Full ingredients list CoTZ Lip Balm SPF 45

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
2		Iron Oxides (Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)
1 3		Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
1	B	Ethylhexyl Palmitate (Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Fragrance)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
1	A	Ozokerite (Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding)
1	A	C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antimicrobial)
1	A	Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax
1		Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Oil (Skin Conditioning, Masking, Perfuming, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent, Tonic)
1	B	Cetearyl Isononanoate (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)
2		Zinc Palmitate (Deodorant)
1		Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Water
2 3	A	Tocopheryl Acetate (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Anti Aging
1		Hexadecanolactone (Masking, Perfuming)
1		Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate
1	B	Hexyldecyllaurate (Skin Conditioning, Emollient)

Iron Oxides

Other name: Iron Oxide; Ferric Oxide; Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499); Ferrous oxide

Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Iron Oxides:

Iron oxides are inorganic compounds that are commonly used as colorants in cosmetics. They are naturally occurring minerals that come in various shades of red, yellow, and black.

2. Use:

Iron oxides are used in cosmetics to add color to products such as foundations, eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks. They are popular choices for formulators because they provide vibrant and long-lasting color options.

3. Usage Iron Oxides:

Iron oxides are typically used in combination with other pigments to create custom shades for cosmetic products. They are considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow guidelines for proper usage to avoid any potential skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform patch tests before using products containing iron oxides, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Iron Oxides for Cosmetic Use: A Review" by S. B. Chavan and A. R. Bhamare

Titanium Dioxide

Other name: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Ethylhexyl Palmitate

Other name: Octyl Palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester

Function: Skin Conditioning, Perfuming, Emollient, Fragrance

1. Definition Ethylhexyl Palmitate:

Ethylhexyl Palmitate is a synthetic ester derived from palm oil and is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin-conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a light, non-greasy texture.

2. Use:

Ethylhexyl Palmitate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as moisturizers, sunscreens, foundations, and lipsticks. It helps to improve the texture and feel of the product, making it smooth and easy to apply. It also has emollient properties that help to soften and hydrate the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and moisturized.

3. Usage Ethylhexyl Palmitate:

When using products containing Ethylhexyl Palmitate, it is important to be aware of potential skin sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience irritation or breakouts when using products with this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or a history of skin reactions to certain ingredients.

4. References:

- Ethylhexyl Palmitate. (n.d.). Cosmetics Info. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethylhexyl-palmitate

- Guo, L., & Lai, W. (2012). Ethylhexyl Palmitate. In Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology (pp. 193-200). CRC Press.

- Ethylhexyl Palmitate. (n.d.). The Derm Review. https://thedermreview.com/ethylhexyl-palmitate/

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Ozokerite

Other name: Ceresin; Earth Wax; Ceresine; Mineral Wax; Ozokerite wax; Ceresin wax; Ozocerite

Function: Opacifying, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Binding Agent, Binding

1. Definition Ozokerite:

Ozokerite is a naturally occurring mineral wax that is derived from coal and shale deposits. It is composed of long-chain saturated hydrocarbons and is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and emollient.

2. Use:

Ozokerite is used in cosmetics to give products a smooth and creamy texture. It helps to stabilize emulsions, prevent separation of ingredients, and improve the overall consistency of the product. Ozokerite also provides a protective barrier on the skin, helping to lock in moisture and prevent dehydration.

3. Usage Ozokerite:

Ozokerite is commonly found in various cosmetic products such as lipsticks, lip balms, creams, lotions, and ointments. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines when using products containing ozokerite. Some individuals may be sensitive to ozokerite, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product for the first time.

4. References:

- "Ozokerite in Cosmetics: Uses and Safety." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ozokerite.

- "Ozokerite Wax." MakingCosmetics Inc., www.makingcosmetics.com/Ozokerite-Wax_p_119.html.

- "Ozokerite." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ozokerite.

C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate

Other name: C12-C15 alkyl benzoate; Alkyl (C12-C15) benzoate; Dodecyl benzoate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antimicrobial

1. Definition C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate:

C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is an ester derived from benzoic acid and a mixture of alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from 12 to 15. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, skin conditioning agent, and solvent.

2. Use:

C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is utilized in various cosmetic formulations such as sunscreens, moisturizers, and makeup products. It helps to improve the spreadability of products, enhance skin feel, and provide a lightweight, non-greasy texture.

3. Usage C12 15 Alkyl Benzoate:

When using products containing C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, it is important to follow the recommended guidelines and apply as directed on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for topical application, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before widespread use to ensure compatibility.

Precautions: While C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. It is recommended to avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

4. References:

- "C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate" in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 14th Edition.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2003). Final report on the safety assessment of C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). CIR Expert Panel Reaffirms Safety of C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate in Cosmetics.

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax

Function:

1. Definition Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax:

Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax is a natural wax derived from the seeds of the sunflower plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a vegan alternative to beeswax.

