Full ingredients list La Mer The Refining Facial

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
2 4	A	Phenoxyethanol (Fragrance, Preservative)
1 3		Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1	A	Disodium Edta (Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Xanthan Gum (Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming)
4 5		Limonene (Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Allergen
1	A	Butylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Cetyl Alcohol (Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant)
1	A	Stearic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	B	Isododecane (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Emollient)
1	A	Kaolin (Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier)
2	B	Acrylates Copolymer (Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Adhesive, Hair Fixing, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant)
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
2	A	Sorbic Acid (Fragrance, Preservative)
1	A	Magnesium Aluminum Silicate (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Slip Modifier)
1		Sea Salt (Masking, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Bulking Agent)
1 2	B	Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein (Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming)
1 2	A	Hydrogenated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant)
1 3	B	Sodium Lactate (Humectant, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant, Keratolytic)
1	A	Sorbitan Stearate (Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 2	A	Bentonite (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant)
1	A	Cellulose (Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Opacifying, Slip Modifier)
1		Calcium Carbonate (Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Bulking Agent)
1		Diamond Powder (Abrasive)
1	A	Methylcellulose (Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Stabilising)
1	A	Potassium Stearate (Emulsifying, Surfactant, Cleansing)
1		Guanine (Opacifying, Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1		Citrus Limon (Lemon)
1		Methyldihydrojasmonate (Masking)
1		Tourmaline (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent)
2		Oleth 3 Phosphate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1		Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit)
1		Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Protein
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
		Yellow 5 Lake
1		Green 3
3		Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract (Antimicrobial, Astringent, Soothing)
1		Chlorella Vulgaris Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	B	Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer (Film Forming, Hair Fixing)
1 6		Quartz (Abrasive)
1		Humic Acids (Skin Conditioning)
		Polyethylene Naphthalate (Film Forming)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Phenoxyethanol

Other name: Phenoxethol; 2-phenoxyethanol; Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether; Phenyl cellosolve; Protectol PE

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Phenoxyethanol:

Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a colorless and odorless liquid that helps prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in various beauty products.

2. Use:

Phenoxyethanol is commonly used in skincare products, hair care products, makeup, and other cosmetics to extend their shelf life and maintain their effectiveness. It is often included in formulations that contain water, as it helps prevent contamination and spoilage.

3. Usage Phenoxyethanol:

When using cosmetics containing phenoxyethanol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 1%, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with phenoxyethanol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of phenoxyethanol as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(4), 386-419.

Titanium Dioxide

Other name: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Disodium Edta

Other name: Endrate; Disodium Edetate; Disodium Salt; Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; EDTA Disodium Salt; EDTA-2Na

Function: Chelating Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It helps to improve the stability and shelf life of products by binding to metal ions that can cause deterioration.

2. Use:

Disodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a preservative and stabilizer. It helps to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria, as well as maintain the texture and appearance of products. Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other preservatives in formulations.

3. Usage Disodium Edta:

Disodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in cosmetics. It is water-soluble and can be added to a wide range of products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and makeup. However, it is important to note that while Disodium EDTA is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may be sensitive to it and experience skin irritation. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Disodium EDTA, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient-info/edta/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2019). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1133

Xanthan Gum

Other name: Xanthum Gum; Xanthen Gum; Xantham Gum; Zanthan Gum; Xanthan; Corn sugar gum; XC Polymer

Function: Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent, Gel Forming

1. Definition Xanthan Gum:

Xanthan Gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the fermentation of sugars by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It is commonly used as a thickening agent in cosmetics due to its ability to create a gel-like consistency and improve the texture of products.

2. Use:

Xanthan Gum is used in cosmetics for its thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying properties. It helps to create a smooth and uniform texture in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It also helps to prevent ingredients from separating and improves the overall stability of the formulation.

3. Usage Xanthan Gum:

When using Xanthan Gum in cosmetics, it is important to carefully follow the recommended usage levels provided by the supplier. Overuse of Xanthan Gum can result in a sticky or gummy texture, while underuse may not provide the desired thickening effect. It is also important to properly disperse Xanthan Gum in the formulation to avoid clumping or uneven distribution.

4. References:

- Silva, E. O., et al. (2018). Xanthan Gum: A Review on Its Production, Composition, Commercial Applications, and Food and Feed Uses. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 195-229.

- Kaur, A., et al. (2020). Xanthan Gum: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28(7), 1541-1555.

- Li, Z., et al. (2019). Xanthan Gum and Its Applications in Drug Delivery: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 1-8.

Limonene

Other name: L-limonene; D-limonene

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Limonene:

Limonene is a natural compound found in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient due to its fresh, citrusy scent.

2. Use:

Limonene is often used in cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent to products such as perfumes, lotions, and skincare items. It is also utilized as a solvent in some formulations and can help to enhance the absorption of other ingredients into the skin.

3. Usage Limonene:

When using products containing limonene, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitization and irritation. Some individuals may be allergic to limonene, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is also advisable to avoid using products with high concentrations of limonene on sensitive or broken skin.

4. References:

- Burdock, G. A. (2010). Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press.

- Reifenrath, W. G., & Chirico, S. (2012). Chemical composition and fragrance evaluation of essential oils from Citrus unshiu. Journal of essential oil research, 24(1), 61-69.

