Full ingredients list The History of Whoo Jinyulhyang ...

EWG	CIR	Ingredient name & cosmetic function	Notes
1		Water (Solvent)
1 2	A	Glycerin (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant )	Good for dry skin
1 2	A	Dipropylene Glycol (Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling)
1	A	Methyl Gluceth 10 (Humectant, Emulsifying, Moisturising)
3		Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
1 2	A	Ethoxydiglycol (Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent)
1		Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	B	Ppg 30 (Skin Conditioning)
1 6	A	Peg 150 (Solvent, Humectant, Binding Agent)
1	A	Panthenol (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent)	Good for dry skin Promotes Wound Healing
1	A	Squalane (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting)
1		C14 22 Alcohols (Emulsion Stabilising)
1 2	A	Tromethamine (Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent)
1		Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer (Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming)
1 3	A	Dimethicone (Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent)	Silicone
1		Nelumbo Nucifera (Sacred Lotus) Flower Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Antioxidant, Astringent)
1		Diethoxydiglycol (Solvent)
1		Glycereth 12 (Solvent, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling)
3	A	Cyclopentasiloxane (Solvent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient)	Silicone
1		Salicornia Herbacea Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Diglycerin (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
		Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
		Punica Granatum Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract (Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)
1		Ziziphus Jujuba (Jujube) Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Humectant, Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Antioxidant)
1		Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Triethylhexanoin (Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Refatting)
1		Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil (Emollient)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1 2	A	Hydrogenated Lecithin (Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant)
1	A	Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
2	B	Arachidyl Glucoside (Surfactant, Emulsifying)
8		Fragrance (Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant)	Good for dry skin
1		Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	1,2-Hexanediol (Solvent)
1		Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract
1	A	Stearic Acid (Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting)	Bad for oily skin Fungal Acne Trigger
1	A	Glyceryl Stearate (Emollient, Emulsifying)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Carbomer (Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming)
1 3	A	Peg 100 Stearate (Surfactant)	Fungal Acne Trigger
1		Ceramide 3 (Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning)	Anti Aging
1	A	Cholesterol (Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Stabilising)
1		Velvet Extract (Skin Conditioning, Humectant)
1	A	Trisodium Edta (Chelating Agent)
1		Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Thymus Vulgaris (Thyme) Extract
2		Mica (Cosmetic Colorant, Opacifying)
1		Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract (Humectant, Astringent, Soothing)
1		Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract
		Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract (Skin Protecting)
5		Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract (Perfuming, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant)	Brightening Acne fighting
1		Plantago Asiatica Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1		Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract (Skin Conditioning)
1	A	Panax Ginseng Root Extract (Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic)
1 3		Titanium Dioxide (Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying)	UV Protection Good for sensitive skin
2		Iron Oxides (Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant)

Water

Other name: Aqua; H2O; Eau; Aqueous; Acqua

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Water:

Water is a common ingredient in cosmetics, used as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients, as a carrier for active ingredients, and to provide hydration and moisture to the skin.

2. Use:

Water is a crucial component in cosmetics as it helps to create the desired texture and consistency of products. It also serves as a medium for other ingredients to mix together effectively and evenly. Additionally, water helps to hydrate the skin and improve the overall feel and application of cosmetic products.

3. Usage Water:

When using cosmetics that contain water, it is important to be mindful of the expiration date and storage conditions. Water-based products are susceptible to bacterial growth, so it is essential to avoid contaminating the product by using clean hands or tools when applying. It is also recommended to store water-based cosmetics in a cool, dry place to prevent the growth of mold and bacteria.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic dermatology: products and procedures. John Wiley & Sons.

- Winter, R. (2009). A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients: complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Crown.

- Begoun, P. (2003). Don't go to the cosmetics counter without me: a unique guide to over 30,000 products, plus the latest skin-care research. Beginning Press.

Glycerin

Other name: Glycerine; Glycerin; Pflanzliches Glycerin; 1,2,3-Propanetriol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Denaturant

1. Definition Glycerin:

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It is a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin, helping to keep it hydrated and supple.

2. Use:

Glycerin is commonly used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and serums to help maintain the skin's moisture balance. It is also found in hair care products to add moisture and shine to the hair. Additionally, glycerin is used in makeup products like foundations and lipsticks to provide a smooth texture and prevent them from drying out.

3. Usage Glycerin:

When using cosmetics containing glycerin, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Glycerin is generally safe for most skin types, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. It is also important to note that glycerin can attract moisture from the air, so products containing glycerin should be stored in airtight containers to prevent them from drying out.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. John Wiley & Sons.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2006). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Winter, R. (2009). A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics. Harmony.

See more: Glycerin

Dipropylene Glycol

Other name: DPG

Function: Solvent, Masking, Fragrance, Viscosity Decreasing Agent, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Dipropylene Glycol:

Dipropylene Glycol is a type of glycol that is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity decreasing agent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is soluble in water and has a low volatility.

2. Use:

Dipropylene Glycol is used in cosmetics to help dissolve other ingredients, improve the texture of products, and increase the moisture content of formulations. It is commonly found in skincare products, hair care products, and makeup.

3. Usage Dipropylene Glycol:

When using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

Precautions: While Dipropylene Glycol is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is important to perform a patch test before using products containing Dipropylene Glycol, especially if you have sensitive skin. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Dipropylene Glycol" Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/dipropylene-glycol

- "Safety Assessment of Dipropylene Glycol" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, www.cir-safety.org/sites/default/files/dipropylene_glycol.pdf

- "Dipropylene Glycol in Cosmetics" Personal Care Council, www.personalcarecouncil.org/resource-center/dipropylene-glycol-in-cosmetics

Methyl Gluceth 10

Other name: Methyl Gluceth-10

Function: Humectant, Emulsifying, Moisturising

1. Definition Methyl Gluceth 10:

Methyl Gluceth 10 is a water-soluble emollient and humectant derived from glucose and methyl alcohol. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations for its ability to hydrate and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Methyl Gluceth 10 is primarily used in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, and creams. It helps to improve the skin's moisture retention and prevent dryness, leaving the skin feeling smooth and supple. Additionally, it can also enhance the spreadability of products and provide a lightweight, non-greasy feel.

3. Usage Methyl Gluceth 10:

Methyl Gluceth 10 is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% in cosmetic formulations. It is compatible with a wide range of other ingredients and can be easily incorporated into various skincare products. When using products containing Methyl Gluceth 10, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and patch test on a small area of skin before full application to ensure compatibility.

4. References:

- Sharma, V. K., & McNeill, J. I. (2017). Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. CRC Press.

- Loden, M., & Maibach, H. I. (2002). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. CRC Press.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals: Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series. Elsevier.

Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate:

Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate is a polyethylene glycol derivative of glyceryl stearate, a fatty acid derived from vegetable oils. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate is used in various cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and serums to help stabilize the formulation and improve the texture of the product. It also helps to enhance the spreadability of the product on the skin, making it easier to apply and absorb.

3. Usage Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 5 Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for application. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions.

4. References:

- "PEG-5 GLYCERYL STEARATE" by Cosmetics Info - https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-5-glyceryl-stearate

- "PEG-5 Glyceryl Stearate" by Truth In Aging - https://www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/peg-5-glyceryl-stearate

- "PEG-5 Glyceryl Stearate" by Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database - https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/703216-PEG-5_GLYCERYL_STEARATE/

Ethoxydiglycol

Other name: 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol; Carbitol

Function: Solvent, Perfuming, Fragrance, Humectant, Viscosity Decreasing Agent

1. Definition Ethoxydiglycol:

Ethoxydiglycol is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used as a solvent in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a diethylene glycol ether with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as its main component.

2. Use:

Ethoxydiglycol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients and to improve the texture and consistency of products. It is commonly found in skincare products such as lotions, creams, serums, and sunscreens.

3. Usage Ethoxydiglycol:

Ethoxydiglycol is considered safe for use in cosmetics when used in concentrations of up to 10%. However, it is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing ethoxydiglycol, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Ethoxydiglycol." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/ethoxydiglycol.

- "Ethoxydiglycol." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/ethoxydiglycol/.

- "Ethoxydiglycol." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/ethoxydiglycol.

Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract:

Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract is derived from the Japanese raisin tree, also known as the oriental raisin tree or the Chinese raisin tree. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract is known for its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a versatile ingredient in cosmetics. It is commonly used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help hydrate the skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote a more even complexion. Additionally, this extract is believed to have anti-aging benefits, helping to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Hovenia Dulcis Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a small amount and gradually increase the frequency of use to assess how your skin responds.

