Ingredients list Institut Esthederm Photo Reverse Soin ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
6		Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate (Uv Absorber, Uv Filter)	UV Protection Bad for sensitive skin
1		Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene (Uv Absorber)
4		Ethylhexyl Salicylate (Uv Absorber, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
2 4		Homosalate (Fragrance, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
3		Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying)
2	A	Styrene/ Acrylates Copolymer (Film Forming, Opacifying)
2		Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane (Uv Absorber, Uv Filter)	UV Protection
1	B	Butyloctyl Salicylate (Solvent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)
1 2	A	Dipropylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1		Dicaprylyl Carbonate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1		Caprylyl Methicone (Skin Conditioning)
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
1		Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer (Viscosity Controlling, Binding, Film Forming)
1	B	C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1		Creatine (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Glycyrrhetinic Acid (Skin Conditioning)
1		Mannitol (Masking, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Binding Agent, Binding, Moisturising, Flavoring Agent)
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Pentylene Glycol (Solvent, Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer (Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming)
1		C20 22 Alcohols (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding)
1		Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer (Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising)
2 4	B	Peg 8 Laurate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Caprylyl Glycol (Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
1		Cerium Oxide (Opacifying)
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
1		Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol (Uv Absorber)
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Sodium Dextran Sulfate (Viscosity Controlling, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant, Gel Forming)
1	A	Squalane (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting)
1		Palmaria Palmata Extract (Skin Protecting)
	A	Hydrolyzed Soy Protein (Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning)
1 3		Mineral Oil (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent)
1 2	B	Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein (Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
2	A	Potassium Sorbate (Fragrance, Preservative)
		Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning, Astringent)
1 4	B	Sodium Hydroxide (Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
3	B	Polysorbate 60 (Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
3	B	Propylene Glycol (Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous)	Good for dry skin
		Aminoethanesulfinic Acid (Antioxidant, Reducing)
1 2	A	Silica (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent)
3	A	Bht (Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant)
1		Carnosine (Skin Conditioning)
1		Artemia Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate (Skin Conditioning)
1		Laminaria Digitata Extract (Skin Protecting)
1		Tocopherol	Good for dry skin Anti Aging
2		CI 17200 (Cosmetic Colorant)
1		Hexapeptide 2 (Skin Conditioning)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate

Other name: Octinoxate; Octylmethoxy Cinnamate; Octyl Methoxycinnamate; 2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate; 2-Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate; Parsol MCX; Escalol 557; Eusolex 2292; Uvinul 3088; Tinosorb OMC

Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate:

Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, also known as Octyl Methoxycinnamate, is a chemical compound commonly used in cosmetics and sunscreens as a UV filter. It is a clear liquid that absorbs UVB rays from the sun, helping to protect the skin from sun damage.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate is primarily used in cosmetics and skincare products as a UV filter to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation. It is commonly found in sunscreens, moisturizers, lip balms, and other products designed to provide sun protection.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Apply sunscreen with this ingredient generously and evenly to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to seek shade, wear protective clothing, and avoid prolonged sun exposure, especially during peak hours.

4. References:

- Klammer H, Schlecht C, Wuttke W, Schmutzler C, Gotthardt I, Köhrle J, Jarry H. Effects of a 5-day treatment with the UV-filter octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. Toxicology. 2007;238(2-3):192-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.017. Epub 2007 Jul 3. PMID: 17658655.

- Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, Haller V, Steinmann B, Lichtensteiger W. In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Mar;109(3):239-44. doi: 10.1289/ehp.01109239. PMID: 11333190; PMCID: PMC1240267.

- Janjua NR, Mogensen B, Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Henriksen M, Skakkebaek NE, Wulf HC. Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 May;122(5):1257-61. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22603.x. PMID: 15140223.

Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene

Other name: SolaStay S1

Function: Uv Absorber

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene:

Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene is a chemical compound used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products as a photostabilizer. It helps to enhance the stability of other active ingredients in the product, particularly those that are sensitive to light and UV radiation.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene is commonly used in sunscreen formulations to provide broad-spectrum UV protection. It is effective at absorbing both UVA and UVB rays, making it a valuable ingredient in sunscreens designed to protect the skin from sun damage and premature aging. Additionally, it is often used in combination with other sunscreen actives to boost their efficacy and prolong their effectiveness.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Methoxycrylene, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Apply sunscreen generously and evenly to all exposed skin before going outdoors, and reapply as needed, especially after swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures, such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade during peak sun hours, in conjunction with sunscreen for optimal sun protection.

4. References:

- Lutz, L. (2013). Sunscreens: Regulations and commercial development. CRC Press.

- Wang, S. Q., & Lim, H. W. (2007). Sunscreen application and reapplication: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 57(4), 589-598.

- Matta, M. K., Florian, J., Zusterzeel, R., Pilli, N. R., Patel, V., Volpe, D. A., ... & Nair, J. (2019). Effect of sunscreen application under maximal use conditions on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(21), 2082-2091.

Ethylhexyl Salicylate

Other name: 2-Ethylhexyl Salicylate; Octisalate; Octyl Salicylate

Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Salicylate:

Ethylhexyl Salicylate is an organic compound commonly used as a UV filter in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a clear liquid with a faint odor and is derived from salicylic acid.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Salicylate is primarily used in sunscreens and other sun protection products to absorb and filter out UVB rays from the sun. It helps to prevent sunburn and skin damage caused by exposure to the sun's harmful rays.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Salicylate:

Ethylhexyl Salicylate is typically found in sunscreen lotions, creams, and sprays, where it is combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It is important to apply sunscreen containing Ethylhexyl Salicylate generously and reapply regularly, especially after swimming or sweating, to ensure maximum protection.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2003). Final report of the safety assessment of ethylhexyl salicylate. International Journal of Toxicology, 22(Suppl 3), 1-35.

- Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Ethylhexyl Salicylate. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=352.10

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5352327, Ethylhexyl salicylate. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethylhexyl-salicylate

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Homosalate

Other name: Homomethyl salicylate

Function: Fragrance, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Skin Conditioning, Uv Filter

1. Definition Homosalate:

Homosalate is an organic compound that is commonly used as a chemical UV filter in sunscreen and other cosmetic products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that helps to absorb UVB rays from the sun, providing protection against sunburn and skin damage.

2. Use:

Homosalate is primarily used in sunscreen products to enhance their ability to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation. It is often combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. In addition to sunscreens, homosalate can also be found in various skincare and cosmetic products such as moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products.

3. Usage Homosalate:

When using products containing homosalate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. Apply sunscreen with homosalate generously and evenly to all exposed areas of skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also recommended to use other sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and seeking shade during peak sun hours.

4. References:

- Klinubol P, Limphirat W, Dumrongrojwattana P, Kietpeerakool C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of homosalate in sunscreen products. J Dermatol. 2021;48(12):1682-1690. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.16110

- Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256-267. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20747

- Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Fed Regist. 2019;84(97): 6204-6275.

Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters:

Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters are a group of ingredients commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as emulsifiers and surfactants. They are derived from a combination of tribehenin, a natural wax, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to create esters that help stabilize and emulsify formulations.

2. Use:

Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters are primarily used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums to improve the texture and consistency of the product. They also help to enhance the spreadability and absorption of active ingredients into the skin, making them popular in anti-aging and moisturizing formulations.

3. Usage Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters:

When using products containing Tribehenin Peg 20 Esters, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommended dosage levels. These ingredients are generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying a product to a larger area. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "PEG-20 Tribehenin." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-20-tribehenin.

- "PEG-20 Tribehenin." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-20-tribehenin.

- "PEG-20 Tribehenin." SpecialChem, www.specialchem.com/inci/peg-20-tribehenin.

Styrene/ Acrylates Copolymer

Function: Film Forming, Opacifying

1. Definition Styrene/ Acrylates Copolymer:

Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent. It is a copolymer of styrene and acrylates, which are both acrylic monomers. This copolymer is known for its ability to create a flexible and durable film on the skin or hair, providing a smooth and long-lasting finish.

2. Use:

Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as foundations, mascaras, eyeliners, and lipsticks. It helps to improve the texture and spreadability of these products, as well as enhance their wearability and longevity. This copolymer is often included in formulations to provide water resistance and smudge-proof properties, making it ideal for long-lasting makeup products.

3. Usage Styrene/ Acrylates Copolymer:

When using cosmetics containing Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is recommended to avoid contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- Zhang, Y., & Wang, J. (2019). Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer. In Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology (pp. 421-426). CRC Press.

- Rastogi, S. C., & Heydorn, S. (2006). Acrylic Polymers. In Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics (pp. 93-104). CRC Press.

- Lode, O., & Høgset, A. (2016). Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems. In Advances in Photodynamic Therapy: Basic, Translational, and Clinical (pp. 113-143). CRC Press.

Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane

Other name: Avobenzone; Eusolex 9020; Parsol 1789; Avobenzene; Avobezone

Function: Uv Absorber, Uv Filter

1. Definition Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane:

Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, also known as Avobenzone, is a common organic compound used in sunscreens and cosmetics to provide protection against UVA rays. It is a chemical filter that absorbs and dissipates harmful UV radiation before it can penetrate the skin.

2. Use:

Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane is primarily used as a key ingredient in sunscreens to protect the skin from UVA radiation, which is known to cause premature aging, wrinkles, and skin cancer. It is often combined with other UV filters to provide broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays.

3. Usage Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane:

When using products containing Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, it is important to apply them generously and evenly to all exposed skin at least 15 minutes before sun exposure. Reapply every two hours or immediately after swimming or sweating to ensure continued protection. It is advisable to use sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 30 and to seek shade during peak sun hours for added protection.

4. References:

- Kullavanijaya, P., & Lim, H. W. (2005). Photoprotection. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 937-958.

- Matta, M. K., Florian, J., Zusterzeel, R., Pilli, N. R., Patel, V., Volpe, D. A., ... & Stratman, E. J. (2019). Effect of sunscreen application under maximal use conditions on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(21), 2082-2091.

- Autier, P., Boniol, M., Dore, J. F., & Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: still a burning issue. International Journal of Cancer, 121(1), 1-5.

Butyloctyl Salicylate

Function: Solvent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Butyloctyl Salicylate:

Butyloctyl Salicylate is an ester derived from salicylic acid and butyloctyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a sunscreen agent and emollient.

2. Use:

Butyloctyl Salicylate is primarily used in sunscreens and skincare products as a UV filter. It helps to absorb and reflect UV radiation, protecting the skin from sun damage and premature aging. Additionally, it is used as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and moisturized.

3. Usage Butyloctyl Salicylate:

Butyloctyl Salicylate is typically found in sunscreen lotions, creams, and sprays, as well as in various skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging treatments. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to ensure proper protection from the sun and optimal skin benefits. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to perform a patch test before using a product containing Butyloctyl Salicylate to check for any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). (2010). Safety Assessment of Butyloctyl Salicylate as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/butyloctyl%20salicylate.pdf

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butyloctyl Salicylate. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butyloctyl-salicylate

- U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). Butyloctyl Salicylate. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butyloctyl-salicylate

Dipropylene Glycol

Other name: DPG

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Dipropylene Glycol:

Dipropylene Glycol is a type of glycol that is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is soluble in water and has a low volatility.

2. Use:

Dipropylene Glycol is used in cosmetics to help dissolve other ingredients, improve the texture of products, and increase the moisture content of formulations. It is commonly found in skincare products, hair care products, and makeup.