2. Use:

Sunflower seed wax is known for its emollient properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products such as lip balms, moisturizers, and creams. It helps to hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it feeling soft and smooth.

3. Usage Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax:

Sunflower seed wax can be found in various cosmetic formulations, including lipsticks, lip balms, and body lotions. It is often used as a thickening agent or emollient to improve the texture and consistency of the product. When using products containing sunflower seed wax, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics but should be avoided by individuals with known allergies to sunflower seeds.

4. References:

- International Journal of Cosmetic Science. (2016). Sunflower wax: A valuable plant wax. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12314

- Cosmetics & Toiletries. (2018). Sunflower wax: A natural alternative to petrolatum. https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/natural/Sunflower-Wax-A-Natural-Alternative-to-Petrolatum-487411121.html

- Journal of Oleo Science. (2015). Sunflower wax: A review. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess14268

Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Oil

Function: Skin Conditioning, Masking, Perfuming, Fragrance, Flavoring Agent, Tonic

1. Definition Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Oil:

Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Oil is a natural essential oil extracted from the root of the ginger plant. It is known for its warm, spicy, and invigorating aroma.

2. Use:

Ginger Root Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its various benefits. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. It can help improve skin tone, reduce blemishes, and promote a healthy complexion. Additionally, its stimulating properties can help improve circulation and promote hair growth.

3. Usage Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Oil:

Ginger Root Oil can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, serums, and hair care products. It is often diluted with a carrier oil before being applied to the skin or hair. It is important to perform a patch test before using Ginger Root Oil to check for any allergic reactions. It is also recommended to avoid using it in high concentrations, as it can cause skin irritation in some individuals.

4. References:

- Ali, B., Blunden, G., Tanira, M., & Nemmar, A. (2008). Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 409-420.

- Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., & Frondoza, C. G. (2005). Ginger—an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(2), 125-132.

- Park, M., Bae, J., & Lee, D. S. (2012). Antibacterial activity of [10]-gingerol and [12]-gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria. Phytotherapy Research, 26(7), 1017-1020.

Cetearyl Isononanoate

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Cetearyl Isononanoate:

Cetearyl Isononanoate is a synthetic compound commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a combination of cetearyl alcohol and isononanoic acid.

2. Use:

Cetearyl Isononanoate is primarily used in skincare products such as creams, lotions, and moisturizers to help soften and smooth the skin. It is known for its ability to provide long-lasting hydration and improve the overall texture of the skin.

3. Usage Cetearyl Isononanoate:

When using products containing Cetearyl Isononanoate, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should be cautious and consult with a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- "Cetearyl Isononanoate." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/cetearyl-isononanoate.

- "Cetearyl Isononanoate." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/cetearyl-isononanoate.

- "Cetearyl Isononanoate." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/cetearyl-isononanoate/.

Zinc Palmitate

Function: Deodorant

1. Definition Zinc Palmitate:

Zinc Palmitate is a white, powdery substance that is a combination of zinc and palmitic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, emollient, and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Zinc Palmitate is used in various cosmetic products such as foundations, powders, and sunscreens. It helps to improve the texture of the product, providing a smooth and creamy consistency. Additionally, it helps to absorb excess oil on the skin, making it ideal for products targeted towards individuals with oily skin.

3. Usage Zinc Palmitate:

When using products containing Zinc Palmitate, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the packaging. It is generally safe for use on the skin, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas. It is recommended to avoid inhaling the powder form of Zinc Palmitate to prevent respiratory irritation.

4. References:

- "Zinc Palmitate." CosmeticsInfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/zinc-palmitate.

- "Safety Assessment of Zinc Compounds as Used in Cosmetics." Personal Care Products Council, 2019, www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource/safety-assessment-of-zinc-compounds-as-used-in-cosmetics/.

- "Zinc Palmitate." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/zinc-palmitate.

Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Water

Function:

1. Definition Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Water:

Ginger water is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the Zingiber Officinale plant, commonly known as ginger. It is typically prepared by steeping grated or sliced ginger root in water to extract its beneficial properties.

2. Use:

Ginger water is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, making it a popular ingredient in cosmetics. It is often used in skincare products to help reduce redness, soothe irritation, and promote a healthy complexion. Ginger water is also believed to improve skin elasticity and firmness, making it a valuable addition to anti-aging formulations.

3. Usage Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Water:

Ginger water can be incorporated into various cosmetic products, such as toners, serums, masks, and creams. It can be used topically on the skin to provide hydration, improve circulation, and enhance overall skin health. However, it is important to perform a patch test before using ginger water on the skin, as some individuals may be allergic to ginger and experience irritation or redness. Additionally, ginger water should be diluted with other ingredients to prevent skin sensitivity or adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., Cekanova, M., & Baek, S. J. (2008). Multiple mechanisms are involved in 6-gingerol-induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 47(3), 197-208.

- Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., & Nemmar, A. (2008). Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 409-420.