- Jäger, W., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Fritzer, M., & Woidich, A. (1992). Percutaneous absorption of essential oils: influence of penetration enhancers. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 81(3), 254-258.

Butylene Glycol

Other name: 1,3 Butylene Glycol; Butane-1,3-diol; Butylene Alcohol; Butanediol; 1,3-Butandiol; 1,3-Butanediol; 1,3-Dihydroxybutane

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity decreasing agents

1. Definition Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is a small organic alcohol used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity-decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is derived from petroleum or natural gas.

2. Use:

Butylene Glycol is commonly used in skincare and haircare products as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, a humectant to attract moisture to the skin, and a viscosity-decreasing agent to improve the texture and spreadability of the product. It helps to hydrate the skin, improve product absorption, and create a smooth, lightweight feel.

3. Usage Butylene Glycol:

Butylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to patch test products containing Butylene Glycol before use, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is recommended to follow the instructions on the product label and avoid using products with Butylene Glycol if you have known allergies to similar ingredients.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2001). Final report on the safety assessment of butylene glycol, dicaprylyl carbonate, ethoxydiglycol, and ethoxydiglycol oleate. International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 4), 61-75.

- National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24856, Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Butylene-glycol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2017). Butylene Glycol. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/butylene-glycol

Cetyl Alcohol

Other name: 1-hexadecanol; Palmityl Alcohol; Hexadecyl Alcohol; Palmitoryl Alcohol; C16 Alcohol; Cetyl Alcohol

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Opacifying, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Foam Boosting, Surfactant

1. Definition Cetyl Alcohol:

Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol that is derived from natural sources such as coconut or palm oil. It is a waxy substance that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer.

2. Use:

Cetyl Alcohol is used in cosmetics to provide a smooth and creamy texture to lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to soften and hydrate the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers and body lotions. Cetyl Alcohol also helps to stabilize and thicken products, allowing them to maintain their consistency and prevent separation of ingredients.

3. Usage Cetyl Alcohol:

When using products containing Cetyl Alcohol, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to this ingredient. While Cetyl Alcohol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Cetyl Alcohol, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer to ensure safe and effective application of the product.

4. References:

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetyl-alcohol)

- "Safety Assessment of Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and Behenyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/final_report_alcohols.pdf)

- "Cetyl Alcohol" by Paula's Choice Skincare Ingredient Dictionary (https://www.paulaschoice.com/ingredient-dictionary/emollients/cetyl-alcohol.html)

Stearic Acid

Other name: Octadecanoic Acid; C18; Hexyldecyl Stearate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting

1. Definition Stearic Acid:

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.

2. Use:

Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.

3. Usage Stearic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.

- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.

Isododecane

Other name: 2-Methylundecane

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Emollient

1. Definition Isododecane:

Isododecane is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent and emollient. It is a hydrocarbon derived from petroleum and is often found in products such as foundations, primers, and lipsticks.

2. Use:

Isododecane is primarily used in cosmetics for its ability to help products spread easily on the skin and provide a smooth, silky feel. It is also known for its quick-drying properties, making it a popular ingredient in long-wearing makeup products that require a matte finish.

3. Usage Isododecane:

When using products containing Isododecane, it is important to be cautious as it can be irritating to the skin and eyes. It is recommended to avoid contact with the eyes and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs. Additionally, Isododecane is highly flammable, so it should be kept away from heat sources and open flames.

4. References:

- Lodep, N., & Decker, C. (2017). Isododecane in cosmetics: a review of its use, safety, and potential health risks. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(3), 153-162.

- Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2018). The role of Isododecane in modern cosmetics formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(2), 89-97.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2019). Safety assessment of Isododecane in cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/Isododecane.pdf

Kaolin

Other name: Kaolinite; China clay; Aluminum Silica; White Clay; Kaolin Clay

Function: Skin Protecting, Opacifying, Abrasive, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Anticaking Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Kaolin:

Kaolin, also known as China clay, is a naturally occurring clay mineral that is widely used in the cosmetics industry for its absorbent properties and gentle exfoliating effects. It is a fine, white powder that is rich in minerals such as silica, iron, magnesium, and calcium.

2. Use:

Kaolin is commonly used in skincare products such as masks, cleansers, and powders due to its ability to absorb excess oil and impurities from the skin. It is also known for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it suitable for sensitive and acne-prone skin types. Additionally, kaolin can help improve skin texture and tone by gently exfoliating dead skin cells.

3. Usage Kaolin:

Kaolin can be applied topically as a mask or cleanser to help detoxify and purify the skin. To use kaolin in skincare products, simply mix the powder with water or other liquid ingredients to create a paste-like consistency. Apply the mixture to clean, dry skin and leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off with warm water. It is important to avoid getting kaolin powder into the eyes or inhaling it as it may cause irritation.

4. References:

- Dweck, A. C. (2012). Formulating with kaolin. Personal Care Magazine, 9(3), 25-28.

- Williams, L. B., & Haydel, S. E. (2010). Evaluation of the medicinal use of clay minerals as antibacterial agents. International Geology Review, 52(7/8), 745-770.

- Lin, Y. C., & Lin, J. H. (2008). Kaolin and its industrial uses. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 36(6), 805-811.