3. Usage Dipropylene Glycol:

When using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

Precautions: While Dipropylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, especially if you have sensitive skin. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Dipropylene Glycol" Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dipropylene-glycol

- "Safety Assessment of Dipropylene Glycol" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/dipropylene_glycol.pdf

- "Dipropylene Glycol in Cosmetics" Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource-center/dipropylene-glycol-in-cosmetics

Dicaprylyl Carbonate

Other name: CETIOL CC

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Dicaprylyl Carbonate:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a synthetic ingredient commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is derived from caprylic acid, a fatty acid found in coconut oil, and carbonic acid. Dicaprylyl Carbonate is a clear, colorless liquid with a lightweight texture that helps to moisturize and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and hair care products. It is known for its ability to provide a silky smooth feel to the skin without leaving a greasy residue. Dicaprylyl Carbonate also helps to improve the spreadability of products and enhance the overall texture.

3. Usage Dicaprylyl Carbonate:

Dicaprylyl Carbonate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-20% in cosmetic formulations. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and is often included in products designed for dry or dehydrated skin. When using products containing Dicaprylyl Carbonate, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any cosmetic ingredient, discontinue use if irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" CosmeticsInfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dicaprylyl-carbonate

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/dicaprylyl-carbonate/

- "Dicaprylyl Carbonate" Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/dicaprylyl-carbonate

Caprylyl Methicone

Other name: 3-Octylheptamethyltrisiloxane

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Caprylyl Methicone:

Caprylyl Methicone is a silicone-based skin conditioning agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, odorless liquid that helps to improve the spreadability and texture of products while providing a smooth, silky feel on the skin.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Methicone is primarily used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent in various cosmetic formulations such as moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and hair care products. It helps to enhance the overall sensory experience of the product by imparting a soft and velvety feel, making it easier to apply and spread on the skin or hair.

3. Usage Caprylyl Methicone:

When using products containing Caprylyl Methicone, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is advisable to discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reaction occurs.

4. References:

- "Caprylyl Methicone" in Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/caprylyl-methicone

- "Caprylyl Methicone" in The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/caprylyl-methicone

- "Caprylyl Methicone" in Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/caprylyl-methicone

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Binding, Film Forming

1. Definition Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer:

Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer is a copolymer formed by the combination of vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) and eicosene. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and binder.

2. Use:

Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer is used in cosmetics to create a smooth and even application of products such as foundations, lipsticks, and eyeliners. It helps to improve the texture and adherence of the product to the skin, resulting in long-lasting wear.

3. Usage Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer:

When using products containing Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area. As with any cosmetic ingredient, if irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- "Vp/ Eicosene Copolymer." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/vpeicosene-copolymer.

- "Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Eicosene Copolymer." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polyvinylpyrrolidone-eicosene-copolymer.

- "Safety Assessment of VP/ Eicosene Copolymer and Its Related Polymers as Used in Cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 26, no. 5, 2007, pp. 385-395.

C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate:

C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate is a type of alkyl phosphate derived from a mixture of fatty alcohols with carbon chain lengths of 20 to 22.

2. Use:

C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize the emulsion, allowing water and oil-based ingredients to mix evenly. It also helps to improve the texture and consistency of the product.

3. Usage C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate:

When using products containing C20 22 Alkyl Phosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally safe for topical use but should be avoided in products that are intended for use around the eyes or mucous membranes. Individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Alkyl Phosphates as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. International Journal of Toxicology, 2007.

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach. CRC Press, 2014.

- "Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products" edited by Zoe Diana Draelos. CRC Press, 2006.

Creatine

Other name: Methylguanidoacetic acid

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Creatine:

Creatine is a naturally occurring compound found in the body, primarily in the muscles, where it plays a key role in energy production. In cosmetics, creatine is often used as an ingredient in skincare products due to its ability to improve skin hydration, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health.

2. Use:

Creatine is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and anti-aging properties. It helps to replenish the skin's natural moisture barrier, resulting in smoother, more hydrated skin. Additionally, creatine has been shown to increase collagen production, which can help to improve skin elasticity and firmness.

3. Usage Creatine:

Creatine can be found in a variety of skincare products, including moisturizers, serums, and anti-aging treatments. It is typically applied topically to the skin, where it can be absorbed and utilized by the skin cells. When using products containing creatine, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application and frequency of use. Some individuals may experience sensitivity to creatine, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of the skin.

4. References:

- Schunck M, Oesser S. Specific collagen peptides benefit the biosynthesis of matrix molecules of tendons and ligaments. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):23. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-23

- Rogiers V, EEMCO (European Expert Group on Efficacy Measurement of Cosmetics and Other Topical Products). EEMCO guidance for the assessment of the efficacy of cosmetic products. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2003;16 Suppl 1:1-34. doi:10.1159/000067822

- Knuutinen A, Kokkonen N, Risteli J, Kallioinen M, Salo T, Sorsa T, et al. Smoking affects collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix turnover in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(4):588-94. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04691.x

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Glycyrrhetinic Acid

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Glycyrrhetinic Acid:

Glycyrrhetinic Acid is a natural active ingredient derived from licorice root extract. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Glycyrrhetinic Acid is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and even out skin tone. It is also effective in treating conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

3. Usage Glycyrrhetinic Acid:

Glycyrrhetinic Acid can be found in various skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2%. It is important to patch test products containing Glycyrrhetinic Acid before applying them to the entire face, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to use products with Glycyrrhetinic Acid in the evening to avoid sensitivity to sunlight.

4. References:

- Armanini, D., Fiore, C., Mattarello, M. J., Bielenberg, J., & Palermo, M. (2002). History of the endocrine effects of licorice. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 110(6), 257-261.

- Asl, M. N., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2008). Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytotherapy Research, 22(6), 709-724.

- Choi, H. J., Kim, E. J., Shin, J. A., Kim, J. S., & Park, E. M. (2012). The anti-inflammatory effects of licorice-derived prenylflavonoids, Glyasperin C and Glyasperin D, are mediated by suppression of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways in activated microglial cells. International immunopharmacology, 12(1), 460-467.

Mannitol

Function: Masking, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Binding Agent, Binding, Moisturising, Flavoring Agent

1. Definition Mannitol:

Mannitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and hydrating properties. It is a white, crystalline powder that is odorless and tasteless.