- Sahebkar, A. H. (2014). Potential efficacy of ginger as a natural supplement for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(19), 14215-14230.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Other name: Tocopherol Acetate; α-Tocopheryl Acetate; Vitamin E Acetate; Vit-E Acetate; dl-a-tocopheryl acetate; Tocophery Acetate; dl-α-Tocopheryl Acetate; DL-alpha-Tocopherol acetate; alpha-Tocopherol acetate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Tocopheryl Acetate:

Tocopheryl Acetate is a stable form of Vitamin E that is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is a synthetic compound created by combining acetic acid with tocopherol, a natural form of Vitamin E. Tocopheryl Acetate is known for its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from free radicals and environmental damage.

2. Use:

Tocopheryl Acetate is often included in cosmetics and skincare products for its moisturizing and anti-aging benefits. It helps to hydrate the skin and improve its elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in creams, lotions, and serums. Tocopheryl Acetate also has soothing properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Tocopheryl Acetate:

When using products containing Tocopheryl Acetate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and apply the product as directed. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using a product with this ingredient. It is recommended to store products containing Tocopheryl Acetate in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to maintain its stability and effectiveness.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Tocopheryl Acetate. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/tocopheryl-acetate

- Paula's Choice. (n.d.). Vitamin E for Skin. Retrieved from https://www.paulaschoice.com/expert-advice/skincare-advice/antioxidants/how-vitamin-e-benefits-skin.html

- Healthline. (2021). The Benefits of Vitamin E for Your Skin. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/vitamin-e-for-skin#benefits

Hexadecanolactone

Other name: Hexadecanolide

Function: Masking, Perfuming

1. Definition Hexadecanolactone:

Hexadecanolactone is a type of lactone compound that is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin conditioning properties. It is a cyclic ester derived from hexadecanol, also known as cetyl alcohol.

2. Use:

Hexadecanolactone is used in cosmetics as a moisturizing agent and emollient. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, making it an ideal ingredient in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums. Its hydrating properties help to improve the skin's texture and appearance, leaving it feeling soft and supple.

3. Usage Hexadecanolactone:

Hexadecanolactone is typically used in cosmetics at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5%. It can be found in various skincare products targeted towards dry or damaged skin, as well as anti-aging formulations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing hexadecanolactone to ensure compatibility with your skin.

4. References:

- Ribeiro, A., Estanqueiro, M., Oliveira, M. B., & Sousa Lobo, J. M. (2018). Main benefits and applicability of plant extracts in skin care products. Cosmetics, 5(3), 50.

- Kim, J., Kim, J. E., & Kim, H. (2019). Cosmeceutical potential of lactones and their derivatives. Cosmetics, 6(1), 12.

- Lopes, V. R., Mota, J. P., & Silva, L. R. (2020). Natural products as sources of new cosmetic ingredients: A review on trends and opportunities for sustainable development. Cosmetics, 7(3), 54.

Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate

Function:

1. Definition Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate:

Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is a mixture of esters derived from caprylic acid and capric acid, which are naturally occurring fatty acids found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is known for its ability to soften and smooth the skin, making it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, creams, and other skincare products. It helps to improve the skin's texture and appearance, leaving it feeling hydrated and nourished.

3. Usage Dicaprylate/ Dicaprate:

Dicaprylate/Dicaprate is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-20% in cosmetic formulations. It is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and can be found in a wide range of products such as facial cleansers, body lotions, sunscreens, and hair care products. It is generally well-tolerated but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new product containing this ingredient to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Cosmetics Info. (n.d.). Dicaprylyl Carbonate. https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dicaprylyl-carbonate

- Personal Care Council. (2019). Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride. https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/teach/chemicals-cosmetics/caprylic-capric-triglyceride/

- Truth In Aging. (2016). Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride. https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/caprylic-capric-triglyceride

Hexyldecyllaurate

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Hexyldecyllaurate:

Hexyldecyllaurate is an ester derived from lauric acid and hexyldecyl alcohol, commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient and skin conditioning agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a light, non-greasy texture.

2. Use:

Hexyldecyllaurate is primarily used in skincare and hair care products for its moisturizing properties. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, leaving it feeling hydrated and supple. It is also used in makeup products such as foundations and lipsticks to improve spreadability and provide a silky, smooth finish.

3. Usage Hexyldecyllaurate:

Hexyldecyllaurate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before applying it to a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is typically found in concentrations ranging from 1-10% in skincare products, depending on the desired level of hydration and emollience.

Precautions: While hexyldecyllaurate is considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to discontinue use if any adverse effects occur and consult a dermatologist if necessary.

4. References:

- "Hexyldecyllaurate" by Cosmetics Info (https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/hexyldecyllaurate)

- "Hexyldecyllaurate" by Truth In Aging (https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/hexyldecyllaurate)

- "Hexyldecyllaurate in Cosmetics" by Personal Care Council (https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/Hexyldecyllaurate)