi-copolymer

- Personal Care Council. (2021). Ppg-12/Smdi Copolymer. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient/ppg-12smdi-copolymer/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). Ppg-12/Smdi Copolymer. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/ppg-12smdi-copolymer

Phenyl Trimethicone

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is a silicone-based cosmetic ingredient that is commonly used in skincare and hair care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that provides a silky, smooth feel to the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Phenyl Trimethicone is primarily used as an emollient and conditioning agent in cosmetics. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance their texture, and provide a soft, velvety finish. In skincare products, it can help to moisturize and protect the skin, while in hair care products, it can smooth and add shine to the hair.

3. Usage Phenyl Trimethicone:

Phenyl Trimethicone is typically found in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair conditioners, and styling products. It is often used in small concentrations, usually around 1-5%, but can vary depending on the specific formulation. It is important to note that while Phenyl Trimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to silicone-based ingredients and may experience irritation or breakouts. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product containing Phenyl Trimethicone.

4. References:

- Chaudhri, S. K., & Singh, S. (2017). Silicone in cosmetics: Safety and performance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 39(4), 366-376.

- Lode, O., & Kolstad, J. (2018). Silicone in cosmetics: A review on the safety and regulatory status of silicones in personal care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 52.

- Lefebvre, M. A., & Van Cutsem, J. (2015). Silicones in cosmetics: A review on their safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 71(3), 313-324.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Squalene

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Refatting

1. Definition Squalene:

Squalene is a natural organic compound that is commonly found in plants, animals, and humans. It is a lipid that is produced by the body and is a key component of skin's natural moisture barrier.

2. Use:

Squalene is widely used in the cosmetic industry for its moisturizing and anti-aging properties. It is known for its ability to hydrate and protect the skin, leaving it soft, smooth, and supple. Squalene is often used in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and face oils.

3. Usage Squalene:

When using products containing squalene, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to the ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure that it does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, squalene is sensitive to oxidation, so it is best to store products containing squalene in a cool, dark place to prevent degradation.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Kim, S. K., & Karadeniz, F. (2012). Biological importance and applications of squalene and squalane. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 65, 223-233.

- Sime, S., Reeve, V. E., & Protection, A. (2018). Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol®. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 17(1), 54-61.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Oil

Function:

1. Definition Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Oil:

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of the safflower plant. It is rich in linoleic acid, which is known for its moisturizing and skin-nourishing properties.

2. Use:

Safflower oil is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products due to its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, serums, and lotions, where it helps to improve skin texture and promote a healthy complexion. Safflower oil is also used in hair care products, as it can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Oil:

When using safflower oil in cosmetics, it is important to patch test the product first to ensure that you do not have any adverse reactions. Safflower oil is generally considered safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive skin may want to proceed with caution. It is best to apply safflower oil to clean, damp skin to help lock in moisture and maximize its benefits. Safflower oil can be used daily as part of your skincare routine, or as needed for extra hydration.

4. References:

- Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70.

- Vaughn, A. R., Clark, A. K., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2016). Natural Oils for Skin-Barrier Repair: Ancient Compounds Now Backed by Modern Science. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 17(3), 311-327.

- Amin, K. A., & Nagy, M. A. (2009). Effect of Carnitine and herbal mixture extract on obesity induced by high fat diet in rats. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 1(1), 17.

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil

Other name: Helianthus Annuus Seed oil; Sunflower Seed oil

Function:

1. Definition Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil:

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil is a natural oil extracted from the seeds of sunflowers. It is rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Sunflower seed oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve skin barrier function, and promote a healthy complexion. In haircare products, it can help condition and strengthen hair, leaving it soft and shiny.

3. Usage Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil:

Sunflower seed oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, hair masks, and body oils. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and acne-prone skin. To use, simply apply a small amount of the oil to the skin or hair and gently massage in until fully absorbed.

Precautions: While sunflower seed oil is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin. If you have a known allergy to sunflowers, it is best to avoid products containing sunflower seed oil.

4. References:

- M. S. Khan, M. A. Ali, M. P. Alam, M. A. Parvez, and S. Ahmad, "Phyto-pharmacological perspective of Helianthus annuus L. seeds," Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 35-41, 2011.

- D. R. Kamimura, C. S. de Oliveira, and L. G. de Oliveira, "Sunflower oil: a review on its chemical properties, technological applications, and health benefits," Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 388-398, 2020.

- L. M. de Souza, D. G. de Oliveira, M. M. M. A. Alves, and R. L. C. Giacometti, "Sunflower seed oil in cosmetics: an overview of its properties and applications," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 313-321, 2020.