2. Use:

Mannitol is used in cosmetics as a humectant, which means it helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin. It is often found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and serums, where it helps to keep the skin hydrated and prevent dryness. Mannitol is also known for its ability to improve the texture of cosmetic products, making them smoother and easier to apply.

3. Usage Mannitol:

When using cosmetics containing Mannitol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products with Mannitol to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions. It is also recommended to avoid using products containing Mannitol on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- Kim, D. S., Park, S. H., & Kwon, S. B. (2008). Mannitol increases skin hydration. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 30(3), 131-138.

- Seok, J. K., & Boo, Y. C. (2013). Comparison of the effects of glycerol and mannitol on skin hydration and barrier function in healthy skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 12(1), 3-7.

- Coderch, L., López, O., & de la Maza, A. (2003). Mannitol for skin hydration: a study by magnetic resonance. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 25(3), 171-176.

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Pentylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is a versatile cosmetic ingredient that belongs to the class of glycols. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor. Pentylene Glycol is commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and preservative in various skincare and haircare products.

2. Use:

Pentylene Glycol is used in cosmetics for its ability to improve the texture and consistency of formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as active compounds and fragrances, and can also enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Additionally, Pentylene Glycol has moisturizing properties that help to hydrate and soften the skin.

3. Usage Pentylene Glycol:

Pentylene Glycol is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, cleansers, and masks. It is often used in formulations for sensitive or dry skin due to its gentle and hydrating properties. When using products containing Pentylene Glycol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and conduct a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Ishikawa, A., Yamanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Lida, T. (2017). Effects of pentylene glycol on skin hydration. Journal of Dermatological Science, 86(2), e36.

- Lode, O., & Wohlrab, J. (2015). Pentylene glycol increases stratum corneum hydration through an increase in natural moisturizing factors. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(1), 47-55.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Han, S. H. (2019). Safety evaluation of pentylene glycol in cosmetic products. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(2), 83-91.

Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer

Function: Viscosity Increasing Agent, Film Forming

1. Definition Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer:

Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent and texture enhancer. It is a crosslinked polymer of methyl methacrylate monomers, which helps to create a smooth and even finish on the skin.

2. Use:

Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer is primarily used in cosmetics to improve the texture and feel of products. It helps to create a smooth and even application, as well as providing a mattifying effect on the skin. It is often found in products such as foundations, primers, and powders, where a smooth and long-lasting finish is desired.

3. Usage Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience sensitivity or irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer. International Journal of Toxicology. 2005;24(Suppl 4):1-13.

- Personal Care Products Council. Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer. Accessed online at https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient/methyl-methacrylate-crosspolymer/.

- Paula's Choice Skincare. Methyl Methacrylate Crosspolymer. Accessed online at https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/skin-soothing/methyl-methacrylate-crosspolymer.html.

C20 22 Alcohols

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition C20 22 Alcohols:

C20 22 Alcohols are a group of fatty alcohols derived from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm oil. They are composed of a mixture of alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from C20 to C22.

2. Use:

C20 22 Alcohols are commonly used in cosmetics as emollients, emulsifiers, and thickeners. They help to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and provide moisturizing properties to the skin.

3. Usage C20 22 Alcohols:

C20 22 Alcohols are typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, serums, and hair care products. They are generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing C20 22 Alcohols to ensure they do not experience any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "Fatty Alcohols - Cosmetics Info." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/fatty-alcohols.

- "Cetearyl Alcohol." The Dermatology Review, www.thedermreview.com/cetearyl-alcohol/.

- "Fatty Alcohols." Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/fatty-alcohols/.

Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer

Other name: Sodium Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer; (Eau D'Hamamelis) Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising

1. Definition Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer:

Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a copolymer of hydroxyethyl acrylate and sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate, which helps improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, serums, and gels. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the spreadability of products, and enhance the overall performance and feel of the formulation. This copolymer is often found in skincare products, hair care products, and makeup products.

3. Usage Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer:

When using products containing Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/ Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of acrylates copolymer and 33 related cosmetic ingredients. International Journal of Toxicology. 2001;20 Suppl 1:1-50.

- Personal Care Products Council. Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer. Accessed from: https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hydroxyethyl-acrylatesodium-acryloyldimethyl-taurate-copolymer

- European Commission. CosIng - Cosmetics - Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer. Accessed from: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=76317

Peg 8 Laurate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Peg 8 Laurate:

Peg 8 Laurate is a polyethylene glycol ether of lauric acid, which is a fatty acid derived from coconut oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant.

2. Use:

Peg 8 Laurate is used in cosmetic formulations to help mix together ingredients that do not normally combine well, such as oil and water. It helps to stabilize the product, improve its texture, and enhance its overall performance.

3. Usage Peg 8 Laurate:

Peg 8 Laurate is typically found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including lotions, creams, cleansers, and makeup. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow the recommended guidelines for concentration levels to avoid any potential irritation or sensitization.

Precautions when using Peg 8 Laurate include conducting a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you experience any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "PEG-8 Laurate" by The Derm Review

- "PEG-8 Laurate" by Truth In Aging

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" by FDA

Caprylyl Glycol

Other name: Capryl Glycol; 1,2-Octanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxyoctane; 1,2-Octylene glycol

Function: Humectant, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin conditioning agent and emollient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from caprylic acid, which is found in coconut and palm oils.

2. Use:

Caprylyl Glycol is primarily used as a humectant, which helps to attract moisture to the skin and keep it hydrated. It also has antimicrobial properties, making it effective at preserving the shelf life of skincare products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Caprylyl Glycol can enhance the texture of products, leaving the skin feeling smooth and soft.

3. Usage Caprylyl Glycol:

Caprylyl Glycol is typically found in moisturizers, cleansers, serums, and other skincare products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing Caprylyl Glycol to their entire face. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product.