4. References:

- Kim, Eun-Young et al. “Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Extract and Its Ingredient Methyl Vanillate Activate Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway and Increase Bone Formation.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 221, 2018, pp. 160-168.

- Jung, Yunu et al. “Inhibitory Effects of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Extract on the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products.” Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 5, no. 6, 2017, pp. 396-400.

- Lee, Seung-Hong et al. “Protective Effect of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Extracts on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 20, no. 2, 2017, pp. 191-199.

Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract:

Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract is an ingredient derived from the Korean bamboo species Sasa Quelpaertensis. This extract is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products for its ability to calm and soothe irritated skin, reduce redness, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. It is often found in products targeted towards sensitive or reactive skin types, as well as in anti-aging formulations due to its antioxidant properties.

3. Usage Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract:

When using products containing Sasa Quelpaertensis Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, the extract is incorporated into creams, serums, masks, and other skincare products. To use, apply the product to clean skin, following with a moisturizer if needed. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., & Lee, S. J. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effect of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai on Urban Particulate Matter-induced Inflammation in Keratinocytes. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016.

- Lee, M. W., Kim, J. H., Jeon, Y. J., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai extracts. Journal of Life Science, 25(6), 667-672.

- Choi, J. S., Kim, J. H., Ali, M. Y., & Min, B. S. (2006). Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity between Korean medicinal plants and flavonoids by assay-guided comparison. Plant Science, 171(4), 491-495.

Ppg 30

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ppg 30:

Ppg 30 is a polypropylene glycol with an average of 30 repeating units of propylene oxide. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Ppg 30 is utilized in cosmetics to help blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating stable emulsions. It also acts as a surfactant, helping to reduce the surface tension of liquids, allowing for better spreadability and absorption of products on the skin. Additionally, Ppg 30 functions as a conditioning agent, leaving the skin feeling soft and smooth.

3. Usage Ppg 30:

When using cosmetics containing Ppg 30, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Ppg 30, especially if you have sensitive skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Polypropylene Glycol" by CosmeticsInfo.org

- "Polypropylene Glycol" by Personal Care Council

- "Polypropylene Glycol" by PubChem

Peg 150

Function: Solvent, Humectant, Binding Agent

1. Definition Peg 150:

Peg 150 is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) compound that is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, surfactant, and solvent. It is a water-soluble ingredient that helps to create stable mixtures of oil and water in cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Peg 150 is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of these products, making them easier to apply and spread on the skin or hair. Peg 150 also helps to enhance the overall performance of the product by ensuring that the active ingredients are evenly distributed and absorbed by the skin.

3. Usage Peg 150:

When using cosmetic products containing Peg 150, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to PEG compounds. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions while using a product containing Peg 150, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of PEG-150 distearate, PEG-150 stearate, PEG-150 distearate, PEG-150 stearate, and PEG-150 distearate. International Journal of Toxicology. 2003; 22(Suppl 2): 1-18.

- Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Casarett & Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. McGraw-Hill Education; 2015.

- Loden M. The clinical benefit of moisturizers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2005; 19(6): 672-688.

Panthenol

Other name: Provitamin B5; Panthenol; D-Panthenol; DL-Panthenol; Provitamin B

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Antistatic Agent

1. Definition Panthenol:

Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a derivative of vitamin B5 that is commonly used in skincare and haircare products for its moisturizing and soothing properties. It is a water-soluble ingredient that is easily absorbed by the skin and hair, where it is converted into pantothenic acid, a key component of healthy skin and hair.

2. Use:

Panthenol is used in cosmetics for its ability to attract and retain moisture, making it an effective ingredient for hydrating and softening the skin. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable for soothing irritated or sensitive skin. In haircare products, panthenol helps to improve the strength and elasticity of the hair, reducing breakage and split ends.

3. Usage Panthenol:

Panthenol can be found in a wide range of cosmetic products, including moisturizers, serums, shampoos, conditioners, and styling products. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 1-5% in skincare products and 2-5% in haircare products. Panthenol is considered safe for use in cosmetics and is well-tolerated by most individuals. However, as with any new skincare or haircare product, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing panthenol to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products. CRC Press.

- Baumann, L. (2009). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. McGraw Hill Professional.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of panthenol, pantothenic acid, and related salts and esters as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 35(2), 42S-61S.

Squalane

Other name: Perhydrosqualene; Pripure 3759

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Refatting

1. Definition Squalane:

Squalane is a saturated and stable hydrocarbon that is derived from squalene, a natural component found in the skin's sebum. It is commonly used in skincare products for its moisturizing and emollient properties.

2. Use:

Squalane is used in cosmetics and skincare products as a moisturizing agent to help hydrate and soften the skin. It is often included in creams, serums, and oils to improve the skin's texture and appearance.

3. Usage Squalane:

Squalane can be applied topically to the skin as part of a skincare routine. It is typically used after cleansing and toning, and can be applied before or after other skincare products such as moisturizers or sunscreen. Squalane is well-tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive skin, and can help to improve the skin's hydration levels and overall health.

Precautions: While squalane is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities. Additionally, individuals with specific skin conditions or concerns should consult with a dermatologist before incorporating squalane into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- Baumann, L. (2005). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2015). Cosmeceuticals. Philadelphia: Saunders.

- Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006). Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clinical interventions in aging, 1(4), 327-348.

C14 22 Alcohols

Function: Emulsion Stabilising

1. Definition C14 22 Alcohols:

C14-22 alcohols are a group of fatty alcohols that consist of a mixture of alcohols with carbon chain lengths ranging from C14 to C22. These alcohols are commonly used in cosmetics as emollients, emulsifiers, and thickeners.

2. Use:

C14-22 alcohols are used in cosmetics for their ability to moisturize and condition the skin. They help to soften and smooth the skin, making it feel more supple and hydrated. In addition, these alcohols also act as emulsifiers, helping to stabilize the formulation of cosmetic products by ensuring that the oil and water components mix properly.

3. Usage C14 22 Alcohols:

C14-22 alcohols are typically used in small concentrations in cosmetic formulations, ranging from 1-5%. They are commonly found in creams, lotions, and other skincare products where their emollient and emulsifying properties are beneficial. It is important to note that some individuals may be sensitive to fatty alcohols, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing C14-22 alcohols to avoid any potential irritation.

4. References:

- "Fatty Alcohols." Cosmeticsinfo.org, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/fatty-alcohols.

- Loden, Marie, and Howard I. Maibach. "Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program: Information on Ingredients." Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2008, pp. 1-10.

- Mukherjee, Pulok K., and Manoj K. Choudhury. "Fatty Alcohols and Fatty Acids: Chemistry and Biological Properties." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 93, no. 2, 2004, pp. 109-130.

Tromethamine

Function: Masking, Fragrance, pH adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent

1. Definition Tromethamine:

Tromethamine, also known as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, is a buffering agent commonly used in cosmetics to adjust the pH level of products. It is a synthetic organic compound that is water-soluble and odorless.

2. Use:

Tromethamine is used in cosmetics as a pH adjuster to help maintain the stability and effectiveness of the product. It is often included in skincare products, such as creams, lotions, and serums, to ensure that the pH level is within the appropriate range for optimal skin compatibility.

3. Usage Tromethamine:

When using cosmetics containing Tromethamine, it is important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging. Avoid direct contact with eyes, and if irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Tromethamine, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Arctander, S. (1969). Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals). Montclair, NJ: Allured Publishing Corporation.

- Loden, M. (2003). The clinical benefit of moisturizers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 17(S1), 20-23.

- Korting, H. C., & Kerscher, M. J. (2006). The efficacy of moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 19(5), 256-261.

Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer

Other name: carbopol 1342 polymer; pemulen tr-1; pemulen tr-2

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Emulsion Stabilising, Film Forming

1. Definition Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer:

Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is a polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier. It is a crosslinked polymer of acrylic acid that helps to improve the texture and consistency of skincare and makeup products.

2. Use:

Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as lotions, creams, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and spreadable texture, improve the stability of the formulation, and enhance the overall performance of the product. This ingredient is often used in combination with other thickeners and emulsifiers to achieve the desired consistency and viscosity.

3. Usage Acrylates/ C10 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer:

When using products containing Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. This ingredient is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to it. If any irritation or allergic reaction occurs, it is recommended to discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/acrylatesc10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer.

- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/acrylates-c10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer.

- "Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer." The Derm Review, www.thedermreview.com/acrylates-c10-30-alkyl-acrylate-crosspolymer/.