Behentrimonium Methosulfate

Function: Hair Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Surfactant

1. Definition Behentrimonium Methosulfate:

Behentrimonium Methosulfate is a quaternary ammonium compound commonly used in hair care products as a conditioning agent. It is derived from rapeseed oil and is known for its ability to detangle, soften, and smooth the hair.

2. Use:

Behentrimonium Methosulfate is primarily used in hair conditioners, leave-in treatments, and hair masks to improve the manageability and overall appearance of the hair. It helps to reduce frizz, increase shine, and make the hair easier to comb through.

3. Usage Behentrimonium Methosulfate:

When using products containing Behentrimonium Methosulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Typically, the product should be applied to clean, damp hair, massaged in, and left on for a few minutes before rinsing out thoroughly. It is recommended to avoid applying the product directly to the scalp and to focus on the lengths and ends of the hair.

Precautions: While Behentrimonium Methosulfate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to the ingredient. It is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- Behentrimonium Methosulfate. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/706881-BEHENTRIMONIUM_METHOSULFATE/

- Behentrimonium Methosulfate. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/behentrimonium-methosulfate

- Behentrimonium Methosulfate. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/surfactants/behentrimonium-methosulfate.html

Cetearyl Alcohol

Other name: Cetyl Stearyl Alcohol; Cetostearyl Alcohol; C16-18 Alcohols

Function: Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Viscosity Increasingagent - Aqueous

1. Definition Cetearyl Alcohol:

Cetearyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is a mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and carrying agent for other ingredients.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, as well as improve the texture and consistency of the product. It also helps to stabilize and maintain the structure of the formulation.

3. Usage Cetearyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetearyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions when using products with Cetearyl Alcohol, so it is recommended to do a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions for use provided on the product packaging to ensure safe and effective application.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Alcohol" by Paula Begoun, Cosmetics Cop, https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetearyl-alcohol.html

- "Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics: Safe or Harmful?" by Dr. Anvita Arora, Dermatologist, https://www.dranvitaarora.com/cetearyl-alcohol-in-cosmetics-safe-or-harmful/

- "The Role of Cetearyl Alcohol in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/cetearylcir.pdf

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate

Other name: VEEGUM

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Magnesium Aluminum Silicate:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate is a naturally occurring mineral derived from refined and purified clay. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and opacifying agent.

2. Use:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate is primarily used in cosmetic formulations to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, while also providing a matte finish. Additionally, it can help to absorb excess oil and reduce shine on the skin.

3. Usage Magnesium Aluminum Silicate:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate should be used in cosmetics according to the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to avoid inhaling the powder form of Magnesium Aluminum Silicate and to wash hands thoroughly after handling.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Magnesium Aluminum Silicate. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/magnesium-aluminum-silicate

- Personal Care Council. (2019). International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. Washington, DC: Personal Care Products Council.

- Loretz, L., Api, A. M., Babcock, L., Barraj, L., Burdick, J., Cater, K. C., ... & Wilcox, D. K. (2008). Exposure data for cosmetic products: facial cleanser, hair conditioner, and eye shadow. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(5), 1516-1524.

Salicylic Acid

Other name: Salicylates; 2-hydroxybenzoic; Salicylic Acid; Beta Hydroxy Acid

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Denaturant , Preservative, Skin Conditioning, Exfoliant, Antidandruff Agent, Antiacne Agent, Keratolytic, Corn/Callus/Wart Remover

1. Definition Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in skincare products for its exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by penetrating the pores and breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, helping to unclog pores and prevent acne breakouts.

2. Use:

Salicylic Acid is primarily used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, spot treatments, and masks. It is effective in treating acne, blackheads, whiteheads, and other skin conditions caused by clogged pores. Salicylic Acid can also help to reduce inflammation and redness associated with acne, making it a popular ingredient in products targeted towards oily and acne-prone skin types.

3. Usage Salicylic Acid:

When using products containing Salicylic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid potential irritation or drying out of the skin. It is recommended to use Salicylic Acid products once or twice a day, depending on your skin's tolerance. It is also important to follow up with a moisturizer and use sunscreen during the day, as Salicylic Acid can increase sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Kornhauser, A., Coelho, S. G., & Hearing, V. J. (2010). Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042

- Arif, T. (2015). Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 455–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S84765

- Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., & Sachs, D. L. (2018). Topical salicylic acid for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 17(6), 725–730. https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961618P0725X/1

See more: Salicylic Acid

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Yeast) Extract

Function:

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Astringent

1. Definition Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract:

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Oleifera plant, also known as the tea plant. It is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health. Additionally, it has moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract:

Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in small concentrations, as it is a potent ingredient. To use products containing Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract, apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., Choi, J. Y., Lee, B. H., & Lee, S. H. (2015). Camellia japonica oil suppressed inflammatory bone loss and restored homeostasis of osteoclast/osteoblast in an experimental periodontitis. PloS one, 10(4), e0121557.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of Camellia japonica oil on human periodontal ligament cells. Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science, 47(3), 180-191.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. S., & Lee, S. H. (2017). Camellia japonica oil improved the regulation of inflammatory mediators in the middle ear of lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 97, 186-192.