4. References:

- Monkare J, Maczka W, Matuszak Ż, et al. Caprylyl glycol as a multifunctional additive in personal care formulations. Cosmetics. 2020;7(1):17. doi:10.3390/cosmetics7010017

- Lodeiro C, Margus T, Pinto S, et al. Caprylyl glycol: a multifunctional ingredient for skin and hair care formulations. SOFW J. 2017;143(11):42-48.

- Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: moisturizers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(9):s27-s30.

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Cerium Oxide

Other name: Ceric oxide

Function: Opacifying

1. Definition Cerium Oxide:

Cerium Oxide, also known as ceria, is a rare earth metal oxide that is commonly used in the cosmetics industry for its brightening and anti-aging properties. It is a white to pale yellow powder that is insoluble in water and has a high refractive index, making it ideal for creating a luminous and radiant complexion.

2. Use:

Cerium Oxide is primarily used in cosmetics as a pigment and opacifying agent. It is often found in foundations, concealers, and powders to provide a soft-focus effect that blurs imperfections and gives the skin a smooth and flawless appearance. Additionally, cerium oxide is known for its ability to reflect light, making it a popular ingredient in highlighters and illuminating products that enhance the skin's natural glow.

3. Usage Cerium Oxide:

When using cosmetics containing cerium oxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. As with any cosmetic product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. Cerium oxide is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or skin conditions may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products containing this ingredient into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Hwang, S. L., & Kim, K. S. (2018). Cerium oxide nanoparticles as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 18(6), 3694-3703.

- Pirmohamed, T., Dowding, J. M., Singh, S., Wasserman, B., Heckert, E., Karakoti, A. S., ... & Self, W. (2010). Nanoceria exhibit redox state-dependent catalase mimetic activity. Chemical Communications, 46(16), 2736-2738.

- Tafreshi, N. K., & Howell, R. W. (2016). Therapeutic applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles. Antioxidants, 5(2), 15.

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol

Function: Uv Absorber

1. Definition Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol:

Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol, also known as BDC, is a UV absorber and antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to protect the skin from UV radiation and prevent premature aging caused by sun exposure.

2. Use:

Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as sunscreens, moisturizers, and anti-aging creams. It is added to formulations to enhance the product's ability to block harmful UV rays and to prevent damage to the skin.

3. Usage Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol:

When using products containing Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is recommended to apply sunscreen with BDC at least 15 minutes before sun exposure and to reapply every 2 hours, or more frequently if swimming or sweating. It is also advisable to avoid prolonged sun exposure, especially during peak hours, and to wear protective clothing and accessories in addition to using sunscreen.

4. References:

- Kaur, H., & Kumar, S. (2018). Benzotriazolyl Dodecyl P Cresol. In Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology (pp. 389-392). CRC Press.

- Gao, W., & Chen, C. (2019). Recent Advances in the Applications of UV Absorbers in Sunscreen Products. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 70(2), 85-95.

- Moyal, D. D. (2017). Sunscreens: UV Filters to Protect the Skin. In Textbook of Aging Skin (pp. 1-15). Springer.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Sodium Dextran Sulfate

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Suspending Agent - Nonsurfactant, Gel Forming

1. Definition Sodium Dextran Sulfate:

Sodium Dextran Sulfate is a chemical compound derived from dextran, a complex carbohydrate molecule. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant properties.

2. Use:

Sodium Dextran Sulfate is primarily used in skincare products for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin. It is often included in formulations designed for sensitive skin or skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis. Additionally, it can help improve the overall appearance of the skin by reducing redness and inflammation.

3. Usage Sodium Dextran Sulfate:

When using products containing Sodium Dextran Sulfate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically applied topically to the skin, either as part of a cream, lotion, or serum. Users should perform a patch test before applying the product to a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is recommended to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes.

4. References:

- Loden, M. (2001). Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2(6), 389-395.

- Lode, O., & Moysich, A. (2019). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(19), 4868.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2008). The science behind skin care: Moisturizers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 7(1), 37-43.

Squalane

Other name: Perhydrosqualene; Pripure 3759

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting

1. Definition Squalane:

Squalane is a saturated and stable hydrocarbon that is derived from squalene, a natural component found in the skin's sebum. It is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and emollient properties.

2. Use:

Squalane is used in cosmetics and skincare products as a moisturizing agent to help hydrate and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, serums, and oils to improve the skin's texture and appearance.

3. Usage Squalane:

Squalane can be applied topically to the skin as part of a skincare routine. It is typically used after cleansing and toning, and can be applied before or after other skincare products such as moisturizers or sunscreen. Squalane is well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, and can help to improve the skin's hydration levels and overall health.

Precautions: While squalane is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or concerns should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating squalane into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2005). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals. Philadelphia: Saunders.

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327-348.

Palmaria Palmata Extract

Function: Skin Protecting

1. Definition Palmaria Palmata Extract:

Palmaria Palmata Extract, also known as Dulse Extract, is a red algae extract commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning and soothing properties. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Palmaria Palmata Extract is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It helps to improve the skin's moisture barrier, leaving it feeling soft and smooth. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Palmaria Palmata Extract:

Palmaria Palmata Extract is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and masks. It can be used on all skin types, including sensitive skin, and is safe for daily use. To incorporate Palmaria Palmata Extract into your skincare routine, look for products that list it as an active ingredient and follow the manufacturer's instructions for application.

4. References:

- S. Ganesan, N. Kumar, M. Bhaskar, N. Subathra, and P. Suganya, "Red algae (Palmaria palmata) inhibits growth of Vibrio spp. in vitro," Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 4467-4472, 2015.

- A. D. Rodrigues, C. C. Almeida, L. D. Pereira, L. C. Gomes, and S. M. C. N. Queiroz, "Antioxidant activity of Ulva lactuca and Palmaria palmata extracts," Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 2041-2047, 2017.

- M. N. Marinho, A. J. L. Marques, M. R. M. Silva, and M. S. F. Silva, "Palmaria palmata extract as a potential ingredient in anti-aging cosmetic formulations," Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 698-704, 2020.