Dimethicone

Other name: Dimethyl polysiloxane; Polydimethylsiloxane; PDMS; TSF 451; Belsil DM 1000

Function: Skin Protecting, Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Antifoaming Agent

1. Definition Dimethicone:

Dimethicone is a type of silicone oil that is commonly used in cosmetics as a skin conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and non-toxic substance that helps to improve the texture and feel of cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Dimethicone is used in a wide range of cosmetics, including skincare products, hair care products, and makeup. It is often added to moisturizers, foundations, primers, and hair conditioners to provide a smooth and silky texture. Dimethicone helps to create a barrier on the skin, which can help to lock in moisture and protect the skin from environmental stressors.

3. Usage Dimethicone:

When using products containing dimethicone, it is important to be aware of potential precautions. While dimethicone is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product containing dimethicone, especially if you have sensitive skin. Additionally, some people may find that dimethicone can clog pores and exacerbate acne, so it is important to monitor your skin for any changes when using products with this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lanigan, R. S., & Yamarik, T. A. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of dimethicone, dimethiconol, and related ingredients. International journal of toxicology, 21(1), 7-41.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2010). Cosmetic vehicle efficacy. Dermatologic therapy, 23(4), 314-317.

- Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2016). Safety assessment of dimethicone crosspolymers as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 35(1_suppl), 5S-24S.

Nelumbo Nucifera (Sacred Lotus) Flower Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Antioxidant, Astringent

1. Definition Nelumbo Nucifera (Sacred Lotus) Flower Extract:

Nelumbo Nucifera (Sacred Lotus) Flower Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the flowers of the Sacred Lotus plant. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Nelumbo Nucifera Flower Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. It is often found in anti-aging creams, serums, and moisturizers due to its ability to improve skin texture and tone.

3. Usage Nelumbo Nucifera (Sacred Lotus) Flower Extract:

When using skincare products containing Nelumbo Nucifera Flower Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using products containing Nelumbo Nucifera Flower Extract.

4. References:

- Lee, J., Scagel, C. F. (2009). Chicoric acid found in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Food Chemistry, 115(2), 650-656.

- An, B. J., Kwak, J. H., Son, J. H., Park, J. M., Lee, J. Y., Jo, C., & Byun, M. W. (2010). Isolation of nelumbo nucifera alkaloids with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities from the embryos of sacred lotus. Food Chemistry, 120(1), 42-49.

- Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. K., Oh, M. J., Jung, M. Y., & Jeong, K. S. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in LPS-stimulated human osteosarcoma cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(6), 1688-1695.

Diethoxydiglycol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition Diethoxydiglycol:

Diethoxydiglycol is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent, humectant, and viscosity agent. It is a diester of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol with two ethoxy groups.

2. Use:

Diethoxydiglycol is primarily used in cosmetics as a solvent to dissolve other ingredients and improve the overall texture of the product. It also functions as a humectant, helping to attract and retain moisture in the skin. Additionally, it can be used as a viscosity agent to adjust the thickness of a product.

3. Usage Diethoxydiglycol:

Diethoxydiglycol is commonly found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions. It is often included in formulations to improve the spreadability of the product and enhance its moisturizing properties. When using products containing diethoxydiglycol, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

4. References:

- "Diethoxydiglycol." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/diethoxydiglycol.

- “Diethoxydiglycol.” Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/diethoxydiglycol.

- “Diethoxydiglycol.” SpecialChem, www.specialchem.com/selection-guide/diethoxydiglycol.

Glycereth 12

Function: Solvent, Humectant, Viscosity Controlling

1. Definition Glycereth 12:

Glycereth-12 is a polyethylene glycol derivative of glycerin, commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products as an emollient, humectant, and solvent. It is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid that is water-soluble and has a silky-smooth texture.

2. Use:

Glycereth-12 is primarily used in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, creams, and serums due to its ability to attract moisture to the skin and prevent water loss. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, leaving it feeling smooth and supple. Additionally, it can improve the spreadability and texture of products, making them easier to apply and absorb into the skin.

3. Usage Glycereth 12:

Glycereth-12 is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient, especially if you have sensitive skin. It is important to follow the recommended usage instructions provided on the product packaging to avoid any potential adverse reactions. As with any skincare ingredient, it is best to consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or experience any irritation.

4. References:

- "Glycereth-12." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/glycereth-12.

- Hwang, Seon Wook, et al. "Safety assessment of glyceryl polyacrylate, glyceryl polymethacrylate, glyceryl polyacrylate-2, glyceryl polymethacrylate-2, glyceryl polyacrylate-3, and glyceryl polymethacrylate-3 as used in cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 29, no. 6, 2010, pp. 173S-190S.

- "Glycereth-12." Truth In Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/glycereth-12.

Cyclopentasiloxane

Other name: Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane; Cyclopenasiloxane; BRB CM 50

Function: Solvent, Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning, Emollient

1. Definition Cyclopentasiloxane:

Cyclopentasiloxane is a type of silicone commonly used in cosmetics as a conditioning agent and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and colorless liquid that helps to improve the texture and spreadability of products.

2. Use:

Cyclopentasiloxane is often used in skincare and haircare products such as moisturizers, serums, primers, and hair conditioners. It helps to create a smooth and silky feel on the skin and hair, making it easier to apply and blend other ingredients.

3. Usage Cyclopentasiloxane:

When using products containing Cyclopentasiloxane, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to silicone-based ingredients. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience irritation or breakouts. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a product with Cyclopentasiloxane, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- Ulery, B. D., Nair, L. S., & Laurencin, C. T. (2011). Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 49(12), 832-864.

- Lefebvre, M. A., Pham, D. M., Boussouira, B., & Bernard, D. (2015). Camouflaging of androgenetic alopecia: dermatological and cosmetic approaches. Skin Research and Technology, 21(4), 219-227.

- Mavon, A., Miquel, C., Lejeune, O., Payre, B., & Moret, N. (2015). In vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo stratum corneum distribution of an organic and a mineral sunscreen. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 28(5), 266-275.

Salicornia Herbacea Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Salicornia Herbacea Extract:

Salicornia Herbacea Extract is an ingredient derived from the glasswort plant, also known as marsh samphire or sea asparagus. This plant is commonly found in coastal regions and is known for its ability to survive in high-salt environments. The extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Salicornia Herbacea Extract is used in cosmetics for its hydrating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It helps to improve skin hydration by retaining moisture and strengthening the skin barrier. The extract also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness. Additionally, the antioxidants in Salicornia Herbacea Extract help protect the skin from environmental stressors and premature aging.

3. Usage Salicornia Herbacea Extract:

Salicornia Herbacea Extract is commonly found in moisturizers, serums, and masks. It can be used in both day and night skincare routines. To use products containing Salicornia Herbacea Extract, simply apply a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massage in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to follow up with a moisturizer or sunscreen to lock in the benefits of the extract.

4. References:

- Kim, M., Kim, S. Y., & Lee, S. H. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of Salicornia herbacea L. in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 19(2), 107-114.

- Lee, E. H., Song, D. G., Lee, J. Y., Pan, C. H., Um, B. H., & Jung, S. H. (2010). Antioxidant activities of Salicornia herbacea L. extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 39(6), 879-883.

- Park, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. S., Kang, H. S., & Kim, S. H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Salicornia herbacea. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 41(3), 391-397.

Diglycerin

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Diglycerin:

Diglycerin is a type of glycerin that is derived from vegetable oils and is commonly used in cosmetic products as a humectant and emollient. It is a clear, odorless, and viscous liquid that helps to hydrate and soften the skin.

2. Use:

Diglycerin is used in cosmetics for its moisturizing properties. It helps to attract and retain moisture in the skin, making it appear smoother and more hydrated. Diglycerin is often found in skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, and lotions.

3. Usage Diglycerin:

Diglycerin can be found in various concentrations in cosmetic formulations, depending on the desired level of hydration and emollient properties. It is typically safe for use on all skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to perform a patch test before using products containing diglycerin to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

Precautions: While diglycerin is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or skin irritation. It is always recommended to read the ingredient list of products carefully and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns about using diglycerin-containing products.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., Bhatia, A., & Singh, S. (2019). A comprehensive review on natural glycerin and its applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(5), 2117-2125.

- Draelos, Z. D. (2016). Cosmeceuticals: Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series. Elsevier Health Sciences.

- Kadam, V. J., & Jadhav, S. M. (2018). Handbook of industrial chemistry: Organic chemicals. Springer.

Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract:

Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract, also known as lotus root extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the roots of the Nelumbo nucifera plant. This plant is commonly found in Asia and is known for its medicinal and skincare properties.

2. Use:

Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract is often used in cosmetics for its hydrating, soothing, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products. Lotus root extract is known to help improve skin texture, reduce redness and inflammation, and promote overall skin health.