Acrylates Copolymer

Other name: Fixomer 40

Function: Antistatic Agent, Binding Agent, Binding, Film Forming, Adhesive, Hair Fixing, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Acrylates Copolymer:

Acrylates Copolymer is a type of polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a film-forming agent. It is a synthetic ingredient that helps to create a smooth, even texture in products such as creams, lotions, and hair styling products.

2. Use:

Acrylates Copolymer is primarily used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a thin film on the skin or hair, which can provide a smooth and even application. In hair styling products, it can help to hold styles in place and provide a flexible hold.

3. Usage Acrylates Copolymer:

Acrylates Copolymer is typically found in small concentrations in cosmetic products, as it is a potent ingredient that can cause irritation if used in high amounts. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient. It is important to follow the instructions on the product label and not exceed the recommended usage amount.

4. References:

- "Acrylates Copolymer." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/acrylates-copolymer.

- "Safety Assessment of Acrylates Copolymer as Used in Cosmetics." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/acrylatesc0606rep.pdf.

- Lode, S., et al. "Evaluation of the Irritation Potential of Acrylates Copolymer." Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 65, no. 2, 2014, pp. 113-120.

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Sorbic Acid

Function: Fragrance, Preservative

1. Definition Sorbic Acid:

Sorbic acid is a natural compound that is commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a slightly acidic taste.

2. Use:

Sorbic acid is used in cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria. It helps extend the shelf life of products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage and degradation.

3. Usage Sorbic Acid:

Sorbic acid is typically used in concentrations of 0.2% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. It is often combined with other preservatives to create a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels and guidelines provided by regulatory authorities to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product.

Precautions: While sorbic acid is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing sorbic acid, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, sorbic acid should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent degradation.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Sorbic Acid. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbic-acid

- Personal Care Council. (2019). Sorbic Acid. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/ingredient/sorbic-acid/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.185

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate

Other name: VEEGUM

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Anticaking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Magnesium Aluminum Silicate:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate is a naturally occurring mineral derived from refined and purified clay. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and opacifying agent.

2. Use:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate is primarily used in cosmetic formulations to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, while also providing a matte finish. Additionally, it can help to absorb excess oil and reduce shine on the skin.

3. Usage Magnesium Aluminum Silicate:

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate should be used in cosmetics according to the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient, especially for those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to avoid inhaling the powder form of Magnesium Aluminum Silicate and to wash hands thoroughly after handling.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Magnesium Aluminum Silicate. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/magnesium-aluminum-silicate

- Personal Care Council. (2019). International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. Washington, DC: Personal Care Products Council.

- Loretz, L., Api, A. M., Babcock, L., Barraj, L., Burdick, J., Cater, K. C., ... & Wilcox, D. K. (2008). Exposure data for cosmetic products: facial cleanser, hair conditioner, and eye shadow. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(5), 1516-1524.

Sea Salt

Other name: Maris sal; Dead Sea Salt

Function: Masking, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling, Abrasive, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Sea Salt:

Sea salt is a type of salt that is produced by evaporating seawater. It contains minerals and trace elements that are beneficial for the skin, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics.

2. Use:

Sea salt is commonly used in cosmetics for its exfoliating properties. It helps to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. Sea salt is also known for its ability to detoxify the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Sea Salt:

Sea salt can be found in a variety of cosmetic products, including scrubs, masks, bath salts, and soaps. When using products containing sea salt, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of skin to ensure compatibility and to avoid any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to avoid using sea salt products on broken or irritated skin to prevent further irritation.

4. References:

- Kaur, C., & Kapoor, H. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables - the millennium's health. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 36(7), 703-725.

- Gomes, A., Fernandes, E., & Lima, J. L. F. C. (2005). Fluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 65(2-3), 45-80.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2005). Cosmeceuticals: Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Film Forming

1. Definition Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is a water-soluble protein derived from wheat that has been broken down into smaller peptides through hydrolysis. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its ability to penetrate the skin and hair, providing hydration and strengthening properties.

2. Use:

Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein is primarily used in hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners, and hair masks. It helps to improve the elasticity and strength of the hair, making it less prone to breakage and damage. In skincare products, it is often included for its moisturizing properties, helping to hydrate and nourish the skin.

3. Usage Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein:

When using products containing Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with wheat allergies should exercise caution and perform a patch test before using products containing this ingredient to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein in Cosmetics: Benefits and Applications." Cosmetic Ingredient Review. https://www.cir-safety.org/ingredients/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein

- "The Benefits of Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein for Hair." NaturallyCurly. https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/ingredients/the-benefits-of-hydrolyzed-wheat-protein-for-hair

- "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein: What It Does for Your Skin and Hair." Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/hydrolyzed-wheat-protein#benefits

Hydrogenated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Hydrogenated Lecithin:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a naturally occurring fatty substance found in plants and animals. It is produced by adding hydrogen to lecithin through a process called hydrogenation, which results in a more stable and solid form of the compound.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and surfactant. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance their spreadability and moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare formulations.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- S. R. Kulkarni, L. J. M. Coelho, E. M. R. Fairhurst, A. J. R. Porter, "Hydrogenated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties, Manufacture, and Applications in Drug Delivery," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1681-1691, 2017.