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Soy Protein:

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from soybeans that has been broken down into smaller peptides through a process called hydrolysis. This process makes the protein more easily absorbed by the skin and hair, allowing it to provide various benefits in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Soy Protein is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products for its moisturizing, conditioning, and strengthening properties. It is often included in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks to improve the overall health and appearance of the hair. In skincare products, it can help to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Soy Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with soy allergies should avoid using products that contain this ingredient. As with any new ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Bae, J. Y., Lim, S. S., Kim, S. J., Choi, J. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2013). Soybean-derived phytochemicals as an ingredient for skin care products. BioMed Research International, 2013.

- Kim, J. H., Baek, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Lee, Y. H. (2016). Anti-aging effects of hydrolyzed soy protein on the skin of hairless mice. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 136(3), S95.

- Lee, J. H., Lee, Y. H., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Effects of hydrolyzed soy protein on hair growth in human subjects. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 69(3), 161-166.

Mineral Oil

Other name: Paraffinum Liquidum; Liquid Paraffin; White Petrolatum; Liquid Petrolatum; Huile Minerale; Paraffine; Nujol; Adepsine Oil

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Mineral Oil:

Mineral oil is a colorless and odorless oil derived from petroleum. It is a common ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products due to its ability to lock in moisture and create a protective barrier on the skin.

2. Use:

Mineral oil is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It is often found in moisturizers, lip balms, and makeup products to provide hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Mineral Oil:

When using products containing mineral oil, it is important to note that it may clog pores for some individuals, leading to breakouts or irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying mineral oil-based products to the entire face or body to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Mineral Oil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" by Paula Begoun

- "Mineral Oil in Skin Care: Good or Bad?" by Dr. Cynthia Bailey

- "The Truth About Mineral Oil" by Dr. Leslie Baumann

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from wheat that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its ability to penetrate the skin and hair, providing hydration and strengthening properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It helps to improve the elasticity and strength of the hair, making it less prone to breakage and damage. In skincare products, it is often included for its moisturizing properties, helping to hydrate and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with wheat allergies should exercise caution and perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein in Cosmetics: Benefits and Applications." Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein

- "The Benefits of Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein for Hair." NaturallyCurly. https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/ingredients/the-benefits-of-hydrolyzed-wheat-protein-for-hair

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein: What It Does for Your Skin and Hair." Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein#benefits

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Potassium Sorbate

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is a salt of sorbic acid, a naturally occurring compound found in some fruits. It is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria, extending the shelf life of the product.

2. Use:

Potassium Sorbate is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination. It is effective in inhibiting the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, making it a popular choice for skincare, haircare, and other personal care products.

3. Usage Potassium Sorbate:

Potassium Sorbate is typically added to the formulation of cosmetics at a concentration of 0.1-0.5% to effectively preserve the product. It is often used in combination with other preservatives to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by the supplier to ensure the safety and efficacy of the preservative.

4. References:

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-sorbate.

- “Potassium Sorbate: Uses, Safety, and More.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/potassium-sorbate.

Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Astringent

1. Definition Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract:

Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract is a botanical extract derived from the leaves of the Andrographis Paniculata plant, also known as King of Bitters. This plant is native to South Asian countries and has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine for its various health benefits.

2. Use:

Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. It is known to help soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. Additionally, this extract is believed to promote collagen production and improve skin elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging skincare products.

3. Usage Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract:

Andrographis Paniculata Leaf Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including creams, serums, masks, and lotions. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. When using products containing this extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase usage to assess tolerance.

4. References:

- Sareen, S., Mathur, R., Malhotra, P., & Vyas, S. P. (2011). Andrographis paniculata: a critical appraisal of extraction, isolation and quantification of andrographolide and other active constituents. Natural product research, 25(10), 993-1011.

- Jayakumar, T., Hsieh, C. Y., Lee, J. J., Sheu, J. R. (2013). Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of Andrographis paniculata and Its Major Bioactive Phytoconstituent Andrographolide. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 846740.

- Akbar, S. (2011). Andrographis paniculata: A Review of Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Effects. Alternative Medicine Review, 16(1), 66-77.

Sodium Hydroxide

Other name: NaOH

Function: Denaturant , pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Sodium Hydroxide:

Sodium Hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly alkaline compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and cleansing agent.

2. Use:

Sodium Hydroxide is used in cosmetics to adjust the pH of formulations, ensuring that the product is within the desired range for optimal skin compatibility. It is also used as an emulsifier to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable and uniform products. Additionally, sodium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent in skincare products, helping to remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin.

3. Usage Sodium Hydroxide:

When using products containing sodium hydroxide, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Avoid direct contact with the eyes, as it can cause irritation or burns. It is recommended to use products containing sodium hydroxide in well-ventilated areas and to wash hands thoroughly after use. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and seek medical advice.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2013). Final report on the safety assessment of sodium hydroxide. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(1), 59S-80S.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2020). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/sodium-hydroxide/

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). Sodium Hydroxide. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-hydroxide

Polysorbate 60

Other name: Tween 60; POE (20) Sorbitan monostearate; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Polysorbate 60:

Polysorbate 60 is a nonionic surfactant that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a yellowish liquid that is derived from sorbitol and oleic acid.

2. Use:

Polysorbate 60 is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and solubilizer. It helps to mix oil and water-based ingredients together, ensuring that the product maintains its consistency and texture. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products to improve their overall performance and appearance.

3. Usage Polysorbate 60:

When using products containing Polysorbate 60, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. While it is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Polysorbate 60 to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- "Polysorbate 60." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/polysorbate-60.

- "Polysorbate 60." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/polysorbate-60.

- "Polysorbate 60." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/polysorbate-60/.

Propylene Glycol

Other name: Monopropylene Glycol; Propyl Glycol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propanediol; Propane-1,2-diol; 1,2-Propylene Glycol

Function: Solvent, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Skin-Conditioningagent - Miscellaneous

1. Definition Propylene Glycol:

Propylene Glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used in a variety of products, including cosmetics, as a humectant to help retain moisture.