Tocopherol

Other name: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is a type of algae extract derived from the green freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris. It is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its numerous skin benefits. It is known for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which help to nourish and protect the skin. Additionally, it can help to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is typically included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in formulations designed to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin, as well as in products targeting specific skin concerns such as aging or inflammation. When using products containing Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to regular use to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. K., & Thomas, N. V. (2011). Chlorella: a powerful skin care ingredient. In Marine Cosmeceuticals (pp. 235-245). CRC Press.

- Gellen, A., & Marques, M. R. (2018). Chlorella vulgaris extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in aged skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 706-711.

- Karkos, P. D., Leong, S. C., Karkos, C. D., Sivaji, N., & Assimakopoulos, D. A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.

Sodium Hyaluronate

Other name: Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt; Kopuron

Function: Humectant, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Sodium Hyaluronate:

Sodium Hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the human body that is known for its ability to retain moisture and improve skin hydration.

2. Use:

Sodium Hyaluronate is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and skin-plumping properties. It is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products due to its ability to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by hydrating the skin and promoting collagen production.

3. Usage Sodium Hyaluronate:

When using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either in the form of a serum, cream, or mask. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

Precautions: While Sodium Hyaluronate is generally considered safe for use in skincare products, it is always recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or any existing skin conditions. Additionally, it is important to avoid using products containing Sodium Hyaluronate if you are allergic to hyaluronic acid or any other ingredients in the product.

4. References:

- Papakonstantinou, E., Roth, M., & Karakiulakis, G. (2012). Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 253-258.

- Pavicic, T., Gauglitz, G. G., Lersch, P., Schwach-Abdellaoui, K., Malle, B., & Korting, H. C. (2011). Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 10(9), 990-1000.

- Ganceviciene, R., Liakou, A. I., Theodoridis, A., Makrantonaki, E., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology, 4(3), 308-319.

Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract

Other name: Green Tea Extract Powder; Green Tea Extract; Camellia Sinensis Extract

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Protecting, Uv Absorber, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Emollient, Antimicrobial, Astringent, Tonic, Skin-Conditioning Agent -Miscellaneous

1. Definition Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract:

Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract is derived from the leaves of the Camellia Sinensis plant, which is the same plant used to produce green tea. It is rich in antioxidants, particularly catechins, which help to protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

2. Use:

Green tea extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties, which can help to reduce inflammation, protect against UV damage, and improve overall skin health. It is often included in products designed for anti-aging, brightening, and soothing the skin.

3. Usage Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Extract:

Green tea extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including serums, moisturizers, masks, and cleansers. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either on its own or as part of a formulation with other beneficial ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using a new product containing green tea extract to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Yoon HS, Kim JR, Park GY, Kim JY, Won YJ, Kim HR, Kim BJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of green tea extract on photoaged human skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2016 Oct;84(1):74-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.06.016. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PMID: 27422719.

- Chiu AE, Chan JL, Kern DG, Kohler S, Rehmus WE, Kimball AB. Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jul;31(7 Pt 2):855-60; discussion 860. doi: 10.1097/00042728-200507000-00011. PMID: 16029678.

- Zhou B, Wu LM, Yang L, Liu ZL. Evidence for alpha-bisabolol as a natural antioxidant. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Aug 8;55(16):6302-6306. doi: 10.1021/jf070477y. Epub 2007 Jul 11. PMID: 17625876.

Vegetable Oil

Other name: Olus Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Increasing Agent

1. Definition Vegetable Oil:

Vegetable oil in cosmetics refers to oils derived from various plant sources such as seeds, nuts, and fruits that are used in skincare and haircare products for their moisturizing, nourishing, and protective properties.

2. Use:

Vegetable oils are commonly used in cosmetics as emollients to soften and hydrate the skin, as well as in hair products to add shine and improve manageability. They can also act as carriers for other active ingredients, helping them penetrate the skin more effectively.

3. Usage Vegetable Oil:

When using vegetable oil in cosmetics, it is important to consider the specific properties of the oil and how it may interact with your skin type. Some oils may be comedogenic and clog pores, while others may be more suitable for sensitive or dry skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new oil to check for any allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- "Vegetable Oils in Cosmetics: Properties, Benefits, and Applications" by Mariana Kamenetsky and Gabriela Bregni

- "The Benefits of Using Natural Oils in Cosmetics" by Sarah Villafranco, MD

- "A Review on Plant-Derived Natural Oils as Potential Skin and Hair Health Agents" by R. S. Verma and R. K. Pandey

Beta Carotene

Other name: CI 40800; CI 75130; β-Carotene

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Beta Carotene:

Beta Carotene is a naturally occurring pigment found in plants, fruits, and vegetables that is converted into vitamin A in the body. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant properties and ability to promote healthy skin.