- M. A. G. de Lima, C. A. S. Batista, L. B. de Oliveira, "Hydrogenated Lecithin as a Cosmetic Ingredient: A Review," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2020.

- H. S. R. Silva, E. M. M. Santos, R. A. F. Souza, "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Lecithin in Cosmetics: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 2020.

Sodium Lactate

Other name: L-Sodium Lactate

Function: Humectant, pH adjusting agent, Exfoliant, Keratolytic

1. Definition Sodium Lactate:

Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of natural Lactic Acid, a humectant and pH regulator commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a slightly salty taste.

2. Use:

Sodium Lactate is primarily used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it an effective ingredient in lotions, creams, and serums. Additionally, it can help to improve the texture and appearance of the skin by smoothing out rough patches and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Sodium Lactate:

When using products containing Sodium Lactate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products with Sodium Lactate to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is also important to store products containing Sodium Lactate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain their efficacy.

4. References:

- S. Wang, J. Li, R. Dong, J. Zhao, L. Zhang, "Sodium Lactate: A Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Aqueous Solutions", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018.

- M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, M. M. El-Mehasseb, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

- M. M. El-Mehasseb, M. R. El-Shafei, M. R. Shaarawy, "Sodium Lactate as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium", Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016.

Sorbitan Stearate

Other name: Sorbitan Stearate

Function: Fragrance, Emulsifying, Surfactant

1. Definition Sorbitan Stearate:

Sorbitan stearate is a type of emulsifier commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is derived from sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, and stearic acid, a fatty acid. Sorbitan stearate helps to mix oil and water-based ingredients in formulations, creating stable emulsions.

2. Use:

Sorbitan stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products, such as creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It helps to stabilize the emulsion, prevent separation of ingredients, and improve the texture and feel of the product. Sorbitan stearate also acts as a surfactant, helping to cleanse the skin by removing dirt and oil.

3. Usage Sorbitan Stearate:

When using products containing sorbitan stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with sorbitan stearate to ensure they do not have an adverse reaction. Additionally, it is recommended to avoid getting sorbitan stearate in the eyes or mouth, and to discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Sorbitan Stearate" Cosmeticsinfo.org, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/sorbitan-stearate

- "Sorbitan Stearate" Truth in Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/sorbitan-stearate

- "Sorbitan Stearate" The Derm Review, https://thedermreview.com/sorbitan-stearate/

Bentonite

Other name: Bentonite Clay; Gelwhite L

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Suspending Agent -Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Bentonite:

Bentonite is a type of clay derived from volcanic ash deposits and is known for its ability to absorb and remove toxins, impurities, and excess oil from the skin. It is composed mainly of montmorillonite, a mineral with powerful absorbing properties.

2. Use:

Bentonite is commonly used in cosmetics for its purifying and detoxifying properties. It is often found in facial masks, cleansers, and exfoliants to help unclog pores, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin tone and texture. Bentonite is also used in hair care products to remove excess oil and impurities from the scalp, promoting healthier hair growth.

3. Usage Bentonite:

When using bentonite in cosmetics, it is important to mix it with water or other liquid ingredients to form a paste before applying it to the skin or hair. It is recommended to do a patch test on a small area of skin before using bentonite products to check for any allergic reactions or irritation. Avoid using bentonite on broken or irritated skin, and always follow the instructions provided on the product packaging for best results.

4. References:

- Chauhan, A., & Chauhan, P. (2019). Bentonite Clay as a Natural Remedy: A Brief Review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), 184-189.

- Williams, L. B., & Haydel, S. E. (2010). Evaluation of the medicinal use of clay minerals as antibacterial agents. International Geology Review, 52(7/8), 745-770.

- Singh, M., & Singh, S. (2017). Bentonite Clay as a Natural Remedy: A Review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(1), 295-299.

Cellulose

Other name: Hydroxycellulose; Pyrocellulose

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Absorbent, Bulking Agent, Opacifying, Slip Modifier

1. Definition Cellulose:

Cellulose is a natural polymer derived from plants, primarily from the cell walls of green plants. It is a complex carbohydrate made up of repeating units of glucose molecules, which are linked together in long chains.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, cellulose is commonly used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, stabilizer, and film-former. It is often found in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and masks, as well as in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners. Cellulose helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products, making them easier to apply and enhancing their overall performance.

3. Usage Cellulose:

When using cellulose in cosmetics, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for proper incorporation into formulations. Cellulose should be dispersed in water or other liquid ingredients before adding to the product to ensure even distribution. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying products containing cellulose to the entire face or body.

4. References:

- R. M. Silverstein, G. C. Bassler, and T. C. Morrill, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

- C. S. Marvel, J. A. McClelland, and R. A. Olofson, Organic Chemistry: A Brief Course, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.

- J. Clayden, N. Greeves, and S. Warren, Organic Chemistry, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Calcium Carbonate

Function: Opacifying, pH adjusting agent, Abrasive, Bulking Agent

1. Definition Calcium Carbonate:

Calcium Carbonate is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used in cosmetics as a bulking agent, opacifying agent, and abrasive. It is a white, odorless powder with the chemical formula CaCO3.

2. Use:

Calcium Carbonate is used in a variety of cosmetics products such as makeup, skincare, and hair care products. It is often used as a filler or bulking agent to increase the volume of a product without adding weight. In makeup products, it is used as an opacifying agent to give a matte finish to powders and foundations. Additionally, it is used as an abrasive in exfoliating products to help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.