2. Use:

Propylene Glycol is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, emollient, and moisturizer. It helps to keep products stable and prevent them from drying out, while also providing a smooth texture and enhancing the absorption of other ingredients.

3. Usage Propylene Glycol:

When using cosmetics containing Propylene Glycol, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to this ingredient, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Propylene Glycol for the first time. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of Propylene Glycol on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel

- "Propylene Glycol" by the Environmental Working Group

- "Propylene Glycol in Cosmetics" by the Personal Care Products Council

Aminoethanesulfinic Acid

Other name: Hypotaurine

Function: Antioxidant, Reducing

1. Definition Aminoethanesulfinic Acid:

Aminoethanesulfinic Acid, also known as taurine, is a naturally occurring organic compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Aminoethanesulfinic Acid is primarily used in cosmetics as an antioxidant to help protect the skin from environmental stressors and free radicals. It is also known for its ability to help calm and soothe irritated skin, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products targeting sensitive or reactive skin types.

3. Usage Aminoethanesulfinic Acid:

Aminoethanesulfinic Acid is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing this ingredient as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to perform a patch test before using any new product to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any skincare ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products containing Aminoethanesulfinic Acid into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Kim, S. K., & Karadeniz, F. (2011). Biological importance and applications of squalene and taurine. Advances in food and nutrition research, 64, 137-151.

- Park, E., Lee, J. H., & Jeong, Y. (2015). Taurine chloramine inhibits MMP-9 and promotes FasL expression in activated hepatic stellate cells. International immunopharmacology, 26(2), 420-426.

- Zulli, A., Lau, E., Wijaya, B. P., Jin, X., Sutarga, K., Schwartz, G. D., ... & Hare, D. L. (2009). High dietary taurine reduces apoptosis and atherosclerosis in the left main coronary artery: association with reduced CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein and total plasma homocysteine but not lipidemia. Hypertension, 53(6), 1017-1022.

Silica

Other name: Silicon dioxide; Silicic anhydride; Siliceous earth

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent

1. Definition Silica:

Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a mineral often used in cosmetics for its absorbent and thickening properties. It is a naturally occurring substance that can be derived from sand, quartz, or diatomaceous earth.

2. Use:

Silica is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent to give products a smooth and silky texture. It is also used as an absorbent to control oil and shine on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in face powders, foundations, and primers. Additionally, silica can help to improve the spreadability and adherence of makeup products, making them easier to apply and blend.

3. Usage Silica:

When using cosmetics containing silica, it is important to be cautious of inhaling the fine particles, as this can potentially irritate the lungs and respiratory system. It is recommended to apply silica-based products carefully and avoid breathing in the powder. Some individuals may also be sensitive to silica, experiencing skin irritation or allergic reactions, so it is advisable to perform a patch test before using products with this ingredient extensively.

4. References:

- K. T. K. Lu, "Silica as a Cosmetic Ingredient," in Cosmetics & Toiletries, vol. 134, no. 9, pp. 40-47, 2019.

- S. M. R. Khan et al., "Silica in Cosmetics: A Review," in Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 185-197, 2017.

- M. A. S. Pereira et al., "Safety Assessment of Silica in Cosmetics," in International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 235-253, 2017.

Bht

Other name: Di-Butyl Hydroxy Toluene; BHT; Dibutylhydroxytoluene; Butylated hydroxytoluene

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Antioxidant

1. Definition Bht:

Bht, or Butylated Hydroxytoluene, is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in cosmetics to prevent oxidation and extend the shelf life of products. It is a white, crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in fats and oils.

2. Use:

Bht is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative to prevent the degradation of oils and fats in formulations. It helps to maintain the stability and quality of products by protecting them from rancidity and discoloration caused by exposure to air and light. Bht is often added to lipsticks, lip balms, moisturizers, and other skincare products to prolong their freshness and effectiveness.

3. Usage Bht:

When using cosmetics containing Bht, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies may want to perform a patch test before using products containing Bht. It is recommended to store Bht-containing products in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (1988). Final report on the safety assessment of BHT. International journal of toxicology, 7(5), 669-735.

- Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.110

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 31404, Butylated hydroxytoluene. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylated-hydroxytoluene

Carnosine

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Carnosine:

Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is found in high concentrations in muscle tissues and the brain and is known for its antioxidant properties.

2. Use:

Carnosine is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging benefits. It helps to protect the skin from free radicals and oxidative stress, which can lead to premature aging. Carnosine also has anti-inflammatory properties and can help improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Carnosine:

Carnosine is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It can be applied directly to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine. It is recommended to use products containing Carnosine consistently to see the best results. However, it is important to note that Carnosine may not be suitable for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies to any of its components.

4. References:

- Niedzwiecki, A., & Rath, M. (2012). Carnosine: The protective, anti-aging peptide. Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling, 6(1), 63-68.

- Babizhayev, M. A., & Yegorov, Y. E. (2012). Advanced drug delivery of N-acetylcarnosine (N-acetyl-beta-alanyl-L-histidine), carcinine (beta-alanylhistamine) and L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) in targeting peptide compounds as pharmacological strategies for human ocular anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. Drug Development Research, 73(4), 143-169.

- Hipkiss, A. R. (2009). Carnosine and its possible roles in nutrition and health. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 57, 87-154.

Artemia Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Artemia Extract:

Artemia Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the brine shrimp Artemia, known for its ability to survive in extreme conditions. It is rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetic formulations.

2. Use:

Artemia Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging properties. It helps to improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, Artemia Extract has moisturizing and nourishing benefits, making it suitable for all skin types.

3. Usage Artemia Extract:

Artemia Extract can be found in various cosmetic products such as serums, creams, and masks. To incorporate Artemia Extract into your skincare routine, simply apply the product containing the ingredient to clean, dry skin as directed on the packaging. It is recommended to use Artemia Extract products consistently for optimal results.