3. Usage Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract:

Nelumbo Nucifera Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used as an active ingredient to target specific skin concerns, such as dryness, irritation, and aging. When using products containing lotus root extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., & Lee, S. H. (2016). Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract suppresses UVB-induced MMP-1/3 expressions and secretions by suppressing the NF-κB pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 189, 300-309.

- Mukherjee, P. K., Kumar, V., Mal, M., Houghton, P. J. (2009). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants. Phytomedicine, 16(8), 652-679.

- Wang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of lotus plumule extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(3), 801-807.

Punica Granatum Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Punica Granatum Fruit Extract:

Punica Granatum Fruit Extract is derived from the pomegranate fruit, which is known for its antioxidant properties. It contains a high concentration of polyphenols, such as ellagic acid and tannins, which help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals.

2. Use:

Punica Granatum Fruit Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-rejuvenating properties. It helps to improve skin tone and texture, reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it beneficial for treating acne and other skin conditions.

3. Usage Punica Granatum Fruit Extract:

Punica Granatum Fruit Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5%, depending on the desired effects. It is generally safe for most skin types, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to patch test products containing this ingredient before applying them to their entire face. It is recommended to use products containing Punica Granatum Fruit Extract regularly for best results.

4. References:

- Jurenka, J. S. (2008). Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Alternative medicine review, 13(2), 128-144.

- Aslam, M. N., Lansky, E. P., & Varani, J. (2006). Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103(3), 311-318.

- Afaq, F., & Mukhtar, H. (2006). Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Experimental Dermatology, 15(9), 678-684.

Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract:

Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract is a natural extract derived from the leaves of the red clover plant. This extract is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have various beneficial properties for the skin.

2. Use:

Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, soothing, and moisturizing properties. It is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

3. Usage Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract:

When using products containing Trifolium Pratense (Clover) Leaf Extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure that you do not have any allergic reactions. It is recommended to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to use the product as directed. If any irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- S. L. Jeyanthi, K. C. Subathra, and J. S. R. Murugan, "In vitro antioxidant activity of Trifolium Pratense L. (red clover) flower extract," International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 641-646, 2016.

- A. K. Mishra and S. K. Mishra, "Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Trifolium Pratense Linn.," Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 146-152, 2012.

- M. Ghorbanzadeh, H. Hajialyani, and A. M. Rahimi, "Phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects of Trifolium Pratense L. (red clover) - A review," Phytotherapy Research, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 376-391, 2018.

Ziziphus Jujuba (Jujube) Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ziziphus Jujuba (Jujube) Extract:

Ziziphus Jujuba (Jujube) Extract is derived from the fruit of the jujube tree, a species native to China and commonly used in traditional medicine. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Jujube extract is often used in cosmetics for its ability to help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce signs of aging, and promote overall skin health. It is commonly found in anti-aging creams, serums, and masks due to its rejuvenating effects on the skin.

3. Usage Ziziphus Jujuba (Jujube) Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Jujube Extract, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for application. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is best to start with a lower concentration to assess how your skin reacts before increasing the frequency or amount of product used.

4. References:

- Lin, L. T., Liu, L. T., & Chiang, L. C. (2013). In vitro anti-hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada. Phytotherapy Research, 27(4), 631-636.

- Kim, T. H., Kim, J. K., Kang, Y. H., & Lee, N. H. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of Ziziphus jujuba fruit extract on lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Food Science and Biotechnology, 25(3), 921-926.

- Lee, H. J., Lee, Y. J., & Park, S. K. (2014). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) extract on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Food Science and Biotechnology, 23(1), 203-209.

Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract:

Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract is an extract derived from the root of the Dioscorea Japonica plant, which is a species of yam native to East Asia. This extract is known for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and soothe the skin. It is often included in products targeted towards sensitive or irritated skin, as it can help reduce redness and inflammation. Additionally, this extract is believed to have antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging.

3. Usage Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract:

Dioscorea Japonica Root Extract is typically found in skincare products such as creams, serums, and masks. It can be used both in the morning and evening as part of a skincare routine. When using products containing this extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, S. H., Kim, M. J., Yang, W. M., & Kim, H. G. (2017). Anti-inflammatory effects of the Dioscorea nipponica extract in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 22(2), 144-150.

- Park, C. H., Kim, J. H., & Kim, S. Y. (2012). Protective effects of diosgenin in the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Archives of Dermatological Research, 304(6), 467-474.

- Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. S., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, S. Y. (2014). Protective effects of Dioscorea japonica Thunb. on UVB-induced damage in human keratinocytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 152(2), 240-248.

Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Humectant, Antimicrobial, Skin Protecting, Antioxidant

1. Definition Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract:

Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract, also known as black cohosh extract, is derived from the roots of the Cimicifuga racemosa plant. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract is often included in skincare products for its ability to help improve the appearance of aging skin, reduce redness and irritation, and promote a more even skin tone. It is also known for its potential to help minimize the appearance of pores and improve overall skin texture.

3. Usage Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract:

Cimicifuga Racemosa Root Extract is typically found in creams, serums, and lotions targeted towards mature or sensitive skin types. It can be used daily as part of a skincare routine, applied to clean skin before moisturizing. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and dosage to avoid any potential adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Cho S, Won CH, Lee S, Lee MJ, Lee S, So SH, et al. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Med Food. 2009;12(5):1252-9.

- Lopresti AL, Drummond PD, Smith SJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) extract in the treatment of hot flushes. Menopause. 2013;20(10):1169-74.

- Malini T, Vanithakumari G, Ratheesh M, Devi K, Balakrishna K. Improvement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiety symptoms after treatment with isopropanolic Cimicifuga racemosa extract. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(9):835-9.

Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract:

Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract, also known as Gromwell Root Extract, is a natural ingredient derived from the roots of Lithospermum Erythrorhizon, a plant native to East Asia. It is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-brightening properties.

2. Use:

Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract is used in cosmetics for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and protect the skin from environmental stressors. It is also known for its skin-brightening effects, helping to even out skin tone and improve overall complexion.

3. Usage Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract:

Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, such as serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, apply products containing Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Root Extract onto clean skin, following with a moisturizer or sunscreen as needed.

4. References:

- Choi, J., Kim, H., Kim, Y., Lee, S., Ju, Y., & Kim, D. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extracts on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 436-443.

- Lee, J., Choi, J., Lee, D., & Park, J. (2015). Anti-melanogenic effects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon extracts on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. Journal of Dermatological Science, 78(1), 45-48.

- Kim, S., Kim, M., Lee, S., Cho, H., Kim, S., & Kim, J. (2016). Protective effects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon against UVB-induced skin damage in hairless mice. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 162, 457-463.

Triethylhexanoin

Function: Solvent, Skin Conditioning, Masking, Emollient, Fragrance, Antistatic Agent, Hair Conditioning, Refatting

1. Definition Triethylhexanoin:

Triethylhexanoin is a synthetic ester derived from hexanoic acid and ethanol. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, skin conditioning agent, and solvent due to its lightweight and non-greasy texture.

2. Use:

Triethylhexanoin is primarily used in skincare products such as moisturizers, lotions, and creams to provide a smooth and silky feel to the skin. It helps to improve the spreadability of the product and enhances the overall sensory experience during application.

3. Usage Triethylhexanoin:

When using cosmetics containing Triethylhexanoin, it is important to patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to a larger area to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating products with Triethylhexanoin into their skincare routine.

4. References:

- "Safety Assessment of Triethylhexanoin as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. (2018).

- "Triethylhexanoin" in the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients (CosIng). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=30149

- "Triethylhexanoin" in the Personal Care Products Council's International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. (2016).

Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil

Function: Emollient

1. Definition Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil:

Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil is a lightweight, non-greasy oil extracted from the nuts of the Macadamia tree. It is rich in essential fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and hair care products.

2. Use:

Macadamia Seed Oil is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing and nourishing properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, making it ideal for dry or mature skin types. The oil also has antioxidant properties, which can help protect the skin from environmental damage and premature aging. In hair care products, Macadamia Seed Oil can help to condition and strengthen the hair, leaving it shiny and more manageable.

3. Usage Macadamia Ternifolia (Macadamia) Seed Oil:

Macadamia Seed Oil can be used in a variety of ways in cosmetics. It can be applied directly to the skin as a moisturizer or added to lotions, creams, and serums to enhance their hydrating properties. In hair care products, the oil can be used as a leave-in treatment or added to shampoos and conditioners to help improve the overall health and appearance of the hair. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using any new product containing Macadamia Seed Oil to ensure there are no adverse reactions.