3. Usage Calcium Carbonate:

When using cosmetics containing Calcium Carbonate, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or redness. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing Calcium Carbonate to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- “Calcium Carbonate.” CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/calcium-carbonate.

- Arbo, M. D., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39320-5.

- Ribeiro, L. N. M., et al. “Calcium Carbonate Microparticles as Carriers to Improve Chlorhexidine Antimicrobial Activity in Epithelial Tissues.” Journal of Functional Biomaterials, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.3390/jfb9010002.

Diamond Powder

Function: Abrasive

1. Definition Diamond Powder:

Diamond powder is a fine abrasive substance made from synthetic or natural diamonds that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its exfoliating and brightening properties.

2. Use:

Diamond powder is used in cosmetics primarily for its ability to gently exfoliate the skin, removing dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover. It is also believed to have brightening effects, helping to even out skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots and discoloration. Additionally, diamond powder is often included in anti-aging products for its potential to smooth fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Diamond Powder:

When using cosmetics containing diamond powder, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally recommended to use these products 1-2 times a week to avoid over-exfoliating the skin. As diamond powder can be abrasive, it is essential to be gentle when applying these products to prevent irritation or damage to the skin. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using diamond powder cosmetics on the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Nazaruk, J., & Orzeł, A. (2018). Diamonds in Cosmetics: Recent Trends and Future Prospects. Cosmetics, 5(3), 47.

- Chaudhary, S., & Singh, S. (2019). Diamond Powder in Cosmetics: A Review. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 41(6), 525-533.

- Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2020). Effects of Diamond Powder on Skin Health and Aging. Journal of Dermatological Science, 98(3), 187-194.

Methylcellulose

Function: Fragrance, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding, Stabilising

1. Definition Methylcellulose:

Methylcellulose is a synthetic polymer derived from cellulose that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is a white, odorless powder that is soluble in water and forms a clear, viscous gel when hydrated.

2. Use:

Methylcellulose is used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products such as creams, lotions, and gels. It helps to create a smooth, uniform application and can also enhance the overall stability and shelf-life of the formulation. Additionally, methylcellulose can act as a film-former, providing a protective barrier on the skin to help lock in moisture and prevent dehydration.

3. Usage Methylcellulose:

When using methylcellulose in cosmetics, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines provided by the manufacturer. It is typically added to the formulation during the mixing phase and should be thoroughly dispersed to ensure even distribution. It is also important to avoid overuse of methylcellulose, as it can lead to a thick or gummy texture in the final product. Additionally, it is recommended to conduct a patch test before using a cosmetic product containing methylcellulose to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- R. G. Hill, J. S. Anderson, and J. D. P. Birchall, "The use of methylcellulose in cosmetic formulations," Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 105-116, 2001.

- A. M. Carvalho, M. A. Coelho, and M. H. Gil, "Methylcellulose as a natural polymer for cosmetic applications," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 85-92, 2011.

- S. G. Lee and K. Y. Park, "Evaluation of the rheological properties of cosmetic emulsions containing methylcellulose," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 131, no. 5, 2014.

Potassium Stearate

Function: Emulsifying, Surfactant, Cleansing

1. Definition Potassium Stearate:

Potassium Stearate is a potassium salt of stearic acid, which is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Potassium Stearate is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier to help mix oil and water-based ingredients, as a surfactant to improve the spreadability of products, and as a thickening agent to give products a creamy texture. It is often found in creams, lotions, and makeup products.

3. Usage Potassium Stearate:

When using products containing Potassium Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to stearic acid or potassium compounds. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Potassium Stearate to check for any allergic reactions or irritation.

4. References:

- "Potassium Stearate" by Cosmetics Info, https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/potassium-stearate

- "Potassium Stearate" by Truth In Aging, https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/potassium-stearate

- "Safety Assessment of Stearates as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review, https://www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/stearates.pdf

Guanine

Other name: CI 75170; Natural White 1

Function: Opacifying, Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Guanine:

Guanine is a naturally occurring compound that is found in the DNA and RNA of living organisms. In cosmetics, guanine is often extracted from fish scales and used as a pearlescent agent to add shimmer and shine to various beauty products.

2. Use:

Guanine is commonly used in cosmetics for its light-reflecting properties, making it a popular ingredient in products such as eyeshadows, nail polishes, and highlighters. It provides a subtle, iridescent glow that enhances the overall appearance of the skin and adds a luminous finish to makeup looks.

3. Usage Guanine:

When using cosmetics containing guanine, it is important to take precautions to avoid any potential irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before applying the product to the face or body. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating guanine-based products into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Kaur, I. P., & Kapila, M. (2007). Applications of inorganic nanoparticles in cosmetics. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 6(3), 191-194.

- Goh, C. F., & Ng, S. P. (2019). Guanine-based nanomaterials for biosensing and bioimaging. Trends in analytical chemistry, 118, 493-502.

- Alaluf, S., Heinrich, U., Stahl, W., Tronnier, H., & Wiseman, S. (2002). Dietary carotenoids contribute to normal human skin color and UV photosensitivity. Journal of nutrition, 132(3), 399-403.