2. Use:

Beta Carotene is used in cosmetics for its ability to protect the skin from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution. It is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and can help to improve the overall appearance of the skin, promoting a more youthful and radiant complexion.

3. Usage Beta Carotene:

Beta Carotene is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and oils. It can be applied topically to the skin to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin tone and texture, and protect against free radical damage. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions on the product packaging to avoid any potential irritation or adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Bhosale, P., & Serban, B. (2017). Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 64(3), 507-512.

- Darvin, M. E., Sterry, W., Lademann, J., & Patzelt, A. (2014). Cutaneous concentration of lycopene correlates significantly with the roughness of the skin. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 87(1), 196-201.

- Lin, F. H., Lin, J. Y., Gupta, R. D., Tournas, J. A., Burch, J. A., Selim, M. A., ... & Fisher, G. J. (2005). Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 125(4), 826-832.

Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Extract

Function: Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Extract:

Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Extract is a type of seaweed extract derived from the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. This brown algae is commonly found in cold, nutrient-rich waters and is known for its high levels of essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

2. Use:

Kelp extract is a popular ingredient in skincare and haircare products due to its hydrating, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is often included in moisturizers, serums, masks, and shampoos to help nourish and protect the skin and hair.

3. Usage Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Extract:

When using products containing Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. As with any new skincare or haircare ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with iodine allergies should consult with a healthcare professional before using products containing kelp extract.

4. References:

- Chater PI, Wilcox MD, Brownlee IA, Pearson JP. In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic properties of almond skins (Amygdalus communis L.) and arabinogalactan extracted from dehulled almonds. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;109(6):2099-106. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04840.x.

- Park J, Kim H, Kim J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of Chlorella sorokiniana extract in zebrafish model. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019;86:1067-1073. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.059.

- Kim J, Kim J, Kim J, et al. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function by modulating RANKL signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4809. doi: 10.3390/ijms20194809.

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Other name: vitamin c; vit c; l-ascorbic acid

Function: Masking, pH adjusting agent, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant, Flavoring Agent, Phadjuster

1. Definition Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. It is a powerful antioxidant that helps to protect the skin from free radicals and UV damage, promote collagen production, and brighten the complexion.

2. Use:

Ascorbic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its antioxidant properties and ability to boost collagen production. It is often included in anti-aging serums, moisturizers, and sunscreens to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin. Ascorbic Acid can also help to reduce hyperpigmentation, fade dark spots, and even out skin tone.

3. Usage Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C):

When using products containing Ascorbic Acid, it is important to start with a lower concentration to avoid irritation, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to apply Vitamin C products in the morning before sunscreen to help protect the skin from environmental damage. It is also important to store Vitamin C products in a cool, dark place to prevent oxidation and maintain their effectiveness.

4. References:

- Al-Niaimi, F., & Chiang, N. (2017). Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(7), 14–17.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143–146.

- Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2017). The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9(8), 866.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Nylon 12

Other name: Nylon-12

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Nylon 12:

Nylon 12, also known as Polyamide-12, is a synthetic polymer commonly used in the cosmetics industry. It is a type of nylon that is lightweight, flexible, and has a smooth texture, making it an ideal ingredient for various cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Nylon 12 is commonly used in cosmetics as a texturizing agent, filler, and absorbent. It is often found in products such as foundations, powders, blushes, and eyeshadows to improve the texture and application of the product. Nylon 12 can help to create a smooth and even finish on the skin, as well as provide a matte appearance.

3. Usage Nylon 12:

When using cosmetics containing Nylon 12, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before using products containing Nylon 12. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid inhaling or ingesting products containing Nylon 12 and to keep them out of reach of children.

4. References:

- L. Leclercq, M. Pelletier, J. L. Leal, L. Rigal, F. J. Wortmann, and M. A. R. Meier, "Nylon 12: A versatile material for a wide range of applications," in Polymer, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1863-1875, 1999.

- A. M. J. F. van der Ven, J. R. H. Maas, A. J. Murk, J. J. M. van den Brandhof, and A. C. Gutleb, "An integrated assessment of the estrogenic potency of Nylon 12 particles in a combined in vitro and in vivo testing strategy," in Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 119, no. 12, pp. 1700-1706, 2011.

- M. R. R. de Oliveira, A. P. A. de Souza, and D. G. Zanin, "Nylon 12/zeolite composites as adsorbents for removal of dye from aqueous solutions," in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1007-1013, 2017.

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.