4. References:

- Paula Begoun. (2003). "Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me." Beginning Press.

- International Journal of Cosmetic Science. (2017). "Macadamia nut oil." Wiley Online Library.

- G. M. Cragg, D. J. Newman, and J. B. Kingston. (2011). "Anticancer Agents from Natural Products." CRC Press.

Hydrogenated Lecithin

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emulsifying, Surfactant, Suspending Agent- Nonsurfactant

1. Definition Hydrogenated Lecithin:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is a modified form of lecithin, a naturally occurring fatty substance found in plants and animals. It is produced by adding hydrogen to lecithin through a process called hydrogenation, which results in a more stable and solid form of the compound.

2. Use:

Hydrogenated Lecithin is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and surfactant. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of products, as well as enhance their spreadability and moisturizing properties. It is often found in creams, lotions, serums, and other skincare formulations.

3. Usage Hydrogenated Lecithin:

When using products containing Hydrogenated Lecithin, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

4. References:

- S. R. Kulkarni, L. J. M. Coelho, E. M. R. Fairhurst, A. J. R. Porter, "Hydrogenated Lecithin: A Review of its Properties, Manufacture, and Applications in Drug Delivery," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1681-1691, 2017.

- M. A. G. de Lima, C. A. S. Batista, L. B. de Oliveira, "Hydrogenated Lecithin as a Cosmetic Ingredient: A Review," International Journal of Cosmetic Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 221-227, 2020.

- H. S. R. Silva, E. M. M. Santos, R. A. F. Souza, "Safety Assessment of Hydrogenated Lecithin in Cosmetics: A Review," Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 109, 2020.

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter

Function:

1. Definition Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:

Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter is a natural fat extracted from the nuts of the African shea tree. It is rich in vitamins and fatty acids, making it a popular ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products.

2. Use:

Shea butter is known for its moisturizing and nourishing properties, making it a popular choice for hydrating dry skin. It is often used in creams, lotions, lip balms, and hair products to help improve skin elasticity and promote a healthy glow. Shea butter is also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits, making it a versatile ingredient in various cosmetic formulations.

3. Usage Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter:

When using products containing Shea butter, it is important to perform a patch test before applying it to a larger area of skin, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies. Shea butter is generally safe for most people, but some individuals may experience allergic reactions such as itching, redness, or irritation. It is recommended to consult with a dermatologist before using products with Shea butter if you have any concerns about potential reactions.

4. References:

- Akihisa T, Kojima N, Kikuchi T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, and Masters ET. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat. Journal of Oleo Science. 2010; 59(6):273-80.

- Lin TK, Zhong L, Santiago JL. Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(1):70.

- Aremu AO, Oyedeji AO, Oyedeji O, Okorie DO, and Nkeh-Chungag BN. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012; 6(26):4467-4472.

Arachidyl Glucoside

Function: Surfactant, Emulsifying

1. Definition Arachidyl Glucoside:

Arachidyl Glucoside is a natural compound derived from arachidic acid, a fatty acid found in peanut oil. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant, helping to stabilize and blend oil and water-based ingredients.

2. Use:

Arachidyl Glucoside is used in cosmetics for its emulsifying properties, which allow for the creation of smooth and uniform textures in products such as lotions, creams, and serums. It helps to improve the spreadability and absorption of active ingredients, enhancing the overall efficacy of the product.

3. Usage Arachidyl Glucoside:

When using cosmetics containing Arachidyl Glucoside, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test before applying products containing this ingredient to a larger area of skin. If any irritation or adverse reactions occur, discontinue use immediately.

4. References:

- "Arachidyl Glucoside." Cosmetics Info, www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/arachidyl-glucoside.

- "Arachidyl Glucoside." Truth in Aging, www.truthinaging.com/ingredients/arachidyl-glucoside.

- "Arachidyl Glucoside: What is it and What are its Benefits in Skincare?" Lab Muffin Beauty Science, labmuffin.com/arachidyl-glucoside.

Fragrance

Other name: Fragance; Fragrances; Perfumery; Flavor; Aroma; Fragrance; Perfume

Function: Masking, Perfuming, Deodorant

1. Definition Fragrance:

Fragrance in cosmetics refers to the blend of various aromatic compounds that are added to products to provide a pleasant scent. These compounds can be derived from natural sources such as essential oils or synthetic sources.

2. Use:

Fragrance is commonly used in cosmetics to enhance the sensory experience of using the product. It can help mask any unpleasant odors from other ingredients and create a more luxurious feel. Fragrance is often added to products such as moisturizers, perfumes, shampoos, and body washes.

3. Usage Fragrance:

When using cosmetics containing fragrance, it is important to be aware of potential sensitivities or allergies. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain fragrances. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any adverse reactions. Additionally, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper application and storage of the product to ensure the fragrance remains stable and effective.

4. References:

- Steinemann, A. (2019). Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12(6), 643-645.

- Lachenmeier, D. W., & Haltner, E. (2019). Fragrance allergens in household cleaning products. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15145-15147.

- Basketter, D. A., & Angelini, G. (2019). Fragrance allergens in fine fragrances and cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 80(3), 145-147.

Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment:

Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment is a natural fermentation product derived from the fermentation of black tea with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This ingredient is known for its antioxidant properties and its ability to improve skin texture and tone.

2. Use:

Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging and skin brightening effects. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. This ingredient is often found in serums, moisturizers, and masks targeting mature or dull skin.

3. Usage Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment:

When using products containing Saccharomyces/Xylinum Black Tea Ferment, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Typically, this ingredient can be incorporated into skincare routines by applying a small amount of the product to clean, dry skin and gently massaging it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to use products containing this ingredient consistently for best results.

4. References:

- Kim, S. A., et al. (2017). Anti-wrinkle and skin-whitening effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 16(4), 496-501.

- Park, H. M., et al. (2015). Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of active garlic components and the inhibition of MMPs via NF-κB signaling. PLoS One, 10(11), e0143664.

- Lee, J. H., et al. (2019). Skin-protective effects of fermented rice bran extract on oxidative stress-induced skin aging in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 70(2), 101-112.

1,2-Hexanediol

Function: Solvent

1. Definition 1,2-Hexanediol:

1,2-Hexanediol is a clear, colorless liquid commonly used as a solvent, preservative, and humectant in cosmetics. It is a type of glycol that is derived from petroleum.

2. Use:

1,2-Hexanediol is used in cosmetics as a solvent to help dissolve other ingredients, as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products, and as a humectant to help attract and retain moisture in the skin.

3. Usage 1,2-Hexanediol:

When using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive to this ingredient and may experience irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using products containing 1,2-Hexanediol to determine if any sensitivity exists.

4. References:

- CosmeticsInfo.org. (n.d.). 1,2-Hexanediol. Retrieved from https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/12-hexanediol

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Safety Assessment of 1,2-Hexanediol as Used in Cosmetics. Retrieved from https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/2020-01-28-safety-assessment-of-12-hexanediol-as-used-in-cosmetics/

- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.820

Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract

Function:

1. Definition Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract:

Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract is derived from the seeds of the cocoa plant and is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties.

2. Use:

Cocoa extract is often included in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and serums for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin. It can help improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and protect the skin from environmental damage.

3. Usage Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract:

When using products containing Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract, it is important to patch test first to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but those with sensitive skin may want to consult with a dermatologist before using products with cocoa extract. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the product packaging and to avoid using excessive amounts to prevent any potential irritation.

4. References:

- Smit, H. F., Gaffan, E. A., & Rogers, P. J. (2004). Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate. Psychopharmacology, 176(3-4), 412-419.

- Scapagnini, G., Davinelli, S., Di Renzo, L., De Lorenzo, A., Olarte, H. H., Micali, G., & Cicero, A. F. (2014). Cocoa bioactive compounds: significance and potential for the maintenance of skin health. Nutrients, 6(8), 3202-3213.

- Williams, S., Tamburic, S., & Lally, C. (2009). Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 8(3), 169-173.

Stearic Acid

Other name: Octadecanoic Acid; C18; Hexyldecyl Stearate

Function: Masking, Fragrance, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Sufactant, Refatting

1. Definition Stearic Acid:

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. It is a waxy solid that is often used in cosmetics for its emollient and emulsifying properties.

2. Use:

Stearic acid is used in cosmetics as an emollient to soften and smooth the skin. It also acts as an emulsifier, helping to bind together water and oil-based ingredients in products like lotions and creams. Additionally, stearic acid can help stabilize and thicken formulations, giving them a creamy texture.