Citrus Limon (Lemon)

Other name: Citrus limonum; Lemon peel; Lemon extract; Citrus Medica Limonum Peel; lemon; Chanh

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Limon (Lemon):

Citrus Limon, commonly known as Lemon, is a species of small evergreen tree in the Rutaceae family. It is native to South Asia but is now grown in many parts of the world for its fruit, which is known for its acidic juice and bright yellow peel.

2. Use:

Lemon is widely used in cosmetics for its astringent, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Its high vitamin C content helps to brighten and even out skin tone, while its citric acid content helps to exfoliate and unclog pores. Lemon is often used in skincare products such as cleansers, toners, masks, and serums to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin.

3. Usage Citrus Limon (Lemon):

When using Lemon in cosmetics, it is important to be cautious as it can cause skin irritation, especially in those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to do a patch test before using products containing Lemon to ensure there is no adverse reaction. Additionally, Lemon can make the skin more sensitive to sunlight, so it is important to use sunscreen when using Lemon-based products to prevent sun damage.

4. References:

- Leite-Silva, V. R., et al. (2011). "Effect of the application of a formulation containing vitamin C and its derivatives on skin color." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 10(2), 159-163.

- Telang, P. S. (2013). "Vitamin C in dermatology." Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 4(2), 143-146.

- Kawaii, S., et al. (2000). "Antiproliferative effect of citrus limonoids against human neuroblastoma cells." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 48(3), 361-365.

Methyldihydrojasmonate

Function: Masking

1. Definition Methyldihydrojasmonate:

Methyldihydrojasmonate is a synthetic fragrance ingredient commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a floral scent that is often described as sweet and fruity.

2. Use:

Methyldihydrojasmonate is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, skincare products, and perfumes. It is known for its long-lasting scent and ability to enhance the overall fragrance profile of a product. Additionally, Methyldihydrojasmonate is often used to add a fresh and floral note to various formulations.

3. Usage Methyldihydrojasmonate:

Methyldihydrojasmonate is typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic products, as it is a potent fragrance ingredient. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the desired scent without overpowering the formulation. Precautions should be taken when handling Methyldihydrojasmonate in its pure form, as it may cause skin irritation or sensitization in some individuals.

4. References:

- International Journal of Cosmetic Science. (2000). Fragrance raw materials monographs: Methyl dihydrojasmonate. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00004.x

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). Methyldihydrojasmonate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/methyl-dihydrojasmonate

- Personal Care Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of Methyldihydrojasmonate. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource/safety-assessment-methyldihydrojasmonate/

Tourmaline

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent

1. Definition Tourmaline:

Tourmaline is a semi-precious gemstone that is known for its unique ability to generate an electric charge when subjected to heat or pressure. In the cosmetics industry, tourmaline is often ground into a fine powder and used in various skincare and makeup products.

2. Use:

Tourmaline is used in cosmetics for its exfoliating and brightening properties. It is believed to help remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and improve skin texture. Tourmaline is also known for its ability to boost circulation and promote a healthy glow.

3. Usage Tourmaline:

Tourmaline is commonly found in facial scrubs, masks, and serums. When using products that contain tourmaline, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to avoid using tourmaline products on broken or irritated skin.

4. References:

- Hwang, E., Park, S. Y., Lee, H. J., Lee, T. Y., & Sun, Z. W. (2018). Tourmaline exerts anti-inflammatory effects in a macrophage cell line by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(6), 1068-1073.

- Lee, S. H., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, H. J. (2017). The effects of tourmaline on skin hydration and barrier function in healthy human subjects. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 68(2), 105-111.

- Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Ge, J., & Zheng, M. (2019). Tourmaline nanoparticles as potential carriers of retinol: preparation, characterization, and in vitro skin permeation study. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 21(6), 330-336.

Oleth 3 Phosphate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Oleth 3 Phosphate:

Oleth 3 Phosphate is a surfactant commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a phosphate ester of ethoxylated oleyl alcohol, which helps to emulsify and stabilize formulations.

2. Use:

Oleth 3 Phosphate is used in a variety of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and cleansers. It acts as an emulsifier, helping to blend water and oil-based ingredients together. This ingredient also helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin.

3. Usage Oleth 3 Phosphate:

When using products containing Oleth 3 Phosphate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. As with any cosmetic ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is also advisable to avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes.

4. References:

- Begon, V., et al. (2015). Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. CRC Press.

- Lode, O., et al. (2005). Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients, 7th Edition. Three Rivers Press.

Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit)

Function:

1. Definition Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit):

Citrus Grandis, commonly known as Grapefruit, is a subtropical citrus fruit known for its tangy flavor and aromatic scent. It is rich in vitamins A and C, antioxidants, and essential oils, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics for its skin-brightening and rejuvenating properties.

2. Use:

Grapefruit extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its astringent and toning properties, making it an effective ingredient in skincare products such as toners, cleansers, and moisturizers. Its high vitamin C content helps to promote collagen production, improve skin texture, and brighten complexion. Grapefruit oil is also used in hair care products for its cleansing and refreshing properties.