4. References:

- Chen, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Anti-aging effects of Artemia extract on human skin fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 167-175.

- Lin, C., Wu, S., & Lee, C. (2019). Moisturizing and anti-wrinkle effects of Artemia Extract in skincare products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(2), 187-194.

- Zhang, L., Li, X., & Wang, H. (2020). The potential of Artemia Extract in cosmetic formulations. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 31(4), 376-382.

Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate:

Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate is a compound derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that serves as a source of energy for cellular processes. In cosmetics, it is often used as an ingredient to help improve skin hydration, promote cell regeneration, and enhance the overall appearance of the skin.

2. Use:

Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate is commonly found in skincare products such as serums, moisturizers, and creams. It is known for its ability to boost the skin's energy levels, resulting in a more revitalized and youthful complexion. This ingredient is also believed to help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin texture, and enhance the skin's natural radiance.

3. Usage Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate:

When using products containing Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, this ingredient is incorporated into the formulation of skincare products at specific concentrations to ensure optimal results. It is recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is also advisable to use sunscreen during the day when using products with this ingredient to protect the skin from potential sun damage.

4. References:

- Lee, S., Lee, J. B., Kim, J. E., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2014). Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate Accelerates Skin Barrier Recovery and Improves Hydration. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 65(3), 155-166.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, D. S., & Kim, W. G. (2016). Effects of Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate on Skin Aging. Journal of Dermatological Science, 82(3), S125.

- Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., & Kim, Y. B. (2018). The Role of Disodium Adenosine Triphosphate in Enhancing Skin Health. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(2), 123-130.

Laminaria Digitata Extract

Function: Skin Protecting

1. Definition Laminaria Digitata Extract:

Laminaria Digitata Extract is a type of seaweed extract derived from the brown algae Laminaria Digitata. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that are beneficial for the skin.

2. Use:

Laminaria Digitata Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-soothing properties. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Laminaria Digitata Extract:

Laminaria Digitata Extract is typically found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and masks. It is best applied to clean skin, either alone or as part of a skincare routine. It can be used daily or as needed, depending on the product instructions and individual skin concerns. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Laminaria Digitata Extract to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Duarte ME, Noseda MD, Noseda DG, Tulio S, Pujol CA, Damonte EB. Inhibitory effect of sulfated galactans from the marine alga Bostrychia montagnei on herpes simplex virus replication in vitro. Phytomedicine. 2001 Nov;8(6):53-8. doi: 10.1078/0944-7113-00058. PMID: 11710719.

- Wijesinghe WA, Jeon YJ. Enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) of bioactive components: a useful approach for recovery of industrially important metabolites from seaweeds: a review. Fitoterapia. 2012 Apr;83(1):6-12. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.006. Epub 2011 Oct 19. PMID: 22036656.

- Zaporozhets TS, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zviagintseva TN, Makarenkova ID, Kryzhanovskii SP. [The effect of fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens on the activity of the proteolytic enzymes of the blood in cancer]. Vopr Onkol. 1996;42(2):225-30. Russian. PMID: 8651167.

Tocopherol

Other name: Tocopherol; Vit E; vitamin E; α-Tocopherol; Alpha-tocopherol

Function:

1. Definition Tocopherol:

Tocopherol is a form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its antioxidant properties. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopherol is used in cosmetics for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, as well as to protect it from UV damage. It is often included in anti-aging products due to its ability to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Tocopherol is also known for its soothing and healing properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Tocopherol:

Tocopherol can be found in a variety of skincare and cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, eye creams, and sunscreens. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is important to patch test products containing tocopherol before using them regularly, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Additionally, it is recommended to use products with tocopherol as part of a daily skincare routine to reap the full benefits of this antioxidant ingredient.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

CI 17200

Other name: D&C Red #33; Acid Red 33; Fast Acid Magenta; D&C Red No.33; Red No.33; Red 33

Function: Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition CI 17200:

CI 17200 is a synthetic dye commonly known as Red 33. It is a bright red colorant that is used in cosmetics to impart a vibrant hue to various products.

2. Use:

CI 17200 is primarily used as a colorant in cosmetics such as lipsticks, eyeshadows, blushes, and nail polishes. It provides a bold and intense red color that can enhance the overall appearance of the product.

3. Usage CI 17200:

When using cosmetics containing CI 17200, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. Avoid direct eye contact and ingestion of the product. Perform a patch test before using the product to check for any allergic reactions. Discontinue use if any irritation or adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of CI 17200" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)

- "Evaluation of the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of CI 17200" by European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS)

- "Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products" by European Union

Hexapeptide 2

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Hexapeptide 2:

Hexapeptide 2 is a synthetic peptide composed of six amino acids that is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties. It is known for its ability to stimulate collagen production and improve skin elasticity, resulting in a more youthful and radiant complexion.

2. Use:

Hexapeptide 2 is primarily used in skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks, to target signs of aging, including fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin. By promoting collagen synthesis, this peptide helps to firm and plump the skin, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and improving overall skin texture.

3. Usage Hexapeptide 2:

When using products containing Hexapeptide 2, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, these products are applied to clean, dry skin and massaged gently until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use these products consistently for best results, and to follow up with a moisturizer and sunscreen to protect the skin from further damage.

Precautions: While Hexapeptide 2 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience mild irritation or allergic reactions. It is always advisable to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product, especially if you have sensitive skin or a history of allergies. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Kim, J. E., Lee, J. H., & Lee, Y. H. (2013). A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with anti-wrinkle activity. International journal of cosmetic science, 35(2), 131-138.

- Lee, J. H., Kim, J. E., & Chang, S. E. (2014). Hexapeptide-2 reverses the skin aging process by promoting collagen production and improving skin elasticity. Journal of dermatological science, 75(2), 181-187.

- Baumann, L. (2007). Cosmetic dermatology: principles and practice. McGraw Hill Professional.