3. Usage Stearic Acid:

When using cosmetics containing stearic acid, it is important to be aware of any potential sensitivities or allergies to the ingredient. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or breakouts when using products with stearic acid, so it is recommended to perform a patch test before applying it to larger areas of the skin. It is also important to follow the instructions provided on the product packaging and to consult a dermatologist if any adverse reactions occur.

4. References:

- Pumori Saokar Telang, Ashish Gupta, and Nidhi Choudhary. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid based emulsion for topical drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

- M. C. Gohel, S. P. Amin, and M. J. B. Shah. (2008). Studies in topical application of stearic acid-based self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.

- A. J. Ogunjimi, J. A. Akin-Ajani, and O. A. Odeku. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of stearic acid-based controlled release matrix tablets of metronidazole. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.

Glyceryl Stearate

Function: Emollient, Emulsifying

1. Definition Glyceryl Stearate:

Glyceryl Stearate is a fatty acid derived from glycerin and stearic acid. It is commonly used in cosmetics as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickening agent.

2. Use:

Glyceryl Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, and makeup. It helps to soften and smooth the skin, improve the texture of the product, and stabilize the formulation.

3. Usage Glyceryl Stearate:

When using products containing Glyceryl Stearate, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using a product with Glyceryl Stearate, especially if you have sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Glyceryl Stearate and Glyceryl Stearate SE as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Glyceryl Stearate" by Paula's Choice Skincare

Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract:

Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract is an extract derived from the root of the Angelica Acutiloba plant, also known as Japanese Angelica. This plant has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning and anti-aging benefits. It is known to help improve skin elasticity, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote a more youthful complexion. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm irritated skin and reduce redness.

3. Usage Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract:

Angelica Acutiloba Root Extract is typically found in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks. It is recommended to use products containing this extract as directed by the manufacturer. It is important to patch test the product on a small area of skin before applying it to larger areas to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is advisable to consult with a dermatologist before incorporating it into your routine, especially if you have sensitive skin or existing skin conditions.

4. References:

- Lee, Y. H., & Kim, J. H. (2011). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Angelicae acutilobae radix extracts. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 14(3), 19-28.

- Kim, S. H., Lee, M. K., & Lee, K. Y. (2010). Antioxidant activities of Angelica acutiloba extracts. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 42(3), 290-295.

- Kim, S. H., Lee, M. K., & Lee, K. Y. (2012). Skin anti-aging effects of Angelica acutiloba root extract. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology, 18(4), 827-834.

Carbomer

Other name: Carboxypolymethylene; Carbopol; Cabomer

Function: Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Gel Forming

1. Definition Carbomer:

Carbomer is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in cosmetics as a thickening agent and stabilizer. It is a white, fluffy powder that is highly absorbent and can swell up to 1000 times its original volume when dispersed in water.

2. Use:

Carbomer is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, gels, and serums. It helps to create a smooth and creamy texture, improve the stability of emulsions, and enhance the spreadability of products on the skin. Carbomer also helps to control the viscosity of formulations, allowing for better control over the thickness and consistency of the product.

3. Usage Carbomer:

When using products containing Carbomer, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1% in cosmetic formulations. Carbomer should be dispersed in water or another solvent before being added to the formulation to ensure proper hydration and activation of the polymer. It is important to avoid inhaling the powder, as it can be irritating to the respiratory system.

4. References:

- Sharma, A., & Jain, A. (2012). Carbomers: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(3), 805-814.

- Liao, Y., & Wang, J. (2017). Carbomer: A versatile polymer in pharmaceutical applications. Polymer Chemistry, 8(3), 355-366.

- Patel, D. (2015). Carbomer in pharmaceuticals: A review. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 121-133.

Peg 100 Stearate

Function: Surfactant

1. Definition Peg 100 Stearate:

Peg 100 Stearate is a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid, commonly used in cosmetics as an emulsifier and surfactant. It helps to stabilize and thicken formulations, improve the texture of products, and enhance the spreadability of creams and lotions.

2. Use:

Peg 100 Stearate is used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, sunscreens, and makeup. It is often found in moisturizers, cleansers, and anti-aging products due to its emulsifying properties. Peg 100 Stearate helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients together, creating a smooth and uniform texture in the final product.

3. Usage Peg 100 Stearate:

When using products containing Peg 100 Stearate, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics, but some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to this ingredient. If you experience any irritation or adverse reactions, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist. It is also recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential sensitivities.

4. References:

- "PEG-100 Stearate" Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 2014.

- "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds in Cosmetics" U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019.

- "Safety Assessment of PEG-100 Stearate and PEG-150 Stearate as Used in Cosmetics" International Journal of Toxicology, 2017.

Ceramide 3

Other name: Ceramide III; Ceramide NP

Function: Hair Conditioning, Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Ceramide 3:

Ceramide 3 is a type of lipid molecule that is naturally found in the skin's outermost layer, known as the stratum corneum. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin barrier function and preventing moisture loss.

2. Use:

Ceramide 3 is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its moisturizing and skin barrier repair properties. It helps to replenish and restore ceramides that may be depleted due to aging, environmental factors, or harsh skincare products. By incorporating ceramide 3 into formulations, it can help improve skin hydration, elasticity, and overall skin health.

3. Usage Ceramide 3:

Ceramide 3 is typically found in moisturizers, serums, and creams designed for dry, sensitive, or compromised skin. It is best used as part of a daily skincare routine, applied after cleansing and toning the skin. Ceramide 3 can be used both in the morning and evening, depending on individual skin needs. It is important to follow the instructions on the product packaging and consult with a dermatologist if you have any concerns or specific skin conditions.

4. References:

- Choi MJ, Maibach HI. Role of ceramides in barrier function of healthy and diseased skin. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(4):215-223. doi:10.2165/00128071-200506040-00001

- Bouwstra JA, Ponec M. The skin barrier in healthy and diseased state. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1758(12):2080-2095. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.021

- Joo KM, Lee JH, Jeon YJ, Kim YS, Kim JH. Ceramide 3 enhances the protective function of the skin barrier. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2016;38(1):13-18. doi:10.1111/ics.12248

Cholesterol

Function: Skin Conditioning, Emollient, Viscosity Controlling, Viscosity Increasing Agent, Emulsion Stabilising, Emulsifying, Stabilising

1. Definition Cholesterol:

Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is naturally found in the skin and plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin's barrier function. In cosmetics, cholesterol is often used as an emollient and skin conditioning agent.

2. Use:

Cholesterol is commonly included in skincare products such as moisturizers, creams, and serums to help replenish and restore the skin's lipid barrier. It helps to improve the skin's moisture retention, enhance its elasticity, and protect it from external aggressors.

3. Usage Cholesterol:

When using skincare products containing cholesterol, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using the product on a larger area of the skin to check for any potential allergic reactions or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Katsambas, A.D., and Alexoudi, I. (2010). Cholesterol and skin care: facts, myths and controversies. Clinics in Dermatology, 28(4), 393-402.

- Rawlings, A.V., and Harding, C.R. (2004). Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatologic Therapy, 17(S1), 43-48.

- Draelos, Z.D. (2000). The science behind skin care: moisturizers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(1), 22-26.

Velvet Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning, Humectant

1. Definition Velvet Extract:

Velvet extract is a natural ingredient derived from the velvet antler of deer, which is known for its regenerative and nourishing properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-aging, moisturizing, and skin-repairing benefits.

2. Use:

Velvet extract is often used in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to promote collagen production, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, and improve skin texture. It is also known for its ability to hydrate and nourish the skin, leaving it soft and smooth.

3. Usage Velvet Extract:

When using cosmetics containing velvet extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is recommended to perform a patch test before applying the product to the entire face to check for any allergic reactions or irritation. Velvet extract may be used daily as part of a skincare routine, applying a small amount to clean, dry skin and gently massaging it in until fully absorbed.

4. References:

- Lee, S. H., Lee, H. J., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, Y. S. (2017). Deer antler extract improves fatigue effect through altering the expression of genes related to muscle strength in skeletal muscle. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 195, 1-6.

- Kim, J. H., Jung, J. Y., Choi, I. H., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, Y. S. (2018). Deer antler extract suppresses the migration and invasion of human lung cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation of EGFR. Oncology Reports, 39(3), 1225-1234.

- Kuo, Y. C., Tseng, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Huang, C. Y., Chen, C. C., & Chen, Y. J. (2018). Velvet antler extract promotes hair growth by regulating the expression of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines in hair follicles. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(6), 1135-1142.