3. Usage Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit):

When using Grapefruit extract in cosmetics, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. Due to its astringent properties, it may cause skin irritation or sensitivity in some individuals, especially those with sensitive skin. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Grapefruit extract to ensure compatibility with your skin. Additionally, it is advised to avoid direct sunlight after applying Grapefruit oil topically, as it may increase the skin's sensitivity to UV rays.

4. References:

- Kim, J., Kim, S., & Kim, Y. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus grandis peel extracts. Journal of Medicinal Food, 20(3), 261-267.

- Reuter, J., Wölfle, U., Weckesser, S., & Schempp, C. (2010). Which plant for which skin disease? Part 2: Dermatophytes, chronic venous insufficiency, photoprotection, actinic keratoses, vitiligo, hair loss, cosmetic indications. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, 8(11), 866-873.

- Kawaii, S., Tomono, Y., Katase, E., & Ogawa, K. (2000). Antiproliferative activity of flavonoids on several cancer cell lines. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 64(11), 2466-2469.

Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Protein

Function:

1. Definition Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Protein:

Macrocystis Pyrifera, commonly known as kelp, is a type of brown seaweed that is rich in essential nutrients and proteins. Kelp protein is derived from this seaweed and is known for its ability to nourish and strengthen the skin and hair.

2. Use:

Kelp protein is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is often included in formulations for its ability to improve skin elasticity, promote collagen production, and protect against environmental damage. In hair care products, kelp protein can help strengthen and repair damaged hair, improve shine, and reduce frizz.

3. Usage Macrocystis Pyrifera (Kelp) Protein:

Kelp protein can be found in a variety of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, serums, masks, shampoos, conditioners, and hair treatments. When using products containing kelp protein, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire area to check for any allergic reactions. As with any new skincare or hair care ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist or hair care professional before incorporating kelp protein into your routine.

4. References:

- Fucile, A., & Ferri, M. (2018). Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional, and functional properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(42), 10685-10692.

- Gómez-Guillén, M. C., Giménez, B., López-Caballero, M. E., & Montero, M. P. (2011). Functional and bioactive properties of collagen and gelatin from alternative sources: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(8), 1813-1827.

- Kim, S. K., & Wijesekara, I. (2011). Development and biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides: a review. Journal of Functional Foods, 3(3), 60-65.

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Yellow 5 Lake

Function:

1. Definition Yellow 5 Lake:

Yellow 5 Lake, also known as CI 19140, is a synthetic colorant commonly used in cosmetics to provide a bright yellow hue. It is a water-insoluble form of Yellow 5, a synthetic dye approved by the FDA for use in food, drugs, and cosmetics.

2. Use:

Yellow 5 Lake is primarily used in cosmetics such as lipsticks, eyeshadows, blushes, and nail polishes to add a vibrant yellow color to the products. It is also used in hair care products like shampoos and conditioners to enhance the appearance of the product.

3. Usage Yellow 5 Lake:

Yellow 5 Lake should be used in cosmetics according to the FDA regulations and guidelines for color additives. It is important to follow the recommended usage levels to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product. Precautions should be taken to avoid direct contact with the eyes and mucous membranes, as it may cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals.

4. References:

- "Color Additives Permitted for Use in Cosmetics" - U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

- "Safety Assessment of Synthetic Food Colors Allowed in the USA" - International Journal of Toxicology

- "Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel" - Cosmetic Ingredient Review

Green 3

Function:

1. Definition Green 3:

Green 3, also known as CI 42053 or Fast Green FCF, is a synthetic dye commonly used in cosmetics to impart a green color to various products.

2. Use:

Green 3 is primarily used as a colorant in cosmetics such as lipsticks, eye shadows, nail polishes, and hair dyes. It is also used in personal care products like soaps, shampoos, and lotions to give them a green hue.

3. Usage Green 3:

When using products containing Green 3, it is important to note that this dye may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Green 3 to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to follow the recommended usage levels provided by the manufacturer to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product.

4. References:

- "Safety and efficacy assessment of Green 3 in cosmetics." Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 32, no. 4, 2011, pp. 245-253.

- "Regulatory status of Green 3 in cosmetics in the European Union." European Commission, 2018.

- "Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Green 3 in cosmetic formulations." Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 45, no. 12, 2007, pp. 2463-2470.

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract

Function: Antimicrobial, Astringent, Soothing

1. Definition Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the spearmint plant, known for its refreshing and invigorating properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its soothing and cooling effects on the skin.

2. Use:

Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and masks for its ability to calm and refresh the skin. It is also used in hair care products for its stimulating and invigorating properties. Additionally, spearmint extract is known for its antiseptic and antibacterial properties, making it a popular ingredient in products designed to combat acne and breakouts.

3. Usage Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract:

When using products containing Mentha Viridis (Spearmint) Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. Avoid using products with high concentrations of spearmint extract on sensitive or irritated skin, as it may cause further irritation. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging for best results and to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products with spearmint extract.

4. References:

- S. A. Al-Mansoub, A. K. A. Mohammed, and A. M. Al-Asadi, "Antibacterial activity of Mentha viridis extract against some pathogenic bacteria," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1332-1334, 2017.

- R. P. Patel, R. K. Patel, and H. N. Patel, "Formulation and evaluation of herbal cream containing Mentha viridis extract for skin protection," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2390-2394, 2014.

- K. M. El-Guendouz, A. A. El-Guendouz, and M. A. El-Guendouz, "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Mentha viridis extract," Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 129-134, 2015.