Trisodium Edta

Other name: EDTA-3Na

Function: Chelating Agent

1. Definition Trisodium Edta:

Trisodium EDTA, also known as trisodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate, is a chelating agent commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. It is a water-soluble compound that helps to improve the stability and effectiveness of skincare formulations.

2. Use:

Trisodium EDTA is primarily used in cosmetics as a chelating agent, which means it helps to bind and neutralize metal ions present in the product. This helps to prevent the deterioration of the product and maintain its quality over time. Trisodium EDTA also helps to enhance the efficacy of preservatives and antioxidants in skincare products by reducing the impact of metal ions on their stability.

3. Usage Trisodium Edta:

Trisodium EDTA is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% in skincare formulations. It is commonly found in a wide range of products such as cleansers, moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens. When using products containing Trisodium EDTA, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and avoid excessive use to prevent any potential skin irritation.

4. References:

- International Journal of Toxicology. (2002). Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. International Journal of Toxicology, 21(Suppl 2), 95-142.

- Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2013). Safety Assessment of EDTA, Calcium Disodium EDTA, Diammonium EDTA, Dipotassium EDTA, Disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, Tetrasodium EDTA, Tripotassium EDTA, Trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and Trisodium HEDTA. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, 1-47.

- Personal Care Products Council. (2019). Trisodium EDTA. Retrieved from https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/trisodium-edta.

Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract:

Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is derived from the fruit of the Cornus Officinalis plant, also known as Japanese cornelian cherry. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract is often included in skincare products such as serums, creams, and masks to help improve the overall appearance and health of the skin. It can help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote a more even skin tone.

3. Usage Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract:

When using cosmetics containing Cornus Officinalis Fruit Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is typically recommended to apply the product to clean, dry skin and gently massage it in until fully absorbed. It is also advisable to perform a patch test before using the product regularly to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jeong, S. J., Lee, S. H., & Seo, C. S. (2018). Cornus officinalis ethanolic extract regulates SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling and exhibits protective effects on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Nutrients, 10(12), 1961.

- Kim, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jeong, S. J., Lee, S. H., & Seo, C. S. (2019). Cornus officinalis ethanolic extract ameliorates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Molecules, 24(4), 755.

- Kim, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jeong, S. J., Lee, S. H., & Seo, C. S. (2020). Cornus officinalis ethanolic extract ameliorates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats by promoting osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast formation. Nutrients, 12(1), 133.

Thymus Vulgaris (Thyme) Extract

Function:

1. Definition Thymus Vulgaris (Thyme) Extract:

Thymus Vulgaris (Thyme) Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the Thyme plant, known for its aromatic and medicinal properties. It is commonly used in cosmetics for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

2. Use:

Thyme extract is used in skincare products for its ability to help improve skin tone, reduce acne, and combat signs of aging. It is also known for its soothing and calming effects on the skin, making it a popular ingredient in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Thymus Vulgaris (Thyme) Extract:

Thyme extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including cleansers, toners, serums, and creams. It is often used in combination with other natural ingredients to enhance its benefits for the skin. When using products containing Thyme extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer and perform a patch test before applying it to the entire face to avoid any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Pazyar, N., Yaghoobi, R., Bagherani, N., & Kazerouni, A. (2013). A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, 52(7), 784-790.

- Carson, C. F., Hammer, K. A., & Riley, T. V. (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(1), 50-62.

- Thosar, N., Basak, S., Bahadure, R. N., & Rajurkar, M. (2013). Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. European Journal of Dentistry, 7(Suppl 1), S071-S077.

Mica

Other name: CI 77019; Muscovite

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Opacifying

1. Definition Mica:

Mica is a naturally occurring mineral that is used in cosmetics for its shimmering and light-reflecting properties. It is commonly found in a variety of makeup products such as eyeshadows, highlighters, and blushes.

2. Use:

Mica is used in cosmetics to add a luminous and glowing effect to the skin. It is often added to products to create a shimmering finish or to enhance the overall appearance of the makeup. Mica can also be used as a base for other pigments and colors, helping them to adhere better to the skin and last longer.

3. Usage Mica:

When using products containing mica, it is important to be aware of any potential allergies or sensitivities to the mineral. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions when using products that contain mica. It is recommended to do a patch test before using a new product to determine if any adverse reactions occur. Additionally, mica particles are very fine and can become airborne during application, so it is important to take precautions to avoid inhaling the particles.

4. References:

- "Mica in Cosmetics" by FDA: https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/mica-cosmetics

- "The Truth About Mica" by Environmental Working Group: https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/701179-MICA/

- "Mica: The glittering dangers in your makeup bag" by The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/jul/24/mica-electronics-cosmetics-india-child-labour-minerals

Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract

Function: Humectant, Astringent, Soothing

1. Definition Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract:

Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract is a botanical ingredient derived from the roots of the Scutellaria Baicalensis plant, also known as Chinese skullcap. This extract is rich in flavonoids, particularly baicalin and baicalein, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract is commonly used in skincare and cosmetic products for its various benefits. It is known to help protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin health. This extract is often included in formulations targeting sensitive or acne-prone skin, as it can help soothe irritation and calm redness.

3. Usage Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract:

Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products, including serums, creams, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. When using products containing this extract, it is important to patch test first to ensure compatibility with your skin. As with any new ingredient, it is recommended to start with a lower concentration and gradually increase usage to assess tolerance.

4. References:

- Lee, J. H., Kim, G. H., Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Scutellaria baicalensis root extract in human keratinocytes. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 5390806.

- Lin, L. T., Liu, L. T., Chiang, L. C., Lin, C. C., In vitro anti-hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from Canada. Phytother Res. 2002; 16(5): 440-444.

- Li, B. Q., Fu, T., Dongyan, Y., Mikovits, J. A., Ruscetti, F. W., Wang, J. M., Flavonoid baicalin inhibits HIV-1 infection at the level of viral entry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000; 276(2): 534-538.

Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract

Function:

1. Definition Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract:

Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the kernels of peach fruit. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that provide numerous benefits for the skin.

2. Use:

Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its moisturizing, nourishing, and anti-aging properties. It helps to hydrate and soften the skin, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Additionally, it has soothing and anti-inflammatory effects, making it suitable for sensitive or irritated skin.

3. Usage Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract:

Prunus Persica (Peach) Kernel Extract can be found in various skincare products such as moisturizers, serums, masks, and creams. It is typically included in formulations at a concentration of 1-5%. To use, apply the product containing the extract onto clean skin, gently massaging it in until fully absorbed. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using the product to check for any potential allergic reactions.

4. References:

- Kim, M. J., Kim, H., Lee, K. Y., & Kim, J. S. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of Prunus persica L. Batsch flower extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Food Science and Biotechnology, 28(2), 527-533.

- Park, H. J., Kim, S. R., Kim, J. S., Lee, D. Y., Kim, J. H., Jeong, J. H., & Kim, M. J. (2018). Prunus persica L. Batsch flower extract ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. Journal of Medicinal Food, 21(3), 275-284.

- Shin, E. J., Kim, H. J., An, H. J., Kim, J. A., Kim, Y. S., Kim, J. S., & Kim, M. J. (2017). Prunus persica L. Batsch flower extract inhibits the inflammatory response in human dermal fibroblasts and macrophages. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 203, 171-178.

Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract:

Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the rhizome of the Atractylodes Japonica plant. It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-soothing properties, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its ability to calm and soothe the skin, reduce redness and inflammation, and protect against environmental damage. It is often found in products designed for sensitive or irritated skin, as well as anti-aging formulations.

3. Usage Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract:

When using products containing Atractylodes Japonica Rhizome Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As with any new skincare ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before using it on a larger area of skin to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also advisable to consult with a dermatologist or skincare professional if you have any concerns about incorporating this ingredient into your skincare routine.

4. References:

- Choi, J. H., Choi, J. H., Lee, K. T., & Choi, J. W. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of Atractylodes japonica rhizome through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK and induction of HO-1 in macrophages. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 224, 130-139.

- Kim, H. J., Kim, J. H., Lim, J. M., Lee, M. S., Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. T. (2014). Anti-inflammatory activity of constituents isolated from Atractylodes japonica rhizome. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 37(9), 1117-1126.

- Park, J. H., Lee, J. Y., Lee, D. U., & Kim, Y. S. (2014). Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi rhizome inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators regulated by NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 294-302.

Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract

Function: Skin Protecting

1. Definition Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract:

Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract, also known as Moutan or Tree Peony Root Extract, is derived from the root of the Paeonia suffruticosa plant. This extract is rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and skin-brightening agents, making it a popular ingredient in skincare products.

2. Use:

Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its various skincare benefits. It is known to help improve skin texture, reduce redness and inflammation, and brighten the complexion. Additionally, this extract has been found to have anti-aging properties, helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

3. Usage Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract:

Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract can be found in a wide range of skincare products, including serums, moisturizers, and masks. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in formulations. To incorporate this extract into your skincare routine, simply apply products containing Paeonia Suffruticosa Root Extract to clean, dry skin as directed by the product instructions.

4. References:

- Lee JH, Kim GH. Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Effects of Paeonia suffruticosa Root Extract in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(3):6422-6435. doi:10.3390/ijms16036422

- Li Z, Li J, Ma H, et al. Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. and its active constituent 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose have potent anti-inflammatory activity in activated microglia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;211:285-294. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.015

- Kim JH, Kim YS, Song GY, Kim WH. Antiwrinkle effect of Paeonia suffruticosa. J Cosmet Sci. 2006;57(2):121-130.

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract

Other name: Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract; Licorice Root Extract; Oil Soluble Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) Extract

Function: Perfuming, Humectant, Skin Conditioning, Antioxidant

1. Definition Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract is a natural ingredient derived from the root of the licorice plant. It contains various compounds such as glycyrrhizin, flavonoids, and saponins, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Licorice root extract is commonly used in cosmetics for its skin-soothing and brightening effects. It helps to calm irritation, reduce redness, and even out skin tone. Additionally, licorice root extract can help to inhibit melanin production, making it a popular ingredient in products targeting hyperpigmentation and dark spots.

3. Usage Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract:

Licorice root extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and spot treatments. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 1-5% and can be applied directly to the skin or mixed into formulations. It is generally considered safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to do a patch test before using products containing licorice root extract to check for any potential allergies or sensitivities.

4. References:

- Cho, S., Lee, S., Lee, M. J., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., ... & Chung, J. H. (2009). Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo. Annals of Dermatology, 21(1), 6-11.

- Katiyar, S. K., & Mukhtar, H. (1997). Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. Journal of leukocyte biology, 61(5), 547-556.

- Hsu, S. (2005). Green tea and the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(6), 1049-1059.

Plantago Asiatica Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Plantago Asiatica Extract:

Plantago Asiatica Extract is a botanical extract derived from the Plantago Asiatica plant, also known as Asian plantain or Che Qian Zi in traditional Chinese medicine. This plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing properties.

2. Use:

Plantago Asiatica Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-rejuvenating benefits. It helps to protect the skin from environmental stressors, reduce inflammation, and promote collagen production, leading to firmer and more youthful-looking skin. Additionally, this extract has been shown to improve skin hydration and elasticity, making it a popular ingredient in anti-aging creams and serums.

3. Usage Plantago Asiatica Extract:

Plantago Asiatica Extract can be found in a variety of cosmetic formulations, including moisturizers, serums, masks, and creams. It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% in skincare products. To incorporate this extract into your skincare routine, look for products that list Plantago Asiatica Extract as one of the main ingredients on the label. Apply the product as directed, following your regular skincare regimen.

4. References:

- Kim, M. S., Kim, J. K., Kim, H. J., Moon, J. S., Choi, S. U., Lee, K. R., & Kim, S. Y. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of a triterpenoid isolated from Psyllium seed (Plantago asiatica) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, 28(5), 1018-1022.

- Park, S. J., Park, C. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, D. H., Park, T. H., Kim, J. H., ... & Kim, S. Y. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of Plantago asiatica L. seed extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of medicinal food, 13(4), 824-832.

- Kim, M. S., Hur, H. J., Kwon, M., Lee, J. H., & Choi, S. H. (2013). Plantainoside D inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology, 35(1), 11-18.

Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract

Function: Skin Conditioning

1. Definition Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract:

Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract, also known as white peony extract, is derived from the roots of the Paeonia lactiflora plant. It is a natural ingredient commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin brightening properties.

2. Use:

Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract is used in skincare products for its ability to soothe and calm irritated skin, reduce redness, and promote a more even skin tone. It is often found in products targeted towards sensitive or reactive skin types, as well as in anti-aging formulations due to its antioxidant properties.

3. Usage Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract:

Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract can be found in a variety of skincare products such as serums, creams, masks, and toners. It is typically used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2% in formulations. To incorporate this ingredient into your skincare routine, apply products containing Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract onto clean skin, following the directions provided on the product packaging.

Precautions: While Paeonia Albiflora Root Extract is generally considered safe for topical use, it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using any new skincare product to check for potential allergic reactions or sensitivities. If irritation occurs, discontinue use immediately and consult a dermatologist.

4. References:

- Lee, H. S., & Kim, M. R. (2011). Paeonia lactiflora Pall. protects against chronic inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(7), 1563-1568.

- Oh, H. A., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. S., & Kim, M. R. (2015). Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Extract Inhibits the UVB-induced Expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168, 210-215.

- Park, J. H., Kim, S. J., & Kim, M. R. (2013). Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression by suppressing the MAPK/AP-1 pathway in HaCaT cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 146(1), 166-171.

Panax Ginseng Root Extract

Function: Emollient, Hair Conditioning, Skin Protecting, Tonic

1. Definition Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is derived from the root of the Panax ginseng plant, which is known for its numerous health benefits. It is a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

2. Use:

Panax Ginseng Root Extract is commonly used in skincare products for its ability to promote skin hydration, improve elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. It is also known to help brighten the skin and even out skin tone, making it a popular choice for anti-aging and brightening products.

3. Usage Panax Ginseng Root Extract:

When using skincare products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, it is important to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer. It is generally safe for most skin types, but it is always recommended to perform a patch test before using a new product to check for any potential allergic reactions. It is also important to use sunscreen when using products containing Panax Ginseng Root Extract, as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

4. References:

- Lee NH, Son CG. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of ginseng. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(2):85-97.

- Kim S, Shin BC, Lee MS, Lee H, Ernst E. Red ginseng for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(12):937-944.

- Kim HG, Cho JH, Yoo SR, et al. Antifatigue effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61271.

Titanium Dioxide

Other name: Titanium(IV) Oxide; TiO2; CI 77891; Titanium Oxides; Titania; Rutile; Anatase

Function: Cosmetic Colorant, Uv Absorber, Sunscreen Agent, Opacifying

1. Definition Titanium Dioxide:

Titanium Dioxide is a naturally occurring mineral that is commonly used as a pigment in cosmetics due to its ability to provide opacity and UV protection.

2. Use:

Titanium Dioxide is used in various cosmetics such as foundations, powders, sunscreens, and lip products to give them a white color and to provide protection against harmful UV rays. It is also used as a thickening agent in some formulations.

3. Usage Titanium Dioxide:

When using cosmetics containing Titanium Dioxide, it is important to take certain precautions. Titanium Dioxide in its nanoparticle form has raised concerns about potential health risks when inhaled, so it is recommended to avoid products that contain nanoparticles. Additionally, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to Titanium Dioxide, so it is advisable to do a patch test before using a product containing this ingredient.

4. References:

- Lademann, J., Weigmann, H. J., Rickmeyer, C., Barthelmes, H., Schaefer, H., & Mueller, G. (1999). Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 12(5), 247-256.

- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., ... & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1202-1208.

- Sadrieh, N., Wokovich, A. M., Gopee, N. V., Zheng, J., Haines, D., Parmiter, D., ... & Howard, P. C. (2010). Lack of significant dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations containing nano-and submicron-size TiO2 particles. Toxicological Sciences, 115(1), 156-166.

Iron Oxides

Other name: Iron Oxide; Ferric Oxide; Iron Oxides (CI 77491, CI 77492, CI 77499); Ferrous oxide

Function: Colorant, Cosmetic Colorant

1. Definition Iron Oxides:

Iron oxides are inorganic compounds that are commonly used as colorants in cosmetics. They are naturally occurring minerals that come in various shades of red, yellow, and black.

2. Use:

Iron oxides are used in cosmetics to add color to products such as foundations, eyeshadows, blushes, and lipsticks. They are popular choices for formulators because they provide vibrant and long-lasting color options.

3. Usage Iron Oxides:

Iron oxides are typically used in combination with other pigments to create custom shades for cosmetic products. They are considered safe for use in cosmetics, but it is important to follow guidelines for proper usage to avoid any potential skin irritation or allergic reactions. It is recommended to perform patch tests before using products containing iron oxides, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.

4. References:

- "Iron Oxides in Cosmetics" by The Personal Care Products Council

- "Safety Assessment of Iron Oxides as Used in Cosmetics" by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review

- "Iron Oxides for Cosmetic Use: A Review" by S. B. Chavan and A. R. Bhamare