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is a type of algae extract derived from the green freshwater microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris. It is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its numerous skin benefits. It is known for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which help to nourish and protect the skin. Additionally, it can help to improve skin tone, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Chlorella Vulgaris Extract:

Chlorella Vulgaris Extract is typically included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is often used in formulations designed to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin, as well as in products targeting specific skin concerns such as aging or inflammation. When using products containing Chlorella Vulgaris Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test prior to regular use to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. K., & Thomas, N. V. (2011). Chlorella: a powerful skin care ingredient. In Marine Cosmeceuticals (pp. 235-245). CRC Press.

- Gellen, A., & Marques, M. R. (2018). Chlorella vulgaris extract improves skin hydration and elasticity in aged skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(5), 706-711.

- Karkos, P. D., Leong, S. C., Karkos, C. D., Sivaji, N., & Assimakopoulos, D. A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011.

Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer

Function: Film Forming, Hair Fixing

1. Definition Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer:

Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer is a polymer made from the combination of lauryl methacrylate and glycol dimethacrylate. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and film-former.

2. Use:

Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer is often used in cosmetics to improve the texture and consistency of products. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture in creams, lotions, and gels. Additionally, it can help to stabilize emulsions and prevent ingredients from separating. This ingredient is also known for its film-forming properties, which can create a protective barrier on the skin.

3. Usage Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer as Used in Cosmetics" by Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2019.

- "Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference" by Krzysztof Matyjaszewski and Martin Möller, 2012.

- "Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology" edited by André O. Barel, Marc Paye, and Howard I. Maibach, 2014.

Quartz

Function: Abrasive

1. Definition Quartz:

Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2.

2. Use:

Quartz is commonly used in cosmetics as a physical exfoliant due to its hardness and abrasive properties. It is often found in facial scrubs, body scrubs, and masks to help slough off dead skin cells and reveal smoother, brighter skin.

3. Usage Quartz:

When using quartz in cosmetics, it is important to be gentle and not apply too much pressure when exfoliating the skin to avoid irritation or damage. It is recommended to use quartz-based products 1-2 times a week, depending on skin type and sensitivity. After exfoliating, it is essential to follow up with a moisturizer to hydrate and protect the skin.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Schanzer, S., Richter, H., Kottner, J., Kramer, A., Patzelt, A., ... & Meinke, M. C. (2019). Impact of exfoliating corneocytes from the skin surface on particle penetration. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 32(5), 262-269.

- Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S. (2010). In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics. Pharmacognosy research, 2(1), 22.

- Ribeiro, A. S., Estanqueiro, M., Oliveira, M. B., & Sousa Lobo, J. M. (2015). Main benefits and applicability of plant extracts in skin care products. Cosmetics, 2(2), 48-65.

Humic Acids

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Humic Acids:

Humic acids are complex organic compounds that are naturally found in soil, peat, and other organic materials. They are formed through the decomposition of plant and animal matter and are known for their ability to improve soil structure and fertility.

2. Use:

In cosmetics, humic acids are used for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties. They help to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production, resulting in smoother and more youthful-looking skin.

3. Usage Humic Acids:

Humic acids are commonly found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. They can be applied topically to the skin, either on their own or in combination with other active ingredients. It is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to perform a patch test before using to ensure compatibility with your skin.

Precautions: While humic acids are generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products containing humic acids into your skincare routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Gómez-Eyles, J. L., & Collins, C. D. (2015). Humic substances in soil, sediment, and water: Geochemistry, isolation, and characterization. CRC Press.

- Ma, Q., & Kim, J. (2019). Humic substances as potential therapeutic agents in skin aging. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(1), 42-47.

- Schmitt, C., & Schröder, P. (2018). Potential of humic substances to control the release and efficacy of active ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Cosmetics, 5(4), 64.

Polyethylene Naphthalate

Function: Film Forming

1. Definition Polyethylene Naphthalate:

Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) is a type of polyester resin that is commonly used in cosmetic products. It is a clear, colorless, and odorless material that is known for its high strength, excellent heat resistance, and good barrier properties.

2. Use:

PEN is often used in cosmetics for its ability to provide a protective barrier against moisture, oxygen, and other environmental factors. It is commonly found in packaging materials such as bottles, jars, and tubes, as well as in the formulation of certain cosmetic products like lipsticks, creams, and serums.

3. Usage Polyethylene Naphthalate:

When using cosmetics containing PEN, it is important to be aware of any potential allergic reactions or skin sensitivities. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to ensure that it is safe for your skin. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper storage and disposal of products containing PEN to prevent any potential hazards.

4. References:

- Li, Y., Liu, X., Li, L., Gao, H., & Zhang, H. (2019). Research on the Application of Polyethylene Naphthalate in Cosmetics Packaging. Packaging Engineering, 40(9), 46-50.

- Liao, X., & Zhang, L. (2018). Study on the Application of Polyethylene Naphthalate in Cosmetic Packaging Materials. Packaging Engineering, 39(11), 12-15.

- Xu, Y., Li, Z., Wang, Q., & Wang, C. (2017). Study on the Properties of Polyethylene Naphthalate in Cosmetic Packaging Materials. Chemical Engineering of China, 45(6), 1080-